...Arthropods Arthropods are somewhat different than mammals being that they have an exoskeleton and they do not have lungs. They breathe through tubes connected to the outside of their bodies. First, the oxygen concentration in the air millions of years ago was approximately 30% higher than it is today and arthropods in that time period were much larger. It can be suggested that the size of the arthropods is limited in relation to the oxygen concentration in the air today. A second point to discuss is the exoskeletons. Physical size has its problems. It appears that when an animal doubles in size, its weight increases eight times over, but due to the weight-bearing capacity of this skeleton, the weight is only quadrupled and the actual strength of its muscles is doubled. Large vertebrates have skeletons that are disproportionately heavy compared to smaller vertebrates. The size has not been seen because the costs that come with the large size affect arthropods more so than vertebrates. There is a risk of injury with a large skeleton. The large size is further complicated during molting. The large size can’t compensate for all of the difficulties that come with a large skeleton. This greatly affects natural selection. It will favor the smaller sized animal in a population. Large size skeletons run the risk of abrasions and impact damage on the internal body. There is no cushion for soft tissues. The large size also affects the feet. The animal places all the weight when running...
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...Advanced Biology 02/24/2012 Limulus Polyphemus also commonly known as the horseshoe crab is indeed one of the few “living” fossils here on Earth. The horseshoe crab has inhabited the planet long before humans. According to the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (2010), they evolved in the shallow seas of the Paleozic Era (540-248 million years ago) alongside other arthropods. Soon after, around 200 million years ago during the Mezozoic Era, the shallow seas around Europe were considered the dispersal point for ancestors of our modern day horseshoe crab. Despite inhabiting the planet for so long, horseshoe crab body forms have changed very little over all of those years. First off, the obscure physical anatomy of the horseshoe crab is quite intriguing. Belonging to the phylum of arthropoda, horseshoe crabs are bottom dwelling organisms that have chelicerae (pincer-like appendages), five pairs of walking legs and book gills, and lack of jaws and antennae make horseshoe crabs more similar to spiders, ticks and scorpions than to true crabs. Within the diversity of arthropods, horseshoe crabs have their own class called Merostomata, meaning legs attached to the mouth. According to Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (2012), the thin spike-like tail of horseshoe crabs has given this species an unfavorable reputation. Many people view horseshoe crabs as dangerous animals because they have sharp tails. In reality, horseshoe crabs are harmless. Their tails...
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...4.1 Answers Remembering 1 Helps you find what you want. 2 Types, subject and author. Understanding 3 a Function of item b Service it provides c Season or popularity d Year the car was made or the model (type) of car e Genre 4 Similarities: Branching and dichotomous keys start with one large group and slowly divides into smaller more defined groups. Each division is a choice. Differences: Branching keys offer two or more divisions at each branch, whereas dichotomous keys have only two choices at each branch. Applying 5 a beetle b butterfly c grasshopper d mosquito e rhino beetle f termite solider Analysing 6 a Herman b Ken c Eugene d Louisa e Jane 7 Xero 8 Student responses will vary. [pic] Evaluating 9 Student responses will vary. Creating 10 Student responses will vary. a How are all the lollies at the cinema different? b Why are boys’ names different? 11 Student responses will vary. [pic] 12 Student responses will vary. 13 Student responses will vary. 14 Student responses will vary. An example follows: 1 a short Chris b not short Go to 2 2 a male Ro b not male Go to 3 3 a brunette Marg b not brunette Jacinta 15 Student responses will vary. 16 Student responses will vary. Examples follow: a [pic] b 1 a Lives in water ...
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...PHYRUM ARTROPODA Arthopoda is a phylum within Animalia kingdom. They are most diverse of all phyla. All arthropods have bodies covered with a tough exoskeleton which consists of layers of chitin and proteins. They are bilaterally symmetrical. Arthropod body is segmented but also divided into head, thorax and abdomen. Head and thorax can be joined to form a cephalothorax Arthropods have five main groups: arachnids, centipedes and millipedes, horseshoe crabs, and insects. The phylum arthropoda is most successful in terms of geographical distribution, diversity and in numbers. Insects are most successful within the phylum arthropoda as they are most diverse and abundant group of organisms on earth. Insects exist in almost all habitats on earth. Their biological success is by numbers. They have many adaptations which make them successful. The ability of insects to fly is important as they can exploit more resources in many locations. Flight enables them to escape from predators. Their population is able to spread into new habitats and locate new resources. Insects are small in size which gives them advantage as minimal resources are required for their survival and reproduction. Because of small size, insects can hide from predators in cracks. Insects have a supporting exoskeleton. Exoskeleton gives support and shape to body’s soft tissues. Exoskeleton provides protection against injury, attack or loss of fluids from body in fresh water and arid environment. Another adaptation...
