1) The Classic period is from about 500 to 350 b.C. In this period nearly all possible cultural expressions flourished: philosophy, politics, literature, music, painting, sculpture and architecture.

2) The Hellenistic period emerged, approximately, 323-30BC. Beginning after the conquests of Alexander the Great, the period experienced prosperity and progress in the decorative and visual arts, exploration, literature, sculpture, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, and science. The Hellenistic era experienced an age of eclecticism, a new awakening of the diverse knowledge and theories present in Greek culture. Instead of contemplating and debating ideals, logic, extinguished emotion, or consummate beauty, people would explore and analyze reality.

3)The Romans painted directly on the walls of their rooms, and also on portable panels. In Third and Fourth Style wall paintings, we can even see imitations of portable paintings - these are paintings of paintings, as it were. Domestic interiors were claustrophobic - windowless and dark - so the Romans used painted decoration to visually open up and lighten their living spaces. Technical elements of Roman painting include the fresco technique; brightly colored backgrounds; division of the wall into multiple rectangular areas; multi-point perspective; and effects

4)Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realism movement of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in Romanticism, but many painters have adopted a similar approach over the centuries. Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and developed itself further throughout the Renaissance.

5)An arch is a structure that spans a space and supports a load. Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.

A Vault is an architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.The parts of a vault exert lateral thrust that require a counter resistance. When vaults are built underground, the ground gives all the resistance required.

A dome is a structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. Dome structures made of various materials have a long architectural lineage extending into prehistory.

Early Christian Basilican churches were timber-roofed and illuminated by clere-story windows. the columns of the nave produced a steady rhythm that focused all attention on the apse, which framed the alter.

A church that has a design with a primary central space surrounded by symmetrical areas around each side.Five very large churches were founded in Rome

the medieval art is a combination of the early Christian church influence as well as the Roman Empire heritage. The combination of the two lent a kind of “Barbarian” artistic culture in Northern Europe because it combined with Christian and pagan art. the dates of the medieval period are 400 AD - 1600.

the most common objects found in Ancient Egyptian art were scenes of animals, boats, and hunting.

10) Frescoes

The walls and even ceilings of many of the Minoan “palaces” were decorated with large, oversized frescoes. They were an integral part of the architectural plan and decoration scheme of the buildings. The subjects of the paintings were depicted in bright and vibrant colors. Walls were often painted entirely in one vivid color, even during the earliest periods. Later, figured paintings came into style. Some of the best examples of such figured frescoes come from the excavations at Knossos. The frescoes at this site fall into two general categories, scenes from nature and scenes from the court and ritual events.

Ceramics The ceramics of the Minoans were just as colorful and lighthearted in their decoration as many of their frescoes. The decorative motifs of the pottery are similar to other genres of painting, a heavy emphasis on scenes from nature including animals and plant life, also more abstract designs and geometric shapes. The earliest styles are extremely colorful, which over time develop into more somber styles primarily in black and white. A feature of Minoan ceramics is the concern of the artists with making the decoration of a pot fit the shape of the form.

11)Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.Humanism really promoted education and the free exchange of ideas and thoughts (known as a liberal arts education in the fields of history, art, music, rhetoric, grammar, oration, and poetry). They focused a lot on self-discovery and introspective resiliency, the idea of looking at ones self in context to the world. In addition, many like Erasmus were influential during the Reformation, seeking for reform of the catholic Church through literature. They even influenced many protestants to take stands against the corruptions and theologies of the catholic Church. They sought to identify, analyze, synthesize, and relate things to themselves.

The preferred material for stone sculpture in ancient Greece was permanent and costly materials were preferred— stone or cast bronze.

Praxiteles' most famous and admired work was his Aphrodite of Knidos. This piece is especially outstanding as it is the first large scale sculpture of a nude female.

Doryphoros is the name of Polykleitos most famous statue.

16) Anthropomorphism is any attribution of human characteristics or characteristics assumed to belong only to humans to animals, non-living things, phenomena, material states, objects or abstract concepts, such as organizations, governments, spirits or deities. The term was coined in the mid 1700s. Examples include animals and plants and forces of nature such as winds, rain or the sun depicted as creatures with human motivations, and/or the abilities to reason and converse.

mosaic is "a picture or other design constructed from smaller pieces". As well as the subject and style of the design, it is the choice of materials, plus the skill in creating and placing the pieces that contribute to the personal, artistic and practical value of the mosaic.

he most common themes in cave paintings are large wild animals, such as bison, horses, aurochs, and deers, and tracings of human hands as well as abstract patterns, called finger flutings. The species found most often were suitable for hunting by humans, but were not necessarily the actual typical prey found in associated deposits of bones.

