Classroom Behavioural Strategies and Interventions

5. CLASSROOM BEHAVIOURAL STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS
This section will • • • examine classroom techniques for addressing behavioural issues explain the process and strategies for working with behavioural concerns provide examples of the positive strategies and resources available to address behaviour

Before anything else, This section will focus on classroom strategies and interventions that address the discipline/behavioural challenges of students who are alcohol-affected. It is getting ready is the important to remember that these students have permanent neurological damage secret of success.

that will make changing behaviour difficult. Some of the behaviour management strategies used with other students may not be successful for the child who is alcohol-affected. Unique and individual interventions are more important than any prescribed behaviour program. Some examples of useful interventions include building relationships, adapting the environment, managing sensory stimulation, changing communication strategies, providing prompts and cues, using a teach, review, and reteach process, and developing social skills. The classroom teacher needs to ensure acceptance for all students in the classroom. Teachers’ actions that can promote acceptance include • choosing learning materials to represent all groups of students • ensuring that all students can participate in extra activities • valuing, respecting, and talking about differences • celebrating cultural and ethnic differences • ensuring that learning activities are designed for a variety of abilities • ensuring that all students are protected from name-calling or other forms of abusive language • modelling acceptance

Setting the Stage
This subsection will provide suggestions for how a teacher can prepare the groundwork for working with a student who is alcohol-affected. This preparation can assist in preventing behavioural difficulties.

Developing Classroom Rules
Well-defined rules in the classroom can prevent many behavioural difficulties. When students are involved in the development of the rules, they are more likely to adhere to them and understand why they have been put into place.
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Students who are alcohol-affected do better in classrooms that are structured, predictable, and consistent.

Classroom rules should be limited in number (usually five or less) and stated in positive terms. Once the rules have been developed and taught, they should be applied consistently. Most students, and especially those who are alcohol-affected, will perform better in classrooms that are structured, predictable, and consistent.

Teaching Classroom Rules
Creating the rules is only the beginning. Once agreed upon, the rules should be taught to the students and posted in the classroom in both print and visual formats. The rules should be explained using clear, concise language. As well, they should be explained through the use of specific examples and role-playing. These concrete activities are very beneficial for the student who is alcoholaffected. As well, the teacher should teach that rules may be different in special areas (e.g., the lunchroom, hallway, school bus, or playground). A rule should also be explained according to “what it is” and “what it is not.” Each rule should be explained in detail to ensure Example of Classroom Rules* that students understand what is included in • Keep your hands and feet to the rule. The first week of a new school year yourself except for is an effective time to develop and teach the rules. The classroom rules should also be something nice. shared with parents at the start of the year, • Do your job. and reviewed frequently throughout the year. • Respect yourself and others. Students who are alcohol-affected may need • Act safely. additional instruction and reminders to be • Take care of the sure the rules are understood and environment and the things remembered. Teachers should remind the in it. student of the rules at key times, and in a variety of contexts, during the day. Students’ behaviours should be acknowledged and reinforced when the rules are followed appropriately.

Teaching rules: 1. Teach 2. Review 3. Reteach

Positive Classroom Discipline
Teachers need to build a classroom environment where positive interactions are the norm and punitive consequences are minimized. Research indicates that coercive or punitive environments actually promote antisocial behaviour.
For more information, see Preventing Antisocial Behaviour in the Schools (Mayer, G. Roy, 1995).

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Reproduced by permission of Lakewood School, St. James Assiniboia S.D. No. 2.s

Classroom Behavioural Strategies and Interventions

It is important that teachers provide immediate, frequent, and positive feedback. The value of a positive versus a punitive procedure is summarized in the following chart.
Comparison of Punitive Methods and Positive Classroom Discipline*
Management Strategies Punitive Procedures • rapidly stop behaviour • provide immediate relief (reinforcement) to the teacher • teach the student and peers what not to do • decrease positive self-statements (self-concept) Positive Classroom Management Strategies • slowly stop behaviour • provide no immediate relief to the teacher • teach the student and peers what to do • increase positive self-statements (self-concept)

• decrease positive attitudes toward • increase positive attitudes toward school and schoolwork school and school work • promote enhanced participation • cause withdrawal (tardiness, truancy, dropping out) • decrease likelihood of aggression • cause aggression (against property • teach students to recognize the positive and others) • can enhance student-teacher • teach students to respond in a relationships punitive manner • can harm student-teacher relationships

Positive feedback should occur three times as frequently as negative feedback.

