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Art in Architecture

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Submitted By ayushvidushi
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Architecture as form of Art
Abstract
Art was always an inspiration to works in architecture. Architects have always rifled around looking for inspiration from art around us and tried to integrate it with building designs. The Husain-Doshi Gufa renamed, as Amdavad Gufa, a unique art gallery was designed by the architect B.V.Doshi and housed works of his friend a famous artist M.F.Husain in city of Ahmedabad, India. It was designed as an underground gallery with structure consisting of domes, curvilinear walls, tree shaped columns, contoured floors and snouts on domes for light source. The gallery enchanted the people with the surreal sensation of being in a cave. The wall of the gallery has acted as a canvas on which the artist Husain doodled paintings similar to the art in Palaeolithic caves. The entire structure was conceptualized on the confluence of sustainable and vernacular practises alongside the theme drawn from organic architecture. Turtle shell, domes, mountains, and Buddha caves of Ajanta & Ellora inspired the form of the building. The gallery was built underground with china mosaic finish on the top of the domes in order to encounter the harsh heat of the city. The gallery has stood out against the conventional dictum of white cube ideology and opened the dialogue between art and architecture and their mutual dependence. The gallery has brought a distinctive confluence of art in architecture, where the architecture is piece of art itself showcasing art works. But the bold approach in the design of gallery worked for the artist rather complemented his style of artwork. The same designed may not have worked for other artist or for a gallery space exhibiting works of various artists.

