...In this paper, you will read proof of how the Battle of Antietam was a crucial battle in the development of today’s howitzers and how it would mold the future of field Artillery. Since 17 November 1775, the field Artillery became one of the most critical and vital assets to every branch of the United States military. The field Artillery has been utilized in every major conflict to include when they were first deployed on 2 March 1776 under the command of president gorge Washington and Henry Knox. Throughout the endless decades of war, the howitzer has seen many modifications. The howitzer has improved so much from designs such as the catapult, muzzle loaded cannon, QF 13 pounder field gun towed by horses in WWI and all the way to present...
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...During the Vietnam War the US Field Artillery had to change their tactics and weaponry to fight an unconventional war that they were not used to. This was also the first war that the United States had fought where the terrain helped the enemy greatly which helped the change come even faster. The NVA did not have a line of troops but instead operated in smaller groups all around the units. They could mass together and attack from any direction. In order to combat this, the Army split areas of operation between divisions. The divisions than divided it between brigades, brigades to battalions, and battalions to companies. This affected the Artillery in many ways. They could not mass their fires due to the size of the AO, Artillery was spread out over the AO to provide maximum coverage to the maneuver elements, Firing batteries were isolated with their supported battalions, they also did not have the freedom to move around. Firing Batteries were set up like an umbrella to cover as much of the AO as they could. This was a new role to them but it was vital under the circumstances. Another change that occurred was that the batteries were very far from their parent battalions to receive the support they needed and the units they were attached to did not have the equipment or the expertise to support them fully. To fix this wherever they moved with the maneuver element they were placed under operational control of a Field Artillery battalion headquarters in that area and received support...
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...Field Artillery Branch The mission of the Field Artillery is to destroy, defeat, or disrupt the enemy with integrated fires to enable maneuver commanders to dominate in unified land operations. The home of the Field Artillery and the Field Artillery School are at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Field artillery is called the "King of Battle". The history of the United States Field Artillery began in 1775, when Henry Knox was appointed Chief of Artillery of the Continental Army. During the War of Independence, the Field Artillery evolved into a formidable entity on the battlefield, prompting General Marquis de Lafayette to remark at the Battle of Yorktown, "Upon my honor I speak the truth. American Artillery -- one of the wonders of the Revolution." Conflicts...
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...and devastating power of American artillery won confidence and admiration from the troops it supported and inspired fear and respect in their enemy” General Dwight D. Eisenhower once spoke. No fewer words could be true. American artillery has been present in every major American war since the late 1770’s branding field artillery as the “King of Battle”. Field artillery is a constant progression of tactical and technical proficiency. The effects of simple mechanics put to effective use have decided many of the battles fought within the infancy of our great nation. From the American Revolution to Operation Enduring Freedom, field artillery has set itself apart from other branches of military service. Field artillery has influenced warfare through the evolution of its pieces and munitions. Simple mechanics created the first field artillery weapons. The catapult was made of wood and rope under tension resembling a crossbow in appearance. The invention of catapults gave armies the ability to attack from a distance. Catapults became the main siege weapon because of the amount of destruction caused. The Ballista was a defensive form of field artillery created. It used a crank to increase the tension needed to fire the weapon. The Trebuchet was the next piece created to employ larger projectiles at fortified positions and soldiers. Catapults, Ballista’s, and Trebuchet’s gave a decisive advantage to commanders on the battlefield. Artillery pieces have changed in there composition...
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...1. What are the three sub-elements in the warning order? 2. What are the four mission types? 3. What are the five methods of target location? 4. What are the five elements contained within the target description? 5. What are the two types of adjustment? 6. What are the fourteen methods of control? 7. What items are included in the Message to Observer? 8. What is an auxiliary adjusting point? 9. What is the proper sequence for spottings? 10. What are the five possible height of burst spotting? 11. What are the nine possible range spotting? 12. What is the OT Factor for a distance of 800 meters? 13. HOB corrections are sent to the nearest ____ meters? 14. What is angle T? 15. Attitude is sent to the nearest how many mils? 16. What are the 15 subsequent corrections? 17. What are the four adjustment techniques used to conduct area adjustment fires? 18. What is the maximum correction (DROP) when using creeping fires? 19. What four steps will be taken to end the mission? 20. Using the hand measurement of angular deviation, what does a fist represent? 21. Describe the flash to bang technique. 22. What are the five items included on a terrain sketch? 23. What are the five methods of determining direction? 24. Name four uses for illumination. 25. Name the five possible illumination patterns. 26. What are the minimum range and deviation corrections? 27. During a coordinated illumination...