Effective feedback should be immediate and follow the demonstration of an appropriate behaviour, the use of a routine, or the successful completion of teacher instructions. Research has shown that positive reinforcement can lead to improved behaviour. A good general rule is that positive feedback should occur three times as frequently as negative feedback. The positive feedback does not always have to be verbal – it can also include praise, hugs, smiles, handshakes, nods, and eye contact.

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From “Preventing Antisocial Behaviour in the Schools” by G.R. Mayer and B. SulzerAzcroff. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis 28. Reprinted by permission.

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As well, the use of positive reinforcers For additional can have a positive influence on information on the use behaviours. Remember, because of positive reinforcers, students who are alcohol-affected have see Classroom Management: A difficulty with cause and effect, this California Resource Guide approach may not always be (Mayer, G. Roy, 2000). successful. A reinforcer is an object or event that is given to the student for performing a desirable behaviour. Reinforcers need to be carefully chosen to ensure they can be delivered with relatively little effort or planning. Teachers need to have a wide variety of reinforcers available because they will not all work equally well with each student. A good way to choose reinforcers is to involve the student in the selection process. As the student’s behaviour improves, the teacher should gradually move away from external rewards and replace them with intrinsic rewards. A list of possible positive consequences is included at the end of this section. Consequences may not always work with students who are alcohol-affected. However, their use is appropriate in specific situations. All of the students will face consequences in their daily lives as adults. Therefore, they will need to learn to deal with the consequences in the same way that other students do. The consequences should be carefully selected, pre-determined, consistently applied, and used expeditiously. It may be important to remember that these children may learn best when the consequences are “real” and immediate rather than convenient and delayed. For example, it might be more useful to require a child to finish up his or her work during ‘choice time’ rather than impose a detention (Jones, 2000).

Teaching Classroom Routines
5 Steps in Teaching Classroom Routines 1. Explain 2. Demonstrate and Model 3. Rehearse/ Guided Practice 4. Perform Independently 5. Review/Reteach Classrooms with structured routines and clear procedures are recommended for students who are alcohol-affected. Teachers should establish routines for students and set expectations regarding classroom procedures (e.g., getting down to work, arrivals, departures, completing assignments, keeping occupied after work is finished, and transitioning from one assignment or subject area to the next). Most students learn routines and procedures quickly. Students who are alcoholaffected may need additional instruction. For these students, teachers may wish to consider the following five-step process. 1. Explain. The teacher explains the routine and the reasons for its use. It is explained in easy to understand language using short, concise sentences. Key messages are repeated. 2. Demonstrate and Model. If the routine is complicated, the teacher breaks it down into smaller steps. A visual or written chart supports the verbal instruction. Once the routine is explained in detail, the teacher demonstrates or models the task, using the student’s visual or written plan. The teacher then asks the students to repeat the step. Occasionally, parts of the routine will need to be adapted in order to increase independence.

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3. Rehearse/Guided Practice. As students practise the routine, corrective feedback is provided by the teacher. Advanced students can role-play the steps or act as a “buddy” to a student who is alcohol-affected. The teacher uses subtle prompts to help students who forget steps. If the routine is to be used in several areas of the school, practices are arranged in the different locations. 4. Perform Independently. The student performs the routine during the course of the regular school day. Students who are alcohol-affected are given cues as to when the strategy should be used. Praise and encouragement are given for successful completion of the routine. 5. Review/Reteach. The teacher periodically reviews the routine and reteaches it. For students with memory problems, cue cards (which outline the steps of the routine, and can be taped to notebooks or on desks) may be useful. Some key routines that need to be taught to students who are alcohol-affected include procedures for • using a locker • entering a classroom • getting ready to work • problem solving • asking for help • completing assignments • checking completed work • turning in projects on time • leaving the room • using an agenda book • handling the lunch room • controlling anger • transitioning to the next class • using a computer • keeping occupied • writing a book report “External Brain” Some students who are alcoholaffected will require the assistance of an “external brain” to help them make decisions, remember rules and routines, and problem solve. The role of the “external brain” may be filled by a classroom peer, senior student, volunteer, or paraprofessional.

Some students will require routines for everything.

Teachers should only focus on two or three routines at any one time. Examples of routines with visual prompts are included at the end of this section.

