...Market-Timing Theories of Capital Structure: a Review Anton Miglo University of Bridgeport 2010 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/46691/ MPRA Paper No. 46691, posted 6. May 2013 19:07 UTC The Pecking Order, Trade-off, Signaling, and Market-Timing Theories of Capital Structure: a Review Anton Miglo Associate professor, University of Bridgeport, School of Business, Bridgeport, CT 06604, phone (203) 576-4366, email: amiglo@bridgeport.edu. This version: 2013 Initial version: 2010 Abstract. This paper surveys 4 major capital structure theories: trade-off, pecking order, signaling and market timing. For each theory, a basic model and its major implications are presented. These implications are compared to the available evidence. This is followed by an overview of pros and cons for each theory. A discussion of major recent papers and suggestions for future research are provided. Introduction The modern theory of capital structure began with and the famous proposition of Modigliani Miller (1958) that described the conditions of capital structure irrelevance. Since then, been changing these conditions to explain factors driving capital many economists have structure decisions. Harris and Raviv (1991) synthesized major theoretical literature in the field, related these to the known empirical evidence, and suggested promising avenues for future research. They argued that asymmetric information theories of capital structure are less promising than control-based...
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...Risk Management Information Systems for the Organization of Financial Firms Michael S. Gibson* Federal Reserve Board Abstract Financial dealer firms have invested heavily in recent years to develop information systems for risk measurement. I take it as given that technological progress is likely to continue at a rapid pace, making it less expensive for financial firms to assemble risk information. I look beyond questions of risk measurement methodology to investigate the implications of risk management information systems. By examining several theoretical models of the firm in the presence of asymmetric information, I explore how a financial firm’s capital budgeting, incentive compensation, capital structure, and risk management activities are likely to change as it becomes less costly to assemble risk information. I also explore the likely effects of the falling cost of assembling risk information on a financial firm’s organizational structure. Two common themes emerge: centralization within the firm and increased disclosure of risk information outside the firm are both likely to increase. 1 Introduction Financial dealer firms have invested heavily in recent years to develop information systems for risk measurement and management.1 These systems gather data on a firm’s risk positions and compute statistical measurements, such as Value-atRisk, to assess the magnitude of the risks faced by the firm. Increasingly, the uses of these information systems go beyond...
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...hard-earned dollars are used by those with the best productive investment opportunities? Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-3 Chapter Preview In this chapter, we take a closer look at why financial institutions exist and how they promote economic efficiency. Topics include: •Basic Facts About Financial Structure Throughout the World •Transaction Costs •Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-4 Chapter Preview (cont.) • The Lemons Problem: How Adverse Selection Influences Financial Structure • How Moral Hazard Affects the Choice Between Debt and Equity Contracts • How Moral Hazard Influences Financial Structure in Debt Markets • Conflicts of Interest Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-5 Basic Facts About Financial Structure Throughout the World • The financial system is a complex structure including many different financial institutions: banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, stock and bonds markets, etc. Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-6 Basic Facts About Financial Structure Throughout the World • The chart on the next slide shows how nonfinancial business attain external funding in the U.S., Germany, Japan, and Canada. Notice that, although many aspects of these countries are quite different, the sources of financing are somewhat consistent, with the U.S. being different in its focus on debt. Copyright...
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...There lot of types of capital structure. The modern theory of capital structure began with the famous proposition of Modigliani and Miller that described the conditions of capital structure irrelevance. The financial crisis during 2008 and 2009 forced financial economists to look critically at capital structure theory because the problems faced by many companies stemmed from their financing policies. The first of capital structure theory is trade-off theory. In contrast to dividends, interest paid on debt reduces the firm’s taxable income. Debt also increases the probability of bankruptcy. Trade-off theory suggests that capital structure reflects a trade-off between the tax benefits of debt and the expected costs of bankruptcy. Although trade-off theory predicts that the marginal tax benefit of debt should be equal to the marginal expected bankruptcy cost, the empirical evidence is mixed. Some researchers argue that the former is greater than the latter because direct bankruptcy costs are small and the level of debt is below optimal. Additionally, including personal taxation in the basic model can reduce the tax advantage of debt because tax rates on the return from equity such as dividends or capital gain are often reduced. The second capital structure theory is pecking order theory. The researcher found the key element of pecking order theory is asymmetric information between firm’s insiders and outsiders. The empirical evidence on pecking order theory is mixed. In the pecking...
