...GOUTAM CHAKRABORTY Article review and analysis: 1 – Motivation, goals, contribution. 2- Context. 3 - Elaboration and illumination of theory and results. 4 - Critical review, limitations and further thought. Group: 3.08 Assignment Theoretical assignment Date: 5.11.2014 1 1. Motivation, goals, contribution The article aims at making a comparative analysis between three different communication formats used in advertising, and assess their relative effectiveness on a continuum. The three communication formats are direct experience (DE), television ads, and infomercials. The authors build on previous work to explain the similarities and differences of infomercials and ads / DE, and imply that it is interesting to examine the moderating / mediating effects each medium’s features has on consumer attitudes and intentions. (For example, length, persuasive intent, physical interaction, etc. – how does each effect consumer’s attitudes?). The reasoning behind the choice of these specific formats is that infomercials are a “natural” middle ground, as they combine both television advertisements and DE features (while, they assume beforehand, most likely closer to DE, which is also what they find in their experiments). The motivation for the study is twofold: novelty and useful practical implications. Novelty / research gap: Previous studies discussed differences between ads and DE, while articles about infomercials did not elaborate on other formats. This article is the first to examine...
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...boundaries of social marketing: activism or advertising? By Walter Wymer Journal of Business Research - J BUS RES , vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 99-103, 2010 Article Review: Walter Wymer is currently a faculty member in the Management department of University of Lethbridge, Canada. He has done extensive research in areas of nonprofit organizations’ marketing strategies and their effectiveness. His areas of expertise are nonprofit studies, volunteerism, business ethics and social activism. In the above mentioned article, Wymer aims to highlight the ineffectiveness of tactics of social marketers in trying to promote healthy food consumption by the public. The main focus of the article is to imply that conservative approach of social marketing in no longer helpful in yielding positive response from the people and a more rigorous approach is needed to negate the unhealthy consumer behavior. Marketing strategies around the world are enhancing, more and more is being invested in trying to influence peoples’ decisions and behaviors through marketing and advertisements. Social marketing agencies are highly lacking the right skills needed to direct the behavior of consumers whereas commercial marketing industries are vigilantly taking advantage of the wide array of mediums like television, radio, internet, social media websites, blogs, vlogs, etc to promote their products. Wymer emphasizes about the extent of influence on people created by commercial marketing. The current trend...
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...2010-060 Literature Review Pressure to be Perfect Media has become an increasingly important aspect of today’s society. People interact with many different forms of media on a daily basis. Because of the frequent usage of media, it is reasonable to assume that it has its effects on people. The topic discussed in this paper is the impact social media has truly had on society. Focusing on the main factors that cause an influence to the general well being of people in modern society, this paper will discuss how the effects of media are determined and explore what is believed to be the two main categories in which media affects today’s society: mental illness and body dissatisfaction. In reviewing the literature on the different effects that media has on society as a whole, ten pieces of literature that discuss the effects that media has on the psychological well being of society will be shown, and that ultimately what is at stake in this conversation is the health of our society. In reviewing the literature regarding the health impacts of social media on society, the authors used in this paper discuss either mental illness or body dissatisfaction. Authors such as Dohyun Ahn, Sheri Bauman, and Sandee LaMotte discuss the mental illnesses in their articles (“Is the Social Use of Media…”, “Associations Among Bullying…”, and “The Health Risks of Cyberbullying…” respectively. The remaining seven authors who focus on body image and how it is influenced by the media can be separated...