Classroom Meetings
Classroom meetings are a useful way to promote a positive classroom atmosphere. They encourage effective communication between the teacher and the students, and provide a good opportunity for the teacher to remind students of individual differences and to involve special students in all classroom activities. The meetings should be held on a regular basis. The teacher and students should work together to establish ground rules for the meetings.

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Meeting ground rules might include: • Students must show mutual respect. • Only one student speaks at a time. • Students help each other. • Issues (e.g., resolving conflicts, planning special activities or events, sharing information, reviewing classroom rules) are addressed. Part of the ground rules should also involve deciding how the outcomes of the meeting will be recorded (e.g., minutes, board summary). For a student who is alcohol-affected, the above rules may require oral and visual explanation, demonstrating, role-playing, and positive reinforcement.

Home-School Communication
Maintaining close contact between the school and the home can prevent misunderstandings. One of the ways is to use a “communication book” to review the day’s events and share information. The book should be designed carefully to ensure that it is easy to use and understand. A home-school communication book has several benefits for the student. It can • assist with organizational skills • improve self-esteem • assist with homework/assignment reminders • help with self-monitoring • involve students in the communication process The student’s parents should meet with the in-school team to plan for the use of the communication book. The planning should address the following questions: • How will the book travel back and forth? • What type of information will be documented by the school? by the home? • Who will write in the book at the school? The front of the communication book should list the staff who are involved with the student and the school’s key contact person. The school may wish to develop a pre-formatted, duplicated sheet to use in the book (to keep the communication structured and limited to a reasonable length). Whenever possible, students should help to prepare the communications between home and school. For students who are alcohol-affected, a form with visuals can be useful. For Middle and Senior Years students, it may be possible to modify the existing school agenda book to serve as a communication tool. Home-school communication books can create challenges for both parents and the school. These include • transporting the book back and forth • maintaining positive communication • developing responsibility for monitoring • ensuring it is age-appropriate
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• ensuring the book is utilized by several teachers in a day When writing in a communication book, parents and teachers should • keep comments as positive as possible • keep communications short and to the point • respond to each other’s questions and comments (this ensures the book is being read on a daily basis) • ask each other for suggestions and ideas • have the student contribute to the book when possible • record reminders of upcoming dates and events Teachers should ask parents for suggestions on what works at home. *

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From Teaching Students with Autism: A Resource Guide for Schools by Autism Society of British Columbia. Reprinted by permission.

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Classroom Strategies
This subsection will provide strategies for addressing behavioural concerns of students who are alcohol-affected.

Teaching Social Skills
The goal of social skills instruction is to teach socially acceptable behaviours that will help students be accepted by their classroom peers and teachers, and provide life-long skills. Students who are alcohol-affected often require extra attention in the development of social skills. Social skills can be taught to the entire classroom, to individual students, or to small groups of students. Several examples of social skills are included in the chart below. Academic Survival Skills • complies with teacher’s requests • follows directions • requests help when needed • greets the teacher • provides appreciative feedback • nods to communicate Peer Relationship Skills • introduces self by name • shares with others • asks permission • takes turns • invites others to participate • assists others • cares for physical appearance

understanding
• demonstrates listening skills • develops play repertoire (Early

• gets attention appropriately
• has conversation skills • displays control • negotiates • gives and receives compliments • respects personal space • displays empathy toward others • identifies and expresses emotions

Years)
• problem solves

in self and others
• uses appropriate language All of the above skills can be measured or rated by teachers using rating scales or observation. Once a teacher has identified skills that need to be taught, he or she can begin to develop appropriate instructional strategies on a formal or informal basis. Once taught, the skills need to be prompted and reinforced in many settings to be used effectively.

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Some students will require individual interventions to 1. Identify the skill address their social to focus on skills. Individual skills that require 2. Teach, review, attention should be reteach identified and 3. Model and role- prioritized by the play teacher. The teacher then uses a structured 4. Provide teaching process with feedback and the student. The skills reminders need to be taught, reviewed, and 5. Transfer and retaught until they generalize to can be generalized to other locations the settings, times, and situations. Based on the work of Ellen McGinnis and Arnold Goldstein in their Skillstreaming books, a four-step process is recommended. 1. modelling 2. role-playing 3. performance feedback 4. transfer training

