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EPA Running head:

The EPA’s main mission since 1970 is to protect not only the environment, but human health as well (EPA) because each directly impacts the other.
Expended foam used for fighting a fuel oil fire is filled with water runoff that is saturated with hydrocarbons. These products, while biodegradable and will not cause (permanent) long-term damage to the environment, they will still survive in groundwater for dozens of years. (Hemming)
Although dykes or berms can be used in fixed installations, containment is extremely difficult on an airport runway or roadway crash site or a pipeline burst and the odds are a crash site is probably where most fire fighters tend to meet a burning liquid. (Hemming)
One additional cost to complying with EPA standards is in the realm of training. Fire fighting units can use a material called ‘training foam’ that is environmentally friendly when training for a crash site response, as opposed to the real foam. This will at least reduce, while not completely eliminate, the environmental impact. But when training with real foam, a fixed site with adequate containment must be utilized. (Hemming)
The U.S. Environmental laws that regulate firefighting foam from “manufacture, storage, use, release, clean-up, remediation and disposal”, (Hughes) in other words, from cradle to grave are: * Clean Water Act (CWA) * Clean Air Act (CAA) * Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) * Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) * Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) * Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) * Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) * Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) * Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) * Uniform National Discharge Standard (UNDS)
(Hughes)

The EPA leads the nation's environmental science, research, education and assessment efforts. The mission of the Environmental Protection Agency is to protect human health and the environment. Since 1970, EPA has been working for a cleaner, healthier environment for the American people. (“EPA, Who we are“, 2008, p. 1) With that, the EPA had a mission to improve Low Expansion foams which contained ingredients that harm the environment, such as: Butyl Carbitol, Dipropoylene Glycol, Methyl Ether, and Ethylene Glycol.
These particular ingredients are listed on various hazardous materials laws and their use is regulated. Some of the laws to note are the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, The Superfund Amendments, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and The Safe Drinking Water Act. (Ruppert, Verdonik, & Hanauska, Unk., p. 1)
Due to the previous listed regulations, medium and high density foams are now required to be recovered by some means. Building dykes or recovering out of a sandbagged drainage system is about the only way to recover the foam. High suction vacuums have been found to be effective in instances where the vacuum truck can make it to the site and the terrain permits the use of the vacuum. On runways, various systems have been used but vacuum trucks appear to be the best solution.
Environmental recovery is always expensive. In most instances a local environmental services company has been contracted to complete the recovery of the foam. Along with the recovery comes a healthy invoice for many hours of recovery and disposition of the foam. Most often, passed on to the taxpayer.

References
EPA, Who we are. (2008). In (Ed.), EPA. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from www.eps.gov/epahome/abouteps
Ruppert, W., Verdonik, D., & Hanauska, C. (Unk.). Environmental impacts of Firefighting Foams [Brochure]. Hughes Associates, Inc.: Hughes.

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