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...Animal Diversity Time Requirements: Exercise 1: 15 mins. Exercise 2: 15 mins. Exercise 3: 30 mins. Exercise 4: 10 mins. Exercise 5: 15 mins. Exercise 6: 20 mins. Exercise 7: 30 mins. Exercise 8: 10 mins. Exercise 9: 30 mins. Materials Required: ITEM NUMBER (per group) LOCATION Any living or preserved plant *specimens (listed below) Display Cart/Counter Microscopes (compound and dissecting) Display Counter Colored pencils 1 set Cart/Counter *Specimens: Preserved or Living Prepared Slides Grantia Grantia choanocytes Hydra Planaria Tapeworm Clam Termite Brittle star Crayfish Earthworm Frog Mammal skulls Sand dollar Sea cucmber Sea star Lab Safety: Wear safety goggles/glasses and gloves while handing specimens (it is preferred that specimens remain in the appropriate containers untouched). Lab coats or aprons may be available upon request. Demonstrations/Tutorials: To display each life cycle with specimens and slides, see the following display suggestions – Clean up and Disposal of Waste 1. Return any materials to original locations. 2. Try to preserve any living specimens for future labs. Lab Alternatives – Computer Based p. 113 Exercise 1 – Phylum Porifera – Sponges Given that all sponges are filter feeders, why does it follow that all sponges are aquatic? Filter feeding is the filtering of nutrients and plankton suspended in water therefore for sponges to feed effectively they must be aquatic ...
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...|*Practice Questions Midterm #1 |[| | |p| | |i| | |c| | |]| | |[pic] | |[|[| |[pic] | |p|p|The statements with no multiple choice are True/False questions. Remember that in all true/false questions, if any part is false, the whole | | |i|i|thing is false. | | |c|c| ...
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...STRATHFIELD GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY FINAL PRELIMINARY EXAM 2005 Name: ………………………………… Teacher: ……………………………… INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS Part A: 15 Multiple Choice Questions (15 marks). Answer on the Multiple Choice page. Part B: Written Questions (60 marks). Answer all questions in the spaces provided. • Write using black or blue pen • Draw diagrams using pencil Total Marks: 75 EXAMINER’S INSTRUCTIONS All students to receive examination paper (12 pages) and Multiple Choice page. Reading time: 5 minutes Exam time: 2 hours Both papers are to be collected at the end of the exam and returned to the Science staff room. Thank you 1 Part A: 15 Multiple Choice Questions (15 marks). Answer on the Multiple Choice page. Allow about 30 minutes for this part. 1. The aim of a classification system in Biology is to group together organisms with: (A) similar ancestry (B) similar structures (C) similar environmental requirements (D) similar proteins 2. The main function of the organelle shown here is: (A) protein synthesis (B) transport of substances (C) photosynthesis (D) aerobic respiration 3. In Southern Africa small birds called oxpeckers accompany giraffes and feed on ticks and other parasites which colonise the giraffe's fur. Sometimes however, if the giraffe has a small wound the oxpeckers will keep the wound open so that they can directly drink the giraffe's blood This represents a change from: (A) parasitism to commensalism (B) mutualism to parasitism (C) commensalism...
