Free Essay

Asdf

In: Science

Submitted By xpageupx
Words 914
Pages 4
The Determination of Percentage Ethanol from Gin Vodka by Simple Distillation
*Bejasa,B. ; Beltran,R. ; Bombase,M. ; Bunyi,C. ; Canlas,L.
2BMT

Abstract
Vodka is composed primarily of water and ethanol with traces of impurities and flavourings and naturally has an alcoholic content of 38-40% by volume. This experiment aimed to determine the percent ethanol of the vodka through simple distillation. A 30mL of the sample was collected and heated through the use of alcohol lamp. A collection of 0.50mL of distillate was continuously made while recording its corresponding temperature until the sample reached 100°C. Through the obtained data, the percentage ethanol was computed (5.0%).

Introduction Vodka is a clear liquor manufactured from ethyl alcohol. It is said to have been originally created from potatoes in Russia for medicinal purposes. Nowadays, Vodka is distilled from barley, wheat or rye. Most flavoured vodka contains 30-35% alcohol, whereas clear vodka is normally 40%, with a few brands offering a 50% product on top(1). Its percentage ethanol can be determined through the use of a simple distillation set-up. Simple distillation is designed to evaporate a volatile liquid from a solution of non-volatile substances(2). The first mention of the process of simple distillation appears in India and China around 800 B.C. in the production of beer and rice wine. At present time, simple distillation helps make production simple and economical, creating more products for consumers(3). The objectives of this experiment are to differentiate simple and fractional distillation, separate the components of an alcoholic beverage, and calculate the percentage ethanol in the beverage.

Methodology A simple distillation set-up was assembled by the assigned group. The pear-shaped distilling flask was filled with 30mL of the sample. Boiling stones were used to aid in the boiling process of the vodka. Test tubes were then calibrated to 0.5mL. The sample was then heated through the use of an alcohol lamp. The set-up can be seen in Figure No.1.

Figure No.1 Simple Distillation Set-up
The temperature was recorded on the first drop. The succeeding 0.5mL of distillate were collected using the calibrated test tubes while continuously recording its respective temperature until the sample reached 100°C. A flame test was performed afterwards wherein three to five drops from the first distillate and last distillate were lighted using a match.

Results The following table shows the data obtained from the experiment.
Table no.1 Volume of distillate (mL) vs. temperature (°C) Volume of distillate (mL) | Temperature (°C) | 1 | 81.0 | 2 | 82.0 | 3 | 83.0 | 4 | 84.0 | 5 | 86.0 | 6 | 87.0 | 7 | 90.0 | 8 | 93.0 | 9 | 95.0 | 10 | 96.5 | 11 | 97.5 | 12 | 97.5 | 13 | 97.5 | 14 | 97.5 | 15 | 98.0 | 16 | 98.0 | 17 | 98.0 | 18 | 98.0 | 19 | 98.0 |

Table no. 1 shows the corresponding temperature from the 19mL of distillate collected from the sample. It can be concluded that as the volume of the distillate increases, the temperature also increases. Graph no.1 Plot of temperature (°C) vs. volume of distillate (mL)

Graph no. 1 shows the visual representation of the volume of distillate to the temperature. The highlighted red line represents the azeotrope.
The result of the flame test showed that the first distillate produced a blue flame when it was lighted with a match. The last distillate, on the other hand, did not produce any kind of flame.

Discussions The presence of alcohol was determined through the flame test. The first distillate produced a blue flame due to the presence of ethanol. The last distillate did not produce a flame mainly because no alcoholic content was left in the solution. The azeotrope, which is a mixture that distils at a constant boiling point and with a constant composition, can be observed during the collection of the 1.5 to 2.5mL of the distillate of the sample. The temperature of the sample during this collection is 82.0°C.
After the flame test, the percent alcohol and the percent loss can be computed using these formulas:

% alcohol = volume of azeotropevolume of sample×100
% loss = vol.sample-(vol.residue+vol.distillate)vol.sample×100
By substituting our obtained data from the experiment, we get:
% alcohol= 1.5 mL30.0 mL×100
% alcohol=5.0%
% loss= 30mL-(8.0mL+19.0mL) 30 mL
% loss=10.0%
It can be concluded that the vodka has an alcoholic content of 5.0%. On the other hand, the percent loss is 10.0% which denotes that a part of the sample was lost due to evaporation or the inaccurate collection of the distillate. Furthermore, the percentage error can be computed using this equation:
% error = |Theoretical-Actual|Theoretical×100
% error = |40%-5%|40%×100
% error = 87.5%
Hence, the percentage error of the experiment is 87.5%.
Simple distillation differs from fractional distillation mainly because it is designed to evaporate a volatile liquid from a solution of a non-volatile substance. On the other hand, fractional distillation is the separation of mixture into its component fractions by their difference in boiling point. Furthermore, Fractional distillation separates liquid much better than simple distillation because of the glass beads in the fractionating column(4).