In the early Renaissance, artists used egg yolk as a binding agent, mixing in colored pigments to create egg tempera paint.

20) Monolith is A large single upright block of stone, esp. one shaped into or serving as a pillar or monument. A very large and characterless building.

21) in prehistoric paintings we can find materials such as iron-rich clay ochre and manganese dioxide and charcoal. No brushes have been found at Lascaux, thus one presumes that the paint was applied with moss or fur pads, or crude crayons made from solid lumps of pigment. Reeds and hollowed horns might also have been used as paint-sprayers.
22) Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, executed on plaster on walls, ceilings or any other type of flat surface. Frescoes first developed in the ancient world and continued to be popular through the Renaissance.
23) Bronze sculpture is created with the "lost-wax method" of casting -- an process at least as old as the ancient Egyptian civilization 1. An artist sculpts a piece in either clay or wax.
2. A mold is made around the piece comprised of a flexible rubber mold and a sturdy outer shell (to support the rubber during the next process).
3. Liquid (heated) wax is poured into the mold and allowed to cool.
4. The wax copy of the piece is removed from the mold and imperfections are corrected to bring the piece back to the state the artist intended.
5. A ceramic cup is attached (through which bronze will later be poured).
6. A hard shell is created around the wax during the "slurry" or "investment" process in which the wax piece is dipped repeatedly into "slurry" (a thick liquid that dries into a hard shell) and then sand.
7. The wax is burned out of the shell in an oven so that only the slurry shell remains.
8. Bronze is poured into the hollow shells.
9. After the bronze cools, the majority of the hard, slurry shell is broken off. The piece is sandblasted to remove all of the shell.
10. Imperfections are fixed and parts are welded together.
11. The piece is sandblasted again and then patina is applied (certain chemicals mixed and heated to create certain chemical reactions that bring coloration to the piece).
12. When the piece is finished, felt may be adhered to the bottom or a stone or wood base may be attached.

24) Pantheon was a temple where all known ancient gods/ religions co existed and were equally honored. This was the first time that someone honored deities of other religions in human history. History tells us that the Pantheon is a Greek word meaning to honor all Gods. I

26) The romans new materials want the Cement. Cement was made of hydrated mixed with sand and water. The Romans discovered that substituting or supplementing the sand with a pozzolanic additive, such as volcanic ash, would produce a very hard cement, known as hydraulic mortar or hydraulic cement.

27) The aqueducts were built from a combination of stone, brick and the special volcanic cement pozzuolana. While their visible remains leave a definite impression, the great bulk of the Roman waterway system ran below ground. Channels bored through rock, or dug below the surface carried water where it was convenient and possible. Of the approximately 260 miles in the aqueduct system, only 30 miles consisted of the visible, mammoth arched structures. The aqueducts were built only to carry the flow of water in areas where digging, burrowing, or surface grades presented problems, such as valleys. The entire system relied upon various gradients and the use of gravity to maintain a continuous flow; and the engineering at the time was remarkable. Without the aqueducts it would've been impossible to maintain the flow of water at the proper grades required.

28) Carolingian art comes from the Frankish Empire in the period of roughly 120 years from about AD 780 to 900 — during the reign of Charlemagne and his immediate heirs — popularly known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The art was produced by and for the court circle and a group of important monasteries under Imperial patronage. There was for the first time a thoroughgoing attempt in Northern Europe to revive and emulate classical Mediterranean art forms and styles, that resulted in a blending of classical and Northern elements in a sumptuous and dignified style, in particular introducing to the North confidence in representing the human figure, and setting the stage for the rise of Romanesque art and eventually Gothic art in the West.