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...Journal Article Review * ARTICLE INFORMATION: Yanovitzky, Itzhak, and Jo Stryker. "Mass Media, Social Norms, and Health Promotion Efforts: A Longitudinal Study of Media Effects on Youth Binge Drinking." Communication Research 28.2 (2001): 208-39. ProQuest. Web. 3 Sep. 2013. * TOPIC/THEORY: The article is about the effects media has on society’s perception of binge drinking among young adults. “The study examines the validity of a norm-reinforcement approach as a complementary model to direct media effects on health behavior change.” The ideodynamic method and a time-series regression were applied in this experiment. * RESEARCH QUESTION OR PROBLEM: The study was conducted to see if media’s efforts to persuade youth to stop drinking are effective. As stated in the article, alcohol is the most widely used and abused drug among youth in the U.S. The authors set out to address two concerns. First, the believability of the norm-reinforcement approach compared to other paths of media effects on health behaviors. Second, the credibility of a direct or indirect path from media representations of risky behaviors compared to social expectations. * METHOD: The researchers considered four factors in order to test their theory. First, they surveyed high school seniors on their views of drinking. Second, they looked at news coverage of binge drinking between 1978 and 1996. Those newspapers were chosen to represent coverage of alcohol abuse in the national media environment...
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...Literature Review Pressure to be Perfect Media has become an increasingly important aspect of today’s society. People interact with many different forms of media on a daily basis. Because of the frequent usage of media, it is reasonable to assume that it has its effects on people. The topic discussed in this paper is the impact social media has truly had on society. Focusing on the main factors that cause an influence to the general well being of people in modern society, this paper will discuss how the effects of media are determined and explore what is believed to be the two main categories in which media affects today’s society: mental illness and body dissatisfaction. In reviewing the literature on the different effects that media has on society as a whole, ten pieces of literature that discuss the effects that media has on the psychological well being of society will be shown, and that ultimately what is at stake in this conversation is the health of our society. In reviewing the literature regarding the health impacts of social media on society, the authors used in this paper discuss either mental illness or body dissatisfaction. Authors such as Dohyun Ahn, Sheri Bauman, and Sandee LaMotte discuss the mental illnesses in their articles (“Is the Social Use of Media…”, “Associations Among Bullying…”, and “The Health Risks of Cyberbullying…” respectively. The remaining seven authors who focus on body image and how it is influenced by the media can be separated by three...
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...controversy discussed in the following articles. Jack Hollingdale of the University of Sussex, UK and Tobias Greitemeyer of the University of Innsbruck, Austria have collaborated in writing The changing face of aggression: the effect of personalized avatars in a violent video game on levels of aggressive behaviors. Hollingdale and Greitemeyer argue that “Studies have found that exposure to violent video games correlates negatively with helping behaviors in the real world and, as a result, exposure to violent video games poses a public health threat to children and youth” (Hollingdale and Greitemeyer 1). However, Christopher J Ferguson from Texas A&M International University, the department of behavioral applied science and criminal justice, sees the more positive side of the violent video games. In his article Blazing Angels or Resident Evil? Can Violent Video Games Be a Force for Good he disputes that “the negative effects of violent games have been exaggerated by some elements of the scientific community, fitting with past cycles of media-forced moral panics” (Ferguson 1). Both articles use statistics and specific examples to prove their thesis. Ferguson uses the claim of value more than claims of fact which seem to discredit his argument. Hollingdale and Greitmeyer support their thesis with psychological studies, statistics, and disproving any counterevidence that may be relevant. The article from Hollingdale and Greitmeyer is the superior article to use when looking for validation...
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...Learning from Mass Media Campaigns for HIV/AIDS Prevention Reviews of mass media campaigns have a special interest for me. They demonstrate what can be done, and as importantly, what cannot be done, by relying on a 1P approach. I have talked about the 5% Solution before, and noted another review of mass media campaigns for changing health behaviors. This post focuses on the findings from a review of recent campaigns to prevent HIV/AIDS. What is interesting in this report are the comparisons it draws to reviews of earlier campaigns in this area as well as the current state of the art and science. The authors used seven principles to guide their analysis: (1) conducting formative research on and about the target audience; (2) using theory as a conceptual foundation; (3) segmenting one’s audience into meaningful subgroups; (4) using a message design approach that is targeted to the audience segment(s); (5) utilizing effective channels widely viewed by and persuasive with the target audience; (6) conducting process evaluation and ensuring high message exposure; and (7) using a sensitive outcome evaluation design that reduces threats to internal validity and allows causal inferences about campaign impact to be made. The question they explore is: to what extent have recent HIV/AIDS campaigns in the literature adhered to these principles? Noar et al (2009) began with a search of peer-reviewed articles appearing from late 1998 through October 2007. Mass media had to be a central or...