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...these countries, which were part of what has been termed "the Asian miracle" and were able to eradicate so much poverty, are now undergoing severe economic contractions, with such harmful effects on their populations. A breakdown of information in financial markets is the key factor that has driven this crisis. After laying out an asymmetric information view of the Asian financial crisis, this paper goes on to use this framework to explore lessons from this crisis. 1. An Asymmetric Information View of the Asian Crisis The financial system plays a critical role in the economy because, when it operates properly, it channels funds from those who have saved surplus funds to those who need these funds to engage in productive investment opportunities. The major barrier to the financial system performing this job properly is asymmetric information, the fact that one party to a financial contract does not have the same information as the other party, which results in moral hazard and adverse selection problems. An asymmetric information view of financial crises, which I have described in more detail elsewhere in Mishkin (1996a, 1997), defines a financial crisis to be a nonlinear disruption to financial markets 1 in which the asymmetric information problems of adverse selection and moral hazard become much worse, so that financial markets are no longer able to efficiently channel funds to those who have the most productive investment...
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...these countries, which were part of what has been termed "the Asian miracle" and were able to eradicate so much poverty, are now undergoing severe economic contractions, with such harmful effects on their populations. A breakdown of information in financial markets is the key factor that has driven this crisis. After laying out an asymmetric information view of the Asian financial crisis, this paper goes on to use this framework to explore lessons from this crisis. 1. An Asymmetric Information View of the Asian Crisis The financial system plays a critical role in the economy because, when it operates properly, it channels funds from those who have saved surplus funds to those who need these funds to engage in productive investment opportunities. The major barrier to the financial system performing this job properly is asymmetric information, the fact that one party to a financial contract does not have the same information as the other party, which results in moral hazard and adverse selection problems. An asymmetric information view of financial crises, which I have described in more detail elsewhere in Mishkin (1996a, 1997), defines a financial crisis to be a nonlinear disruption to financial markets 1 in which the asymmetric information problems of adverse selection and moral hazard become much worse, so that financial markets are no longer able to efficiently channel funds to those who have the most productive investment...
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...M&M Proposition 1 The Modigliani-Miller theorem forms the basis of modern thinking on capital structure. The theorem states that under a certain market price process, in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy cists, agency costs and asymmetric information, an in an efficient market, the value of a firm is unaffected by how the firm is financed. Whether the firm’s capital is raised by issuing stock or selling debt does not affect the value of the firm. This theory is also referred to as the capital structure irrelevance principle, which we have already looked at in previous seminar discussions. There are two propositions which were discussed by Modigliani and Miller. The first proposition states that the value if a firm does not depend on its capital structure. An example would be if two firms with the same business operations and similar kind of assets, where to be assessed after using either stocks or debt to finance the firm of s. On the left side their balance sheets, these firms will look the same, only difference being the right side, i.e. the liabilities and how they finance business activities. M&M proposition 1 therefore says that how the debt and equity is structured in a corporation is irrelevant as the value of the firm is determined by real assets and not its capital structure. Implications of this proposition firstly revolve around the issue of changing capital structure. Assuming that the three conditions identified by M&M apply and considering a company...
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...In 1958, Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller revolutionized the whole area of corporate finance with their article “The cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment”. Before Modigliani’s and Miller’s article, literature on the topic mainly focused on descriptions of methods and institutions. Theoretical analysis was very rare (Pagano 2008). Under the assumption of perfect capital markets, the Modigliani-Miller Proposition I states that “the average cost of capital to any firm is completely independent of its capital structure and is equal the capitalization rate of a pure equity stream of its class” (Modigliani, Miller 1958). In Proposition II, Modigliani and Miller argue that “that the expected yield of a share of stock is equal to the appropriate capitalization rate for a pure equity stream in the class, plus a premium related to financial risk equal to the debt-equity ratio times the spread between” the capitalization rate and the return on debt. The most important implication of this theory is that if there is an optimal capital structure for a firm, this has to be the result of market imperfections. The Modigliani-Miller Theorem has thus become a starting point for further research and a benchmark for testing new theories on capital structure, that incorporate the impact of different market imperfections. The following text will focus on two of these theories, the static trade-off theory and the pecking order theory. The first part will contain a description...