29) the first style includes frescoes aimed at mimicking the effect of precious marbles and other materials and surfaces which themselves might have been used to form the wall surface. A sort of cheaper way of creating the colourful and sumptuous interiors of marbles and precious stones.
The "second style" includes the creation of illusionary spaces and areas. Columns and walls leading to open spaces with false doors, windows, sky, gardens and buildings receding into the distance. As has already been mentioned it is interesting and surprising to note how three dimensional tromp l'oeil effects were relatively common in Ancient Rome. After the fall of the Roman Empire this artistic concept disappears right up to its rediscovery in the Renaissance.
The "third style" reduces the columns and false architectural structures to simplified compositional devices which frame what we would nowadays refer to as "figurative paintings" of landscapes and still life. the fourth style the painter lets loose with a myriad of decorative motifs laid out in rectangular structures and framing smaller panels which we, the modern onlookers, might well have painted on a canvas and hung.
30)The most common subjects were grouped around the birth and childhood of Jesus, and thePassion of Christ, leading to his Crucifixion and Resurrection. Many cycles covered only one of these groups, and others combined the Life of the Virgin with that of Jesus. Subjects showing the life of Jesus during his active life as a teacher, before the days of the Passion, were relatively few in medieval art.
31)The sixteenth century saw an evolving interest in the natural world. Wealth patrons created curio cabinets by collecting animal and mineral specimens. Such specimens became popular subjects of still life paintings and contemporary art.
32)An equestrian statue is a statue of a rider mounted on a horse, A full-size equestrian statue is a difficult and expensive object for any culture to produce, and figures have typically been portraits of rulers or, more recently, military commanders.Titian's equestrian portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor of 1548 led the way in applying the form to rulers.

33)The significant Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Cycladic culture is best known for its schematic flat female idols carved out of the islands' pure white marble centuries before the great Middle Bronze Age ("Minoan") culture arose in Crete, to the south. These figures have been stolen from burials to satisfy the Cycladic antiquities market since the early 20th century. Only about 40% of the 1,400 figurines found are of known origin, since looters destroyed evidence of the rest.

34)well the vase is made out of red clay and for the red vase you don't need to color the background all you need to do is just draw the characters. but with the black vase you need to make the background black and leave the characters.
35) By the early to high classical era of red-figure painting c. 480 to 425 BC. Pan Painter hold to the archaic features of stiff drapery and awkward poses and combine that with exaggerated gestures. By contrast, the school of the Berlin Painter in the form of the Achilles Painter and his peers favored a naturalistic pose usually of a single figure against a solid black background or of restrained white-ground lekythoi.
36) The design and characteristics of Romanesque Architecture had to be a combination of practical use and the aesthetic design, especially in the building of castles! Characteristics of Romanesque Architecture had to take the following into consideration:
The castle design and Romanesque architecture needed to convey Fear, Awe, Domination, Envy, Submission, Respect, Power and Wealth
The Comfort of the stone castle interior significantly improved from the wooden Motte and Bailey Castles but were still cold, smelly and dim
Ornamentation The Medieval Stone masons were able to add some ornamentation to the Romanesque castles
Economy - The Medieval castles designed in the Romanesque Architecture style was expensive - but durable!
“Weary Herakles” was one creation of Lysippos, who was one of the most important sculptors of the Classic Period.

a relief sculpture is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a flat surface of stone or wood is a lowering of the field, leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised. relief sculpture is different from ordinary statue sculpture in visual effects.

icon is A painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches it originated in the Byzantine Empire about the 5th century.

40) there are several differences between byzantine Christian and Roman Catholic Christian Art . first starting with the great schism shortly after 1000 AD over the filioque; second, byzantine christianity heavily favored iconography, while the west looked down upon it; thirdly the crusades drove the nail into the coffin. eastern christianity and it's center at constantinople were overran and weakened several times by marauding bands of islamic turks, but also western christian crusaders. theologically the only difference between the two are minuscule details concerning communion.

41) Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as "Frankish work, with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance. Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress.

42) a "Rose Window" is a decorated circular window, often glazed with stained glass. Scattered examples of decorated circular windows existed in the Romanesque. Only toward the middle of the 12th century, however, did the idea appear of making a rich decorative motif out of a round window. At this time the simple rose window became a distinguishing characteristic of many transitional and early Gothic churches.

43) There are a few ways to make glass. But, the one main way to make a stained glass window is to first heat sand in a furnace until it melts. When it is thoroughly melted, the glass makers take a hollow tube and stick it inside the furnace. When there is a good amount of the melted sand on the end of the tube, they blow on it until it is a ball. Then, they spin the ball until the ball turns completely flat. After that is complete, they take out the ball and then cut the glass into the shape that they want it. They get the glass the way that they want and they can either dye it, paint it, or add some coloring to make the glass a certain color.

44) Guild is A medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders and miniature illustrations.
Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax.
47)Akhenaten remains an interesting figure, as does his queen, Nefertiti. Their modern interest comes partly from his connection with Tutankhamun, partly from the unique style and high quality of the pictorial arts he patronized, and partly from ongoing interest in the religion he attempted to establish. he abandoned the the worship of most of the egyptian gods in favor of aton.

48)tutankhamen is famous today because of the fabulously rich art and artifacts found in his largely unplundered tombs at Thebes, uncovered in in 1922. the principal monument in the collection is the enshrined body of the pharaoh himself.