Teaching Social Skills

For additional information on social skills instruction, see: • “Second Step” program (The Committee for Children, Seattle, WA) • “Skills for Growing Lion’s-Quest Program” (Lion’s-Quest Canada) • The Tough Kid Social Skills Book (Sheridan, Susan, and Tom Oling, 1995) • Skillstreaming in Early Childhood: Teaching Prosocial Skills to the Preschool and Kindergarten Child (McGinnis, Ellen, and Arnold Goldstein, 1990) • Skillstreaming the Elementary School Child: New Strategies and Perspectives for Teaching Prosocial Skills, Revised Edition (McGinnis, Ellen, and Arnold Goldstein, 1997) • School Success: A Self-Concept Approach to Teaching, Learning, and Educational Practice. 3rd ed. (Purkey, W.W., and J. M. Novak, 1996) • Skillstreaming the Adolescent: New Strategies and Perspectives for Teaching Prosocial Skills, Revised Edition (McGinnis, Ellen, and Arnold Goldstein, 1997)

Teaching Social Stories
Social stories are used to help students with disabilities develop social skills. The concept of social stories was first developed by Carol Gray, a consultant for Jenison Public Schools in Jenison, Michigan. Social stories can be used to teach new social skills, routines, behaviours, and transitions. Social stories present appropriate social behaviours in the form of a story. The stories are designed to include the answers to questions about acting appropriately in social situations (usually who, what, when, where, and why). Some social stories include visuals to help students understand the social situations.
For additional information on social stories, please see Writing Social Stories with Carol Gray and/or The New Social Stories: Illustrated Edition (Gray, Carol, 1994). These materials are available from “Future Horizons.”

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Social stories are often read to or with a student prior to a specific social situation (e.g., the lunchroom, recess, or bus ride). They can also be used to teach routines (e.g., asking for help, responding to anger, completing a task). Social stories appear to be a promising method for teaching social behaviours.

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Self-Calming Procedures
When students who are alcoholaffected become disruptive or overstimulated in the classroom, the teacher may need to provide a space for them to calm down. This space can be selected by the student and might include a carrel, special corner of the room, or an area removed from the general classroom. The students will need to be told when they need to move to their calming space. These placements should be short in duration (5-10 minutes). At the end of the calming time, the teacher should welcome the student back to the main classroom area. The calming space might receive a special name (e.g., Student office, Sharon’s space). For younger students the area should be in the classroom; for older students an area outside the classroom may be considered (e.g., the school lounge, resource area, or guidance room). This area should contain items to help the student calm down, such as calming music. The main benefit of a calming area is that the students can use the space and time to regain control. As much as possible, students should be encouraged to enter their calming space on their own. If more intrusive forms of calming are being considered, parents, guardians, the school administration, and the school psychologist should be involved in developing a formal plan for the intervention. The plan will require parental involvement, parental permission, specific procedures, staff training, and a systematic method of record keeping.

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Reprinted from the Xplanatory Research Seminars. Available online at dddddddd . Reprinted by permission.

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Personal Safety Programs Students who are alcohol-affected can be very vulnerable to abuse. It is therefore important for the student to be involved in existing or specially designed school safety programs, such as Feeling Yes, Feeling No (National Film Board). If an existing program is being used, an individual follow-up to the program should be planned. Group Programs
Personal Safety Programs: One program that can be used for students who are alcohol-affected is the Circles Program (James Stanfield Publishing Company), which helps students establish appropriate boundaries when dealing with others. Another effective program is The Friendship Circles Program, found in Tough Kids and Substance Abuse (Jones et al, 2000 — see p. 5.35).

There are several programs that can be used to address behavioural concerns. These programs can be used with students who are alcohol-affected and the general student population. There are also many strategies and interventions that can be used by the classroom teacher and paraprofessional in the classroom. The chart below shows a selection of strategies or areas being addressed in many schools across Manitoba.
Conflict Resolution Skills • • • playground conflict manager talk-it-out corners mediation programs Anger Management • • • • Lions-Quest RID Empathy Second Step Stress Management • • • • • • relaxation techniques deep breathing walking exercise positive talking How Does Your Engine Run?

After School Programs • • • academic enrichment recreation friendship centres

Community Service • • • • • personal development senior centre daycare hospital group home

Support Groups • • • • relationships women’s issues drinking/drug issues family

Bullying Prevention • • • • victimization bullying vulnerability awareness

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Resolving Behavioural Incidents
Addressing a Problem 1. Speak slowly 2. Speak calmly Teachers and administrators are often called upon to resolve behavioural incidents involving students who are alcohol-affected. The following suggestions may be useful to reduce the escalation of behavioural incidents. Review the incident as soon as possible. Try to deal with the incident as quickly as possible once the student has calmed down.