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...Social Media & The Psychological Effects on Mental Health With the increase of Social Networking Sites (SNS's) dramatic increase in the past few years; there has been a growth in psychological research addressing the psychological impact of these online experiences. Consequently, there is a darker side to how social media can affect us. According to researchers, the more time spent on social media, the more likely you are to suffer from mental issues. This is especially true in children and teens; however prolonged and excessive use presents a danger to adults as well. Social Media Anxiety Disorder (SMAD) is a syndrome that relates to social anxiety and is presented when the participation of social media affects the mental and physical...
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...Aggression and Violent Behavior 10 (2004) 99 – 128 Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A methodological review Joanne Savage* Department of Justice, Law and Society, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016-8043, USA Received 9 September 2002; received in revised form 26 October 2003; accepted 30 October 2003 Abstract The topic of media violence has been the subject of heated debate in recent decades. There is a vast empirical literature on the effects of television on aggression but no published comprehensive review has ever focused on those studies that use criminal aggression as their outcome. The present paper represents an attempt to fill this void and provide a resource for those who do not wish to delve into four decades of original research in order to assess this line of investigation. Studies are evaluated based on contemporary standards of research in the field of criminology. Although the possibility that television and film violence has an impact on violent criminality remains, it is concluded here that, despite persistent published reviews that state the contrary, the body of published, empirical evidence on this topic does not establish that viewing violent portrayals causes crime. D 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Television violence; Media violence; Violent crime 1. Introduction A vast empirical literature on the impact of television exposure on aggression has accrued over the...
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...very useful in my research and provides information from an unwavering study that produced very clear and concise results. Barr, R., Shuck, L., Salerno, K., Atkinson , E., & Linebarger , D. (2010). Music interferes with learning from television during infancy. Infant and Child Development , 19, 313-331. Retrieved from www.interscience.wiley.com doi: 10.1002/ icd.666 This study was conducted to expand on previous studies regarding learning from television and imitating the target actions that took place. Prior to this study experimental research regarding learning from television failed to incorporate the usual attention grabbing formal features into their experimental stimuli, mainly sound. This study examined whether adding sound effects to video or live demonstrations would influence imitation...
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...Educational Impact of Games A Literature Review Institute for Games for Learning NYU Education/Assessment Group CUNY Education/Assessment Group White Paper # 02/2009 Version 0.1 June 25, 2009 Florrie Ng Helen Zeng Jan L. Plass Gaming Literature Coding In response to researchers’ calls for more systematic investigations of the use of games for learning, we conducted an extensive literature review on this topic. By surveying prior research, we examined the themes that emerged, the methodology employed, and the findings yielded, the ultimate goal being to identify knowledge gaps in the literature. To this end, we reviewed the relevant research conducted in the last 15 years by following the procedures outlined below. (a) Using the widely used social science database PsycINFO, we searched for articles which focused on both games and learning. The keywords chosen were “gam*” and either “learn*”, “teach*”, or “educat*” (the wildcard * can stand for any of a defined subset of all possible characters; for example “gam*” includes “game,” “games,” “gaming,” etc.). This generated about 4000 peer-reviewed articles from the earliest date (i.e., before 1960) to the end of 2008. (b) Given that studies conducted a decade ago tended to be less rigorous methodologically or yield obsolete results, we decided to focus our attention on more recent research. Once we narrowed down the time period to the years of 1995 to 2008, about 2400 peer-reviewed articles were left in the search results. (c)...