References (1) http://www.drinksmixer.com/desc28.html (2) http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/distil.htm (3) http://www.ehow.com/about_5401943_definition-simple-distillation.html (4) http://www.pharmpedia.com/Distillation

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Asdf

...asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf...

Words: 5234 - Pages: 21

Free Essay

Asdf

...Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf Asdf asdf asdf asdf...

Words: 261 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Aasdf Fasdf Asdf Asdf

...As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdfasdf asdfas fasdf asdf asd As asdfasd...

Words: 612 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Asdf

...Skip NavigationJump to Side Bar These resources are brought to you by the Cooperative Extension System and your Local Institution Welcome eXtension is an interactive learning environment delivering the best, most researched knowledge from the smartest land-grant university minds across America. Find a U.S. Institution eXtension: more mind reach Home About Resource Areas News Articles Answers Calendar Learning Lessons Small Meat Processors Home Have a question? Try asking one of our Experts Print Business Plan for Regional Meat Marketing Company Last Updated: October 31, 2011 Business Plan for a Producer-Owned Meat Marketing Company April 2011. Prepared by Keith DeHaan, Food and Livestock Planning, and funded by USDA Rural Development, for the South Coast Meat Project. Includes financials. Table of Contents Plan Summary Download full plan (pdf, 41 pages, 310KB) Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction Market Plan Market Development Target Markets Products Manufactured Features and Benefits of Products Market Concept Names and Branding Marketing Budget and Requirements Competitive Programs Livestock Supply Numbers Production Types Compensation Strategies for Producers Numbers and Species Used For Planning Other Species Harvest and Processing Plan Facilities Expected Processing Cost Dry Aging Beef Composite Carcass Value Distribution Plans Corporate and Management Plan Best Fit Legal Structure ...

Words: 1176 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Asdf

...Artist: Randy Newman                                  Song: You Got A Friend In Me     Intro E|----------|---------|--------|----------|----------|------------| B|----------|------7--|--------|----------|----------|------------| G|-------7--|---9-----|-7------|-10-9---7-|-2/3-2--0-|------------| d|------7---|--8------|-7-9----|-8------7-|-4/5-4--2-|-4--3--2---3| A|-----9----|-9-------|--------|--------0-|-0~~-0--0-|-5--4--3--4-| D|-0--0-----|---------|-9------|-8--------|----------|-0--0--0----|   Verse E|--------------------|--------------|----------------|-----------| B|--------------------|--------------|-0-3-0----------|---7---6/7-| G|-------2----2h4-2---|--------------|-0-0-0-7—-4-----|-----------| d|---2/4--4--3------4-|---4-4--------|-0-0---6--6--7--|---7—--6/7-| A|--------------------|---3-3--------|-------------0--|-----------| D|-0--------0---------|-0------0h2h4-|-5-5---6--6-----|------0----|   E|------------------|----------------------|------------------| B|--0--------2--3---|--0-------------------|--0--------2--3---| G|--0--2-----0--4-4-|--0--2----------------|--0--2-----0--4-4-| d|--0--0-0---2--4---|--0--0-0--4-4-4--2--0-|--0--0-0---2--4---| A|----------1---2---|----------1-1-2----5--|----------1---2---| D|-5---4------------|-5---4----------------|-5---4------------|   E|-----------------|---------------------------|    |--2----| B|-3--0--------3---|------0--3--0----3-0---(3)-| 2x |--1----| G|-1----2------2-2-|---2-----1----2--2-0—-7(2)-|Int...

Words: 448 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Asdf

...Desiree Alaquinez Theme #8 HiST 1301 Mr. Myers Cholera Cholera is a deadly infection that occurs in the small intestine; which is caused by the bacterium vibrio cholera. The disease is most commonly found in places that are very crowded, war affiliated, extremely low scarcity of food, and especially if a place is poorly sanitized. Africa, South Asia, and Latin America are just some parts of the world that come across this deadly disease. Cholera first originated and made its appearance in India in 1817 at the Ganges River; which then later spread too many other regions due to neglected transported bilge of water. It was not until 1883, that this disease was discovered by German bacteriologist Robert Koch. Koch noticed the epidemic of this unusual rare disease and decided to take a closer look into the situation. He then realized that some sort of bacterium was in the intestines of the dead; but he was shocked to know that he was unable to neither isolate the organisms nor infect other animals with it. Later Koch went to India and made a surprising discovery-the cholera disease was started from damp dirty linen that the bacteria grew in, earth’s misty air, and bunch of bacteria that was in patient’s stools. The most common sources that cause cholera is standing water, type o blood, poor sanitation, eating raw seafood especially shellfish-because it originates from the same locations that have been exposed to cholera, consuming raw vegetables or fruit, and grain such as millet...