Actively listen. Take time for the student to tell you his or her side of the story. 3. Use short concise phrases Paraphrase and use eye contact to demonstrate that you are listening. Note that students who are alcohol-affected may shut down when confronted by an 4. Avoid blame authority figure. Sometimes, a walk around the school with the student can help him or her to relax and begin talking. The teacher or administrator may 5. Review/reteach encourage the student to draw his or her story. 6. Build Use non-threatening questions. Ask questions that focus on “how” and “what” relationships instead of “why.” Students who are alcohol-affected may not remember, understand, or be able to articulate what happened, or may have acted impulsively. Open-ended questions may be most useful. Questions should be asked in a calm, quiet tone using slow, short, concise phrases. A simple problemsolving procedure using graphics or pictures may be helpful (see p. 5.23). Try not to blame. Focus on teaching the right behaviour or a replacement behaviour. For example, ask “How can we avoid this problem the next time?” or “What behaviour would have worked better than hitting?” Consider using roleplay, modeling, and rehearsing to teach a new behaviour. Present new ideas in a concrete way, one at a time. Remember that ideas may need to be reinforced and re-taught several times. Show personal interest in the student. End the review of the incident with a positive comment or a personal question. Follow up with the student and other classroom teachers in order to reinforce the new skill that is desired.

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Special Consequences Is it unfair to treat students differently? No. It is unprofessional to treat them the same.
Most schools have developed a code of conduct that addresses student behaviour. Often these codes of conduct outline the consequences of particular behaviours (e.g., a suspension for hitting or fighting). However, students who are alcohol-affected may need consequences to be modified in order to meet their needs. Consider the following suggestions when handling exceptions to the code of conduct: • Every effort should be made to include proactive prevention and exemplary supervision strategies to avoid the need for a major consequence. • The student’s support team should discuss with the administration and staff exceptions that might be required. The communication of special circumstances can prevent issues from arising at a later time. • An Individual Education Plan documents the plan to address the behavioural difficulties that have been addressed by the planning team. • Suspension and expulsion for students who are alcoholaffected should be limited to exceptional circumstances. Explaining Differences to Students It is sometimes necessary to explain to students that each is a unique human being. Teachers must address students’ individual needs. For example, a teacher may ask a student with a vision or hearing problem to sit in the front of the classroom. In the same way, teachers need to address behavioural problems based on each student’s needs. (For example, that is why two students who are in a fight may sometimes be treated differently). Often, the students will see that it makes sense to treat students in unique ways.

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Student-Specific Interventions
The strategies below should be student specific and include a specific strategy for evaluation. Classroom Settings Strategies for Easing Frustration with Directions • use concrete language (stay away from generalizations) • keep directions short and to the point • rephrase instructions, breaking them down into small steps • use visual cues • use pictures to illustrate steps in a process • use sign prompts (e.g., red traffic light or stop sign) • print task-related steps on a chart using short, concise sentences Strategies for Reducing Stimulation • use preferential seating or create a lowdistraction seating area • keep the student’s desk uncluttered • designate a special classroom space where the student can go for quiet time • adapt the classroom to reduce stimulation (e.g., use velcro covers for bulletin boards) • use study carrels or work stations in the corner of the room • use earphones with relaxing music Strategies for Reinforcing Routine and Structure • make the student aware of his or her timetable • post timetables (with pictures) to show daily routines • prepare students for transitions or changes • make special arrangements for recess and lunch time, if necessary • use a “buddy system” for bus travel • establish rules that are easy to follow and understand • establish a routine for everything

Day 1 Gym

ELA

Lunch

Science

Social Studies

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Strategies for Dealing with Overactivity • provide squeeze balls to students • send the student on a “school walkabout” (with an assistant) • arrange for physical time in the gymnasium • use a rocking chair or floor cushions • precede focused activity with movement • build breaks into the schedule • use a signal to tell students to return to their tasks Strategies for Transitions • use visual, colour-coded, or written plans • use social stories • pre-warn the student of transitions • use the same substitute teacher whenever possible • provide early release from classrooms • use consistent rules and consequences between classroom teachers and specialists • ensure ongoing communication among team members Strategies for Handling Outbursts and Tantrums • anticipate and identify warning signs • remove students from the classroom • debrief the student after the incident – focus on what could have been done differently • teach the correct behaviour (don’t blame) • teach a routine for preventing an outburst • invite the student to help solve future problems • avoid power struggles and put-downs • determine the cause of the outburst Strategies for Dealing with Peer Problems • teach disability awareness to all children • use the “Circle of Friends” strategy • involve all students in special activities • teach students how to make and keep friends • ensure that staff members model acceptance and accept differences • set up recess and noon-hour activities that result in success • involve students in a social skills instructional group