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...primary focal point of macroeconomic theorizing. However, other researchers argue that variables such as financial development and indicators are also important to be linked with macroeconomic performance. Here, if money can be thought as means of production and consumer goods as the ultimate end toward which production is directed, and then capital also occupies a position that is both logically and temporarily intermediate between original means and ultimate ends. This temporarily intermediate status of capital is not in serious dispute, but its significance for macroeconomic theorizing is rarely recognized. The firms’ decision to acquire funds through debt and equity financings affects the capital structure, and, in the firm’s balance sheet, the impact of capital appears to influence the inventory investment. Hence, the significance of capital structure –induced inventory distortions in the context of firm-level is the basis for our article. The sample for our analysis is compiled from the balance sheets of listed syaria firms in the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange for the period 1995-2000. JEL classification: E44; G32; Keywords: asymmetric information; debt financing; equity financing; investment * An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 6th Malaysia Finance Association Symposium held in Langkawi on the 5-6th May 2004. We would like to thanks Ghon Rhee, Moureonen and Noor Azlan Ghazali for their valuable comments. 95 Gadjah Mada International...
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...GLOBALIZATION Firm Internationalization and Capital Structure in Developing Countries: The Role of Financial Development Halit Gonenc and Daniel J. de Haan As the trend in globalization continues, developing market economies are moving to the forefront of the world market, diminishing the dominance of developed countries. Their rapid expansion is often underpinned by strong domestic firm performance. The resources and funds required to fuel the sustained future growth of these firms as they compete with global powerhouses from developed markets therefore become important factors. In recent decades the process of globalization has made it increasingly common for developing country firms to internationalize and gain access to developed country capital markets. Developping countries are playing a significant role in the developpment of their home-country economies because of a higher use of external financement, which could give these firms the opportunity of operating in countries with more developped financial markets and a better access to external funds. In addition, developed financial markets can reduce the problem of asymmetric information. To evaluate the role that both the level of financial market development and firm-level characteristics have in the relationship between internationalization and debt financing, they employ three-variable interactions. The purpose was to find out how the relationship between the level of foreign sales and financial development...
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...Capital structure is such a general things in finance, however, we will still confuse about it. Hence, we are going to write a literature review about the capital structure. Capital structure can be explained in many ways as it can be divided into many parts. Our main focus is the effect on capital structure and the imperfection of the market. The most general effect of the capital structure is the trade-off theory, pecking-order theory and agency cost. Besides, capital structure may influence towards the shareholders and the company taxes. An argument also occurred since there is different explanation about capital structure between Miller Theorem and Myer Theorem. The purpose of the literature review is to gain our knowledge and have a truly...
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...Case Study: PizzaPalace’s Capital Structure Made by A. C a. Provide a brief overview of capital structure effects. Be sure to identify the ways in which capital structure can affect the weighted average cost of capital and free cash flows. The capital structure decision change the value of the firm either through the the free cash flow or the cost of capital. V = ∑ ∞ t=1 FCFt (1 + WACC)t With FCF= NOPAT-change in ( NOWC+NFA) WACC= wd (1-T) rd + wers An additional debt has an effect on WACC and FCF: On WACC: -debt increase the cost of stock rs as the stockholders require a higher return due to the risk associated with additional debt -debt reduce the tax paid by the company as the interest is tax deductible -debt increase the risk of bankruptcy so debtholders will require a higher promised return rd ***low taxes Vs high cost of equity,high cost of debt => uncertain effect on WACC On FCF: -the probability of bankruptcy increases and generates direct costs ( legal fees,fire sales..) and indirect costs: lost customer s( NOPAT decreases) , reduction in productivity of employees , and reduction in credit offered by suppliers ( A/P decrease so NOWC increase ) - bankruptcy risk affects agency cost : decrease them bu reducing wastful spending And increase them by causing the manager to be too risk averse: underinvestment...