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...Tamarindus indica | Mangga | Mangifera indica | Avocado | Perseea americana | Niog (Coconut palm) | Cocus nucifera | Animal scientific namecarabao scientific name: Bubalus bubalis carabanesisPhilippine Tarsierscientific name: Tarsius syrichtaPhilippine Duck scientific name: Anas luzonica Local Name : Kuwago Scientific Name : Mimizuku gurneyi Local Name : Haring ibon, tipule, manaol, maboogook, agila Scientific Name : Pithecophaga jefferyi Local Name : Pawikan, karahan, sisikan, payukan Scientific Name : Eretmochelys imbricata phyla in kingdom animalia Chordate Phylum: All the animals which have a backbone. Includes: Fish, Reptiles, Birds, Amphibians, and Mammals. Arthropod Phylum: All the "jointed legged" animals. All of these animals have an exoskeleton, meaning the skeleton is on the outside of the body. Include: Insects, Arachnids, and Crustaceans. Mollusk Phylum: Soft-bodied animals that sometimes have a hard shell. Includes: Snails, Slugs, Octopus, Squid, Clams, Oysters, and Mussels. Annelid Phylum: Segmented worms. Includes: Earthworms and Leeches. Rotifer Phylum: Tiny, microscopic animals with a wheel-shaped mouth and tiny hairs. Nematode Phylum: Very tiny worms with no segments in their bodies. Also called Roundworms. Tardigrade Phylum: Tiny, slow-moving animals with four body segments and eight legs. Includes Water Bears. Cnidarian Phylum: Soft-bodied, jelly-like animals with tentacles and...
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...1. The advantages that flying insects have ober arthropods that cannot fly is that it’s very easy for them to move or transport theirself from a place to another. Another is that it allows them to occupy new ecological niches. Compared to these arthropods that cannot fly, it’s really easy for them to occupy them. Also, many insects are predators themselves and this gives them an advantage in predator-pray arm race. 2. The scientific name for an arthropod (insects, arachnids, and crustaceans) shedding their exoskeleton is called Ecdysis. First, the arthropod enters a state of inactivity while the exoskeleton separates from the epidermis beneath. Then the arthropod secretes a digestive fluid from the moulting glands to fill the space between the epidermis and the old cuticle (which the exoskeleton grew from). The digestive fluid remains inactive however, until the new cuticle starts to grow. In the meantime, the arthropod pushes the exoskeleton off by making small movements forward within the old exoskeleton, which splits down the back, the splitting usually caused by the arthropod increasing it's blood pressure, the split allowing the organism to emerge. The old cuticle is then digested by the fluids released earlier, leaving the new cuticle, from which the new exoskeleton will grow. 3. 4. From the given situation, that was not a good way to protect the oysters because some species of sea stars can regrow and might affect again the predation progress and let the problem...
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...packs activated by squeezing the package to mix the chemicals that produce an intense cold may be bandaged onto the bitten area to slow the spread of venom. *DO NOT attempt to cut open the bite or suck out the venom. *DO NOT give the casualty food, alcohol, stimulants (coffee or tea), drugs or tobacco. *Transport the victim to a medical treatment facility immediately. In recent years, hospital admissions of personnel due to bites and stings of poisonous arthropods have exceeded the admissions for treatment of snakebites. Only about a third of the deaths due to poisonous bites were from snakes; the others were caused by poisonous arthropods. Some of the desert arthropods are harmless but have a bad reputation among people because of their scary appearance. A few of the important and interesting arthropods of this desert area are described in this section. The following first aid measures should be taken immediately if bitten or stung by an arthropod: *If there is a stinger present, for example, from a bee, remove the stinger by scraping the skin's...
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... In chapter 6 on page 124, what I found interesting was how 1 percent of people in the United States and Canada have Celiac disease “a disorder in which the body can’t tolerate gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and sometimes oat”(Clark 124). I heard of this disease but never knew 1 percent of people had it and as I was reading, what caught my attention was how Celiac disease symptoms is difficult to detect and it vary from person to person, which is scary to know because somebody could have it and not know what the symptoms are could be dangerous. Also I learn that the disease in those people, activate gluten intestinal inflammation where damages in the small intestine occur, where it interfere with absorption of nutrients like calcium and iron which is serious because if no iron is absorbed it leads to anemia and if no calcium is absorbed it leads to osteoporosis. In chapter 7 on page 147, what I found interesting about this fact is how vegans, that only eat plant foods can meet their protein need. For example, “Most grains contain all nine essential amino acids, just in lower amount than an equivalent serving of animal foods. Hench, vegans need consume generous portions of plant protein (grains, beans, legumes, nuts, soy) to compensate for both the lower density of the protein and the fact that plant proteins are less bioavailable (because of their fiber content)”(Clark 147). It’s good to know that vegans are getting their protein needs through plant based foods...