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...CHAPTER 6 URBAN OPERATIONS This chapter describes techniques, procedures and special considerations that are used by platoons and squads throughout the planning and execution of operations in a urban area. Section I. OFFENSE While operating in urban areas, the major offensive collective tasks at platoon and squad level are attacking and clearing buildings. This involves isolating the objective, suppressing the threat, advancing the assault element, assaulting the building, clearing the building, and consolidating and reorganizing the force. Regardless of the type of urban area or the structural characteristics, there are six interrelated requirements for attacking a defended building: • Isolation of the building or objective. • Supporting fires. • Tactical movement • Breaching. • Assaulting. • Reorganization. Proper application and integration of these requirements can reduce casualties and hasten accomplishment of the mission. The platoon leader, when developing the plan for an attack on an urban objective, must consider the type of building to be assaulted, the rules of engagement (ROE), and the nature of the surrounding urban area. These considerations will determine the method of execution. For example, medium-size towns have numerous open spaces, and larger cities have high-rise apartments and industrial and transportation areas that are separated by parking areas or parks. Increased fire support is required to suppress...
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...beginning of the war when Jüger was a fresh recruit, his fellow soldiers and him were excited to be out in the battlefield talking of “No finer death in all the world than…” This shows how in the beginning war was seen as a glorified engagement that they sought and hungered for. Although the fresh recruits seemed to want this glory that comes with war, that mentality would soon be shocked from their minds as war reared its ugly head when the first shells began landing around them. At first Jüger did not understand what was happening and this incident caused his comrades and himself to change and dull their sense of glory for war. After being indoctrinated into his first shelling, Jüger soon learned to take some calm in the dangers that the artillery presented when he reflects “I thought privately that this baptism of fire business was actually far less...
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...The gunnery section of the three basic skills pertains to any activities involving the placement of artillery fire on a given target. American field artillery mastered their ability to gun and offered its most momentous contribution through means of mass fires. WWI had redirected the U.S. Army to give more training in massing fire in their artillery sector. As the only nation, willing to undergo changes to make this improvement it reflected during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge. The Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Ok, were successful in mastering this capability due to restructuring their division. The first overhaul was to have a centralized battalion headquarters. This was meant to relinquish fire control from the battery commanders and into the hands of the battalion commander. Going against tradition was opposed until mid-1930s, but eventually happened. The other major change would be the creation of a Fire Direction Center (FDC) (Biggio, 2004). This enabled the battalion commander to control the fires of the batteries below him. The FDC would be comprised of gunnery experts to form a battalion staff. Requests would be processed from the FDC to relay the command to fire until its funneled down to the howitzer position. The FDC systems were approved for artillery...
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...A Brief History of the Field Artillery Branch By: A Brief History of the Field Artillery Branch Throughout history, artillery has been used on the battlefield to overcome extreme obstacles and gain dominance. Although artillery in its beginnings was much different from today, the heritage behind it is one of which to be proud. As it began, artillery could be looked at as more of an art of engineering than that of war else. Implements of war were designed to be disassembled and moved over large distances with the assistance of horse teams. These devices included things such as the catapult, onager, trebuchet, and ballista. While these pieces are far from what artillery has become today they are still commonly considered by historians to be ancient artillery. With these ancient mechanical devices, the outcome of a battle could often be quickly decided. It was not until the development of gunpowder that artillery began to move away from the larger mechanical pieces to the devastating cannons of today. While gunpowder played a key role in the modernization of artillery, the rifling of the bore (barrel) also played a huge role. “Rifling had been tried on small arms in the 15th Century. The machinery used to accurately rifle the barrel of a cannon did not arrive until the 19th Century. Cavelli, Wahrendorff, and Whitworth all independently produced rifled cannon in the 1840’s...
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...| EXPERIENCE HISTORY: | | OCCUPATION: 0811, Field Artillery Cannoneer PRIMARY OCCUPATION: MARINE CORPS, ACTIVE: CORPORAL, Pay Grade E-4 OCT 2010 - JAN 2011 (3 Months) MARINE CORPS, ACTIVE: LANCE CORPORAL, Pay Grade E-3 AUG 2008 - OCT 2010 (2 Years 2 Months) MARINE CORPS, ACTIVE: PRIVATE FIRST CLASS, Pay Grade E-2 DEC 2007 - AUG 2008 (8 Months) DUTY OCCUPATION: MARINE CORPS, ACTIVE: CORPORAL, Pay Grade E-4 OCT 2010 - JAN 2011 (3 Months) MARINE CORPS, ACTIVE: LANCE CORPORAL, Pay Grade E-3 AUG 2008 - OCT 2010 (2 Years 2 Months) MARINE CORPS, ACTIVE: PRIVATE FIRST CLASS, Pay Grade E-2 DEC 2007 - AUG 2008 (8 Months) OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION FROM SERVICE FILE FOR: 0811 (Description dates SEP 1975 - JAN 2011) As a member of a field artillery howitzer battery, cannoneers prepare artillery pieces and equipment for movement, combat, and firing. They inspect and prepare ammunition for firing, and perform the various jobs incident to firing such as, laying for elevation and deflection, loading the piece, and handling ammunition. Field artillery cannoneers perform preventive maintenance and clean artillery pieces and equipment. They make routine tests and authorize repairs to equipment. Camouflage position, protect equipment from chemical warfare agents, and construct field fortifications. RELATED CIVILIAN OCCUPATIONS FOR: 0811 Artillery and Missile Crew Members (ONET 55-3014.00) Field Artillery Crewmember (DOT 378.684-018) Field...