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Non-Classroom Settings Students who are alcohol-affected often experience difficulty adjusting to nonclassroom school settings such as the playground, school bus, lunch room, gymnasium, and library. For a student to be successful in non-classroom settings, extra planning and supports may be required. In addition, special training may be necessary for the support personnel working in these areas (e.g., the bus driver, lunchroom supervisor, library technician). Strategies for Addressing Playground/Recess Challenges • consider an alternate recess time • structure recess activities (e.g., arrange specific activities, teach games, assign specific equipment, designate specific areas) • consider alternatives to recess (e.g., use of computer room, games room, gymnasium activity) • ask a student to act as a buddy or helper during recess • provide clear choices to the student (keep them limited in number) • assign a paraprofessional to a small number of students to participate in a closely supervised activity on the playground or in the school • involve students who are alcohol-affected in helping younger students • prepare students for recess by reviewing expectations and procedures • develop a plan for handling emergency situations that occur on the playground • make sure the student is ready for the transition to recess and back into school Strategies for Addressing Lunch Hour Concerns • provide information and training to students about lunch room expectations and procedures • post lunch room rules in print and visual formats • provide training to lunch room supervisors • consider an alternate lunch setting for a small number of students • develop a plan with the school administration for handling emergency situations • teach a lunch hour routine • arrange activities for students to fill the remainder of the lunch break (e.g., extracurricular activities, intramurals, clubs, videos) • assign seating in the lunchroom with appropriate peers • develop a safety plan

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Strategies for School Bus Planning • provide training to the bus driver on strategies for working with students who are alcohol-affected • provide classroom and on-bus training to students • use a bus seating plan, placing students who are alcohol-affected with appropriate peers • post bus rules • install a video camera on the bus • use “bus patrols” to assist with student behaviour on the bus • install seat belts or harnesses for selected students • provide the bus driver with incident forms for reporting serious incidents
For additional information on planning for behavioural difficulties at the divisional, school, and classroom level, see From Challenges to Possibilities: Planning for Behaviour (Manitoba Education, Training and Youth 2001).

• for students with severe difficulties, it may be necessary for a bus monitor or an educational assistant to ride on the bus with the student • teach and reteach routines and expectations • use social stories to prepare students for the bus ride A reminder: Working with students who are alcohol-affected is an ongoing process that involves planning, organizing, providing structure, developing routines, and cueing students. Strategies and procedures will need to be adjusted and revised as the year progresses. Teachers should take the time to celebrate even small successes.

This section has focused on strategies and interventions that can be used in the classroom. Effective planning at the classroom and individual student level can prevent small problems from developing into major behavioural concerns. The next section will focus on planning for behavioural difficulties using Individual Education Plans.

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NOTES

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Section 5 Support Materials

• • • • • • • •

Recess & Choice Time Plan Problem Solving Guide Reflection Sheet List of Positive Consequences for Individual Students My Picture Plan Using RID to Reduce Your Anger Stress Control The Friendship Circles Program

Classroom Behavioural Strategies and Interventions

Recess & Choice Time Plan

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?

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Reprinted from Orchestrating Positive and Practical Behaviour Plans by Dawn Reithaug. Copyright © 1998 Dawn Reithaug. Reprinted with permission. 5.27

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Reprinted from Orchestrating Positive and Practical Behaviour Plans by Dawn Reithaug. Copyright © 1998 Dawn Reithaug. Reprinted with permission. 5.29

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Reprinted from Working Toward Peace by Lions-Quest. Reprinted by permission.

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From A Collection of Strategies For Teachers of Students with FAS/E by the Coalition on Alcohol and Pregnancy Education Committee. Reprinted by permission. 5.33

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From Tough Kids and Substance Abuse by the Addictions Foundation of Manitoba. Reprinted by permission. 5.35