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...ESTUDO DE CASO: O PROJETO DE BLUE SPIDER "Isso é impossível! Não dá para acreditar! Dez meses atrás, que eu estava sentado no topo do mundo. A alta administração considerava-me um dos melhores, se não o melhor engenheiro desta fábrica. Agora olhe para mim! Eu estou cheio de olheiras, depois de seis meses sem uma noite de sono decente, e não consigo acreditar que só me resta limpar a minha mesa e ir-me embora. Congratulo-me, com certeza, por voltar para o meu antigo emprego em engenharia. O problema é que nada disso teria aconteciddo se não fosse a promoção a gerente de projeto." História Gary Anderson tinha aceitado trabalhar na Park Corporation recémsaído da faculdade. Com um PhD em engenharia mecânica, Gary estava pronto e decidido para enfrentar e resolver todos os problemas do mundo. Em primeiro lugar, a Park Corporation não ofereceu a Gary muitas oportunidades para fazer pesquisa pura, que este queria, ansiosamente, desenvolver. No entanto, as coisas mudaram rapidamente. A Parks cresceu e tornou-se uma das principais empresas em um projetos estruturais e electrónicos durante o grande "Boom" do final da década de 50 e início da década de 60 quando os contratos do departamento de defesa (DoD) eram abundantes. A Parks cresceu de pouco mais de meia dúzia de engenheiros para se transformar num dos maiores provedores do DoD, empregando cerca de 6.500 pessoas. Entretanto, durante a recessão que marcou o final dos anos sessenta, o dinheiro tornou-se escasso e houve demissões...
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...pornstars (from Latin prefix centi-, "hundred", and pes, pedere, "foot") are arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda of the subphylum Myriapoda. They are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. Despite the name, centipedes can have a varying number of legs from under 20 to over 300. Centipedes have an odd number of pairs of legs (with one exception[1]), e.g. 15 or 17 pairs of legs (30 or 34 legs).[2][3] Therefore, there is no centipede with exactly 100 legs. A key trait uniting this group is a pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage. Centipedes are a predominantly carnivorous taxon.[4]:168 Centipedes normally have a drab coloration combining shades of brown and red. Cavernicolous (cave-dwelling) and subterranean species may lack pigmentation and many tropical scolopendromorphs have bright aposematic colours. Size can range from a few millimetres in the smaller lithobiomorphs and geophilomorphs to about 30 cm (12 in) in the largest scolopendromorphs. Centipedes can be found in a wide variety of environments. Worldwide, there are estimated to be 8,000 species of centipede,[5] of which 3,000 have been described. Centipedes have a wide geographical range, reaching beyond the Arctic Circle.[4] Centipedes are found in an array of terrestrial habitats from tropical rainforests to deserts. Within these habitats, centipedes require a moist micro-habitat because they lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids,...
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...The short story that I had the pleasure of reading was called “Consider the Lobster,” by the late David Foster Wallace. Wallace wrote this article in 2004 after attending the 2003 Maine Lobster Festival at the end of summer 2003. He initially began the story by writing of the pageantry and history of the lobster as it related to the culture of Maine. He discussed the local’s nickname for the lobster which is bug. This, the author went on to say is not far from the truth as lobsters are arthropods and have many anatomical similarities with grasshoppers. At this point the story becomes tragic – for the lobster anyway. Wallace explains the fact that lobsters that are prepared correctly must be cooked while they are still alive. This wouldn’t...
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...Menageries Owning an unusual pet was a way to show wealth and power to others. These were known as Menageries. A menagerie is a private collection of animals, which is not open to the public as a zoo is in our times now. When a family decides to buy a family pet, generally they look at fancy fish, sweet little kittens or even a high-spirited puppy. They would not think about going out and buying a lion for their young child to play with. However, many people get unusual pets. Yet, it does affect society in a way because of the effects owning an unusual animal as a pet has on the community as well as to the animal. Exotic animals do not belong as a personal pet. Examples of this are Madagascar hissing cockroach, Sugar gliders and Tarantula. Selecting a cockroach as a pet may seem a stretch, but many people like it as a pet. Madagascar hissing cockroach is no ordinary roach. It can grow up to 3 inches long and over an inch wide. Well it’s not something you would hit with a rolled-up magazine for sure. This type of cockroach is clean, odorless, sanitary, docile and harmless. Besides size and personal hygiene, the hissing cockroach is unique for the sound it makes. The hissing noise can be heard during mating rituals, aggression between males or when an adult males, adult female or nymph are handled or disturbed in some way. Studies have shown that males can tell each other apart by hissing, which also tells them something of size of their potential opponents. Also, females are...
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