Introduction
‘There are three forms of visual art: Painting is art to look at, sculpture is art you can walk around, and architecture is art you can walk through.’ – Dan Rice (Godrej Interio 2009). There always has been a mutual admiration between art and architecture. The difference between art and architecture is that the later has defined functional space and use. This thought of architecture as a functional art form attracts artists towards architecture and their freedom of expressions through forms is well appreciated by architects as well (Rendell 2006). The Hussain – Doshi Gufa, more prevalently now known as Amdavad ni Gufa, an underground art gallery located in city of Ahmedabad, India is a unique project which opens up the dialogue of the fuzzy line between fine arts and architecture (Godrej Interio 2009) (Lang 2002). It is an exclusive art gallery designed by Architect Bal Krishna Doshi in 1992 which spectacles the works of famous artist M F Husain (Stapati-Thoughts in words 2012).
Description
The gallery covers a site area of 1000 sq.mt with a footprint of 280 sq.mt and is located in the green campus of Centre of Environment Planning & Technology (CEPT) University. The Architect practised the aphorism of ‘My architecture is human, devised for a specific climate’ (Revedin and Chavannes 2013) and had voiced to the artist that a partially underground structure would be a climatologically apt form of building to endure the unsympathetic heat of the city. Thus, the impression to make an underground gallery was incepted, which had never been attempted before (S. 2011).
The peripheral view of the gallery is that of domed shells, which are embellished with china mosaic, adorned with a black imaginary serpentine swathed around (figure 3). Thus, the curvilinear structure emerges as a stimulating intersection of circles and ellipses on plan (fig1). The actual gallery space, which is established below the ground level, is held by irregular tree shaped columns with no straight walls with the dome instead extending down to the floor (fig 2). As one enters inside the gallery space through the circular shape entrance, the surreal cave like space provides an enchanting experience (Stapati-Thoughts in words 2012) (S. 2011) (Sharp 2002). The curvilinear walls act as a canvas for the artist M.F.Hussain showcasing his personal style (figure 6). He uses bright colours and bold strokes to doodle human figures and motifs on the walls thus complementing to the charm of cave style Palaeolithic paintings. Various metal sculptures are also positioned inside in between the irregular columns (B.V.Doshi 2008).
Analysis
The modern galleries are based on the prototypical of the white cube. The principle of this ideology is the space should be closed to the outside world and the simplicity of the structure emphasizes the art placed inside the building (O'Doherty 1986). Traditionally in India, art is flavoured with use of various narratives exploiting different forms (Lang 2002), and this is clearly evident for Amdavad Gufa, which is not designed just as a conventional white cube structure. The unorthodox design of the structure was modelled using computer software’s (S. 2011) which may lead some to believe the origin of the form is more inspired by the modern blob shaped domes with snouts and crooked columns.
The form of the building i.e. the dome has its vocabulary inspired from caves, circles, mountains and Buddhist stupa of Ajanta and Ellora (Steele 1998). However, Doshi pronounces that the reference of the shape was referred from the Indian Mythology and inspired by kurma – Turtle, an incarnation form of one of the Indian Gods (Steele 1998) (B.V.Doshi 2008). The design of the building experiments with the concept of organic architecture which has all the elements held as one unit thus giving a soul to the building and can be claimed to be a good design with fusion of floors, ceiling and walls creating an organic space (Steele 1998) (Pearson 2001).
The building is buried below the ground by one meter and has raised volumes resulting in an energy conscious building (Pearson 2001), providing a soothing relief as one enters the gallery battling the scorching heat of the city. The only source of light into the gallery is through snouts projected on the top of the dome, which differ in shape and size. This leads to varying intensity of light that enters the gallery, which moves around as the day progresses enhancing to the spiritualist atmosphere of the cave (Sharp 2002).
The foundation of the building is constructed of simple wire mesh with mortar, which also acts as the floor of the gallery. The contours were left un-levelled (Pearson 2001) thus adding to the natural charm of the feeling of cave. The domes are made of one-inch thick wire mesh and Ferro cement having an external mosaic tile finish (S. 2011). The mosaic tile finish holds a reference to Gaudi’s Parc Ruell in Barcelona in terms of visual similarities (Lang 2002) although it is referenced from the vernacular architecture as well as rooftops of Jain Temples at Girnar in India wherein mosaic tiles have been laid of the top in order to reflect the harsh sunlight incident on the surface. The black mosaic tiles on the surface, which represents the serpentine was painted by Husain on the domes in order to give a sensuous feel to the building.
Conclusion
Architecture is an art that can be used. The Amdavad Gufa is one of those examples were the art and architecture are mutual references to the other yet independent in their own terms. The Gufa, can be referred as a piece of art as a building with its architecture enhancing the overall mood of the structure. The feeling of calm and poise experienced in the surreal cave structure makes us admire the beauty of the art and structure around. The unconventional shaped gallery houses work of just one artist and thus this building is also the product of intimacy of friendship and understanding between the artist and the architect. The architect and artist have complemented each other’s work, thus leading the juxtaposition of art and architecture to be more beautiful for the gallery. The same daring design and vision by the architect might not work for any other artist and conventional art galleries showcasing works of different artists.

References
Documentary Film
Doshi. Directed by Premjit Ramachandran. Performed by B.V.Doshi. 2008.

Printed Sources
Godrej Interio. “Art and Architecture Special.” Inter Edge, July 2009: 1-2.
Lang, Jon T. A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India. Orient Blackswan, 2002.
O'Doherty, Brian. Inside the White Cube. Vol. San Francisco. The Lapis Press, 1986.
Pearson, David. The Organic Architecture - The Breaking Wave. Los Angeles: University of California Press & Gala Books Limited, 2001.
Sharp, Dennis. Twentiet Century Architecture - A Visual Hiistory. Victoria: The Images Publishing Group Pvt. Ltd., 2002.
Steele, James. The Complete Architecture of Balkrishna Doshi: Rethinking Modernism for the Developing World. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1998.
Revedin, Jana, and Marie - Helene Contal Chavannes. Sustainable Design: Towards a New Ethnic in Architecture and Town Planning. Walter de Gruyter, 2013.
Rendell, Jane. Art and Architecture: A Place Between. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2006.

Websites
S., Sujith G. Architecture Student's Corner. 10 June 2011. http://www.arkistudentcorner.blogspot.co.uk (accessed November 26, 2014). “Stapati-Thoughts in words.” Stapati website. 12 June 2012. http://www.stapati.net (accessed November 20, 2014).

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