Words: 630 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Asdf

...I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM  How should STI Dipolog be more competitive with the existing schools in Dipolog City? II. THE ORGANIZATION AND ITS PROFILE Organization Name: Systems Technology Institute (STI) - Dipolog Motto: “Education For Real Life.” Location: Gillamac Building, Malvar St., Dipolog City Systems Technology Institute (STI) is the largest network of for-profit information technology based colleges in the Philippines. This private college system offers a curriculum including business studies, computer science, education, engineering and health care. STI has branches all over the Philippines and claims to be the second largest IT-based educational institution in Asia. STI Educational Network System STI network is composed of the following structures, each with its own specific functions and objectives:  The Colleges The STI Colleges provides associate, baccalaureate, and Masteral Programs in the fields of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Engineering, Business and Management, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Arts and Sciences, and Healthcare. These programs are duly accredited by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). TESDA Programs under the Colleges can also be ladderized with exit points that equip graduates with TESDA Certifications and the option to continue further studies in programs accredited by CHED.  The Education Centers The STI Education...

Words: 13946 - Pages: 56

Free Essay

Asdf

...TermPaperWarehouse.com is completely free! Simply donate one essay to the site to create your account. It only takes five minutes to create an account and you'll have instant access to the site TermPaperWarehouse.com is completely free! Simply donate one essay to the site to create your account. It only takes five minutes to create an account and you'll have instant access to the site TermPaperWarehouse.com is completely free! Simply donate one essay to the site to create your account. It only takes five minutes to create an account and you'll have instant access to the site TermPaperWarehouse.com is completely free! Simply donate one essay to the site to create your account. It only takes five minutes to create an account and you'll have instant access to the site TermPaperWarehouse.com is completely free! Simply donate one essay to the site to create your account. It only takes five minutes to create an account and you'll have instant access to the site TermPaperWarehouse.com is completely free! Simply donate one essay to the site to create your account. It only takes five minutes to create an account and you'll have instant access to the site TermPaperWarehouse.com is completely free! Simply donate one essay to the site to create your account. It only takes five minutes to create an account and you'll have instant access to the site Concept Map What is a Concept Map? Concept maps, developed by Joseph D. Novak [Novak & Gowin, 1984], are two-dimensional representations...

Words: 530 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Asdf

...Unit 1 Assignment1 Chapter 1 1. Free software is any software that is not only free to obtain but also allows you to obtain the source code for that software. 4. GNU was meant to be a free operating system, however it only finished the system programs part of the operating system. Linux is what finished the kernel part of the operating system and is what is available today. Chapter 2 1. Installing an operating system such as fedora involves setting the BIOS to boot from the CD/DVD, making a selection from the welcome screen, then you must configure, after this it writes the operating system to the hard disk. Chapter 3 1. A live session is when you run Linux on a computer without installing Linux on the computer. 4. The /boot partition must be the first or one of the first partition on the hard disk. 8. When the system enters run level 5. Chapter 11 1. When in single user mode you can only log on the one terminal, when in multi user mode you can log on to any terminal that is set up for log in. 3. The letters stand for substitute user. You can give yourself privileges of any User whose password you know. You can also execute a command (other than a shell) as the specified user. To log in as Alex, you would first log in as root, and then give the command su Alex, or su – Alex to establish the same environment that Alex has when he logs in. 7. Do not use any dictionary words, use a mix of letters, numbers, and special...

Words: 276 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Asdf

...Associate Program Material Diversity Worksheet Answer each question in 50 to 150 words. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? The term "diversity" is used broadly to refer to many demographic variables, including, but not limited to, race, religion, color, gender, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, age, education, geographic origin, and skill characteristics. Diversity should be respected and valued because nobody is completely the same as anyone else, even within the categories above. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society? Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity. Even though it may cause external conflicts, it creates internal unity. It also makes individuals feel more certain about their beliefs. Through providing individuals with a sense of belonging to a particular...