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...the Army. The Americas introduction into the beginning of World War I they received information in the beginning part of me that Germans hi command had ordered a major offensive of the Chemin des Dames which was situated in Paris. With the assistance of the second and third AEF they help defend along the Marne on both side of the plain. This better way to Don for several months taking casualties on both sides and reach the climax during a portion of July 14 and the 15th in 1918 during this barrage both sides of the plane received heavy artillery fire and particularly around midnight the artillery reach the climax as the artillery Bumbarger the Germans even if they started to push forward in this battle of the main focus was getting across and gaining access to the Marnethat the Germans so heavily wanted and wanted to defend at all costs. The assault of the Chateau Thierry Display some of the most impressive and all inspiring series of artillery demonstration from both sides even during the climax in the middle of the night and midnight. But unfortunately by 12 o'clock in the afternoon of that day July 14 the Germans had made it across they had made it...
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...into sectional attack. Figures are eliminated due to hits, and when a whole unit is removed the other side gains a victory point. However, the first thing I noticed was the weight of this game; this is a very heavy box. That’s because Commands & Colors: Napoleonics designer uses wooden blocks. Six sheets of handsomely illustrated unit stickers need to be peeled off and applied to the blocks—three sizes of blocks and stickers, large rectangles for artillery and leaders, large squares for cavalry, and small squares for infantry. The map board is solid, the cards are of a good paper stock and everything is of GMT expected quality. In this manner, we begin the game with a number of command cards, usually five or six cards. Each card gave us specific instructions on how many units we can move and what part of the field they are in. There was an attack center card that let us move and fight with any three units in the Center. To begin with, forget the basic infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Artillery alone is broken into foot artillery,...
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...============================================================================== Company of Heroes Single Player Campaign Walkthrough 09/22/06 Author: LoneEagle013 Copyright 2006 LoneEagle013 All trademarks and copyrights contained in this document are owned by their respective trademark and copyright holders. ============================================================================== ============================================================================== VERSION HISTORY ============================================================================== 09/21/06 - Created basic format. Finished Mission 15 walkthrough. 09/22/06 - Finished Missions 01, 02, 03, 04, 05. 09/23/06 - Finished Missions 06, 07, 08, 09, 10. 09/24/06 - Finished Missions 11, 12, 13, 14. ============================================================================== INTRODUCTION ============================================================================== 01. This is a quick, general guidelines to approach the single player missions. 02. The difficulty setting for this strategy guide is normal mode, so what is covered here may not apply on harder settings. 03. For the most part I will leave the approach to the objectives loosely, mainly because there is more than one way to approach an objective. I like it how I can replay the mission with completely different way of doing things and each time they are equally impressive. 04. I...
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...Weaponry Since many of the soldiers who participated in the first battle of Bull Run were state volunteers, they were armed with whatever the state government provided them. Many soldiers were issued smooth bore weapons at the beginning of the war. As it progressed, more and more soldiers were armed with rifled weapons, being more accurate and far superior to smooth bore rifles. For the past 150 years, the soldier’s weapon of choice was the .69 caliber smooth bore musket. These rifles were inaccurate and did not have an effective killing range (100-200 yards). A lot of luck went into the soldier’s marksmanship. In the days prior, Napoleonic tactics were commonplace on the battlefield. In this fashion, soldiers lined up side by side and fired a volley of lead into the enemy’s direction, each rank taking turns to reload while the other fired. This tactic was effective in its own right, causing high casualties to both sides. During the civil war however, good soldiers were hard to find, and advancements in technology allowed them to use tactics and weaponry that helped keep soldiers alive on the battlefield. Advancements in the weaponry used during the First battle of the Bull Run made a significant difference in many aspects of the battle. Rifles used in the battle looked identical to the ones previously used, but with one key change: rifling. Rifled weapons have groves cut inside the barrel that cause the projectile to spin as it leaves the muzzle of the weapon. This barrel groove...
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...“If you know the enemy yourself, you need not fear the result of hindered battles, If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained, you will also suffer defeat, If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle”. -Sun Tzu On night 17-18 November around 2200 hrs, a heavy snow storm was leashed in the battle zone for nearly two hours. After the snow storm, visibility improved to 600 meters. At 0200 hrs, LP ahead of 8 Platoon observed a large body of Chinese soldiers swarming through the gullies at a distance of about 700-800 meters moving from the pass. Lance Naik Brij Lal the LP commander ran back to Platoon Headquarters to in inform this unusual development. He, with his Section Commander Hukam Chand and one LMG were rushed as reinforcement to the post. By then the Chinese had advanced with in firing range of small arms from the post. The LP fired a pre-determined red Verey Light signal along with long bursts of LMG fire, warning the C Company to ‘stand to’ in their dug out positions. Similarly, 7 Platoon’s LP on the forward slopes also saw Chinese forming up and the entire C Company was alerted. Maj Shaitan Singh immediately contacted his sub-unit commanders on the radio communication who confirmed that all ranks were ready in their battle positions. Since the paucity of troops had caused wide gaps in 7 and 9 Platoon localities, he also ordered 9 Platoon to send a patrol to ascertain the situation. The patrol confirmed massive Chinese...
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