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...------------------------------------------------- MINI CASE – Assume that you have just been hired as a business manager of PizzaPalace, a regional pizza restaurant chain. The company’s EBIT was $50 million last year and is not expected to grow. The firm is currently financed completely with equity, and it has 10 million shares outstanding. When you took your corporate finance course, your instructor stated that most firms’ owners would be financially better off if the firms used some debt. When you suggested this to your new boss, he encouraged you to pursue the idea. As a first step, assume that you obtained from the firm’s investment banker the following estimated costs of debt for the firm at different capital structures: ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- % Financed With Debt rd ------------------------------------------------- 0% --- ------------------------------------------------- 20 8.0% ------------------------------------------------- 30 8.5 ------------------------------------------------- 40 10.0 ------------------------------------------------- 50 12.0 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Corporate Finance & Value Creation Lecture 1 3 Modigliani & Miller (1958) ‘The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment’ 3 Modigliani & Miller 2 6 Modigliani and Miller 3 7 Modigliani & Miller – 1958 4 12 Fama & French (1998) ‘Taxes, Financing Decisions, and Firm Value’ 18 FAMA FRENCH 2 20 Fama & French 3 21 Fama & French – 1998 4 22 Graham (2000) ‘How Big Are the Tax Benefits of Debt?’ 25 GRAHAM (2000) 2 28 Graham 3 29 How big are the tax benefits of debt? John Graham – 2002 4 29 Lecture 2 32 Myers (1984) ‘The Capital Structure Puzzle’ 32 MYERS (1984) The Capital Structure Puzzle 2 36 Myers 3 39 The capital structure puzzle Myers – 1984 4 40 Andrade & Kaplan (1998) ‘How Costly is Financial (Not Economic) Distress? Evidence from Highly Leveraged Transactions that Became Distress’ 44 Kaplan 2 46 Andrade & Kaplan (1998) 3 51 Andrade & Kaplan – 1998 4 52 Lecture 3 56 Myers & Maljuf (1984) ‘Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions when Firms have Information that Investors Do Not Have’ 56 Myers and Majluf 2 61 Myers & Mailuf (1984) 3 66 Myers & Majluf – 1984 4 68 Frank & Goyal (2007) ‘Trade-off and Pecking Order Theories of Debt 74 Frank, Murray and Goyal, Vidhan 2 75 Frank & Goyal (2007) 3 83 Trade-off and pecking order theories of debt Frank & Goyal – 2007 4 85 Lecture 4 92 Ross (1977) ‘The Determination of Financial Structure: the Incentive-Signaling Approach’ 92 ROSS (1977) 2 94 Ross (1977) 3 95 Ross – 1977 4 95 ...
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...------------------------------------------------- Modigliani–Miller theorem From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Modigliani–Miller theorem (of Franco Modigliani, Merton Miller) forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure. The basic theorem states that, under a certain market price process (the classical random walk), in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and asymmetric information, and in an efficient market, the value of a firm is unaffected by how that firm is financed.[1] It does not matter if the firm's capital is raised by issuing stock or selling debt. It does not matter what the firm's dividend policy is. Therefore, the Modigliani–Miller theorem is also often called the capital structure irrelevance principle. Modigliani was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Economics for this and other contributions. Miller was a professor at the University of Chicago when he was awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Economics, along with Harry Markowitz and William Sharpe, for their "work in the theory of financial economics," with Miller specifically cited for "fundamental contributions to the theory of corporate finance." Contents [hide] * 1 Historical background * 1.1 Without taxes * 1.2 With taxes * 2 Notes * 3 References * 4 External links | ------------------------------------------------- Historical background Miller and Modigliani derived the theorem and wrote their groundbreaking article when they were both professors...
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