Words: 587 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Asdf

...The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), is a subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus), a member of the Canidae family of the mammilian order "Carnivora". The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The dog may have been the first animal to be domesticated, and has been the most widely kept working, hunting, and companion animal in human history. The word "dog" may also mean the male of a canine species, as opposed to the word "bitch" for the female of the species. The present lineage of dogs was domesticated from gray wolves about 15,000 years ago.Remains of domesticated dogs have been found in Siberia and Belgium from about 33,000 years ago. The earlier specimens not only show shortening of the snout but widening of the muzzle and some crowding of teeth making them clearly domesticated dogs and not wolves. There are more sites of varying ages in and around Europe and Asia younger than 33,000 years ago but significantly older than 15,000 years ago. None of these early domestication lineages seem to have survived the Last Glacial Maximum. Although mDNA suggest a split between dogs and wolves around 100,000 years ago no specimens predate 33,000 years ago that are clearly morphologically domesticated dog. Dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship...

Words: 329 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Asdf

...MGT 3332.01 Organizational Behavior Fall 2013 T/TH 9:25a – 10:40a AMB 105 INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Tommy Nichols OFFICE: AMB 317 PHONE: 817-531-4849 E-MAIL: tnichols@txwes.edu OFFICE HOURS: Tue: 8:15a-9:25a 1:15p-6:15p Wed: 6:15p-7:00p Thur: 8:15a-9:25a 1:15p-2:15p Note: The best way to contact me is typically through e-mail. I promise to respond within 24 hours, with the exception of weekends and holidays. Website: http://faculty.txwes.edu/tnichols Homework website: http://connect.mcgraw-hill.com/class/t_nichols_fall_2013 University Mission: The University endeavors to create a learning environment where each student is provided an opportunity to pursue individual excellence, to think clearly and creatively, to communicate effectively, and to develop spiritual sensitivity, with a commitment to moral discrimination and action, and with a sense of civic responsibility. School of Business Mission: The School of Business Administration and Professional Programs (SOBAPP) is a community of learners dedicated to pursuing and sharing the values, knowledge and skills that enable our students to compete in a dynamic and increasingly global environment.  Text: (Required) Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Wesson, M. J. (2013). Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the...

Words: 2160 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Asdf

...Writing  a  Biology  Laboratory  Report     Structuring  your  report   A  laboratory  report  usually  contains  the  following  sections:           •   Modified  from:  Swales,  J  and  C.  Feak  (2000)  English  in  Today’s   Research  World:  a  Writing  Guide,  Michigan:  Ann  Arbor.   • •   Introduction  –  provides  background  information  that  your  reader  will  require,  to  understand   your  experiment,  and  indicates  why  you  did  this  experiment    with  a  clear  statement  of  your   hypothesis/es.  For  your  Biology  report  you  can  use  your  textbook  as  the  source  of  your   background  information.     Methods  –  explains  how  you  performed  the  experiment.  For  your  Biology  report  you  can   simply  say  “refer  to  page  …  of  the  Biology  Workbook”).     Results  –  present  the  data  you  collected  during  the  experiment  in  a  clear  and  logical  manner,   e.g.  table,  graph,  (results  of  statistical  tests  if  appropriate  –  not  necessary  for  this  Biology   report)...

Words: 936 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Asdf

...1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympicsv1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympicsv1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympicsv1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympicsv1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympicsv1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympicsv1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympicsv1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976 Montreal Olympics1976...

Words: 560 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Asdf

...Fiscal Policy of Bangladesh Jamshed uz Zaman When budget is declared Opposition Parties claim: Budget against the poor; Government Parties claim: Welfare oriented budget. Some declares hartal. How to understand a budget favors whom? A budget may favor • poor or rich class; • Importers or exporters; • Primary producers or manufacturers; etc. Government claims that the budget is surplus, but most often it is true. Govt.’s claim it because • Political popularity, • People are afraid of inflation. Is deficit budget always unacceptable? No. Deficit budget are prepared • In deflationary situation, • When resources fall short of needs, • To help implementation of monetary policy. Deficit does not necessarily mean imposition of new taxes. Components of Budget Revenue Budget • • Revenue Receipts Revenue Expenditure Surplus/Deficit Food Budget • Food Aid • Counterpart Fund • Food Import • VGD, FFW • Subsidy Surplus/Deficit Capital Budget • Receipts • Payments Surplus/Deficit Development Program + - • • Expenditure Receipts • • • • Revenue Surplus New Tax Measures Net Domestic Capital Extra Budgetary Resource • • Counterpart fund Net food aid • • • • Foreign Assistance Foreign Direct Investment Borrowing from the public Borrowing from Banking System - Central Bank - Commercial banks Total Budget has to be deficit to achieve the long term goals We have to check whether...

Words: 910 - Pages: 4