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...Current Organizational Behavior Article 1 Counterproductive Behavior and its Effects in the Workplace Grace Connell Carroll University Abstract This paper discusses the article, The Impact of Counterproductive Behavior in Organizations, and how it relates to the topics discussed in Carroll University’s course, BUS315: Organizational Behavior. Stan Mack (2015) suggests that the impact of counterproductive behavior in organizations are negative. The counterproductive behaviors discussed in the article include poor attendance, employee theft, interpersonal problems, and cyber loafing. Throughout this paper, the counterproductive behaviors analyzed in the article will be related to the topics discussed from the required course text, Organizational Behavior: Improving Performance and Commitment in the Workplace, by Jason Colquitt, Jeffery Lepine, and Michael Wesson. Current Organizational Behavior Article 1 Counterproductive Behavior and its Effects in the Workplace Article Review The article written by Stan Mack, The Impact of Counterproductive Behavior in Organizations (TICBO), is an article discussing various counterproductive behaviors in organizations. He discusses behaviors from poor attitudes and attendance, to employee theft, interpersonal problems, and cyber loafing. Mack recognizes each of these negative behaviors, how they cannot be completely eliminated, but can be lessened by handling them appropriately. Work and project quality may decrease due to poor employee attendance...
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...How Media Effect Children Franchester White Eng/101 September 7, 2014 Karen Strimkovskey Is your child safe? As a parent, you always want to know what your child is watching on television. The media is a powerful tool that doesn’t always teach a positive lesson. Media have provided the means and opportunity for children to distort reality into fallacies through television and video games. While media programs have a negative effect on children, there are some positive programs. The largest amounts of violence are found in children shows. Children between the age of 2 and 18 spends 6 hours and 32 minutes on an average a day using media with the exception of sleeping this is more than they spend on any other activity. When multiple media is stimulated, this time is increased to 8 hours a day. Big parts of media exposure are violent acts that are also witnessed in video games. On an average, a young child will have viewed 200,000 acts of violence on television (TV). Exposure to violent media wrecks havoc on thoughts, feeling, and most importantly, behavior. “The Influence of Media Violence on Youth,” a report appearing in the December 2003 edition of “Psychological Science in the Public Interest,” points to strong evidence points to the exposure to media violence causes boost in physically and verbally aggressive behavior in children. “Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior...
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...Social Media Marketing in the News: Social Media and Consumer Behavior Social Media and Consumer Behavior Social media has become a constant part of the everyday lives of consumers affecting the way they acquire products and their attitudes toward brands. The connection is clearly widespread and reflected directly on its real time basis influencing not only their behavior but also their purchasing decisions. Social media offered another channel for consumers to follow products and to understand brands that they patronize. This paper will discuss how consumers behave on social media and illustrate how social media influence consumer behavior. “Social media sites like Facebook and Twitter give consumers an investigative eye into what products and services they desire are really about” (Hall, 2014). These social media platforms served to be better sources of information and insight about the products and brands. People commented in social media to validate information and to provide assertion which is resonated within communities. Consumers looking for information on products and services can read reviews, comments, and recommendations within a social media platform. Social media allowed consumers to know what other consumers think about products and services and they employ this understanding in their purchase making decisions. “Social media sites also allow a close eye into the companies that provide these products and services and to be able to converse with other people...
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...Media Portrayal of Sexuality and Adolescents Kaylene Merchant PSY/265 September 4, 2014 Doris Tolan Media Portrayal of Sexuality and Adolescents It is no secret that the media can have a major influence over the lives of individuals; it helps to shape trends and social behaviors across our nation and the world. Adults and children alike can be influenced into certain behaviors based on what they witness through the media, and teenagers, who are fairly impressionable, are no exception. The effects of the media’s portrayal of sexuality are ranging, but it is safe to say that the majority of individuals in the US have all been affected in one way or another by the media. The consequences of the media’s effect on adolescents has only been examined through correlational studies which compared the sexual activity portrayed in the media with trends among teens (Gruber & Grube, 2000). From the research found, it is obvious that adolescents tend to reflect the sexuality that they witness through the media. The media often shows sexuality as a commodity, and the casual acceptance is typically adopted by adolescents. Adolescents are more likely to engage in the behaviors that are shown as appropriate by the media. This means that after a teenage girl sees how young pregnant girls are turned into reality stars, she is more likely to engage in the same behaviors in hopes of becoming famous. As young men witness the acceptance of promiscuity, they may take part in the same activities...
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