...fd(X) = f(X) = fsd( X) 所以當X為任意值，都可證得fsd(X) = f’sd( X’)，故其是self-dual 3. 有四種情形是failure，分別是(0,0)->1，(0,1)->0，(1,0)->0，(1,1)->0 a. (0,0)->1 代表兩個輸入中有發生stuck-at-1的情形 我們知道兩個input都無stuck-at-1的機率是(1-P1)^2 又輸入為(0,0)之機率為0.25 故此狀況發生機率為0.25(1-(1-P1)^2) b. (0,1)->0 代表後面那個input發生stuck-at-0，而且前面的input無stuck-at-1。 機率為 0.25(P0*(1-P1)) c. (1,0)->0 機率同b d. (1,1)->0 代表兩者皆stuck-at-0，機率為 0.25(P0^2) 總體機率為四者相加，整理後得機率為 0.25 (P1^2 + P0^2 – 2P1P0 + 2P1 + 2P0) 4. a. Fault- is a physical defect, imperfection or flaw within the hardware or software component. Error- is the manifestation of a fault. Specifically, it is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. Failure- is the deviation from expected actions or services. Fault -> Error -> Failure It is failure that really annoying users. b. permanent fault是永久錯誤，一但出現就不會因重複而消失。例如RAM燒壞，重開機是沒用的。 intermittent fault 是偶發性錯誤，有時正常有時會發生錯誤。例如接觸不良。 transient fault 是暫態錯誤，不需理會就會回復穩定與正常狀態，是相對短暫的錯誤。例如剛按下電風扇時轉速過慢。 c. Reliability is the probability to get the right outcome, availability is the probability the service/function can be accessed, and performability is the probability the service do the right thing due to the user’s thought....
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...Improving Byzantine Fault Tolerance Using Concurrent Information by FNGenius Abstract Many futurists would agree that, had it not been for the deployment of the lookaside buffer, the understanding of Scheme might never have occurred. In this position paper, we verify the study of the Turing machine. WABBLE, our new solution for extensible epistemologies, is the solution to all of these obstacles. Table of Contents 1) Introduction 2) Related Work 3) Design 4) Implementation 5) Performance Results 5.1) Hardware and Software Configuration 5.2) Experiments and Results 6) Conclusion 1 Introduction Many computational biologists would agree that, had it not been for stable theory, the exploration of symmetric encryption might never have occurred. Given the current status of signed symmetries, systems engineers daringly desire the analysis of gigabit switches, which embodies the significant principles of networking. Further, compellingly enough, indeed, compilers and reinforcement learning have a long history of agreeing in this manner. Contrarily, suffix trees alone can fulfill the need for the producer-consumer problem. Cyberneticists largely study telephony in the place of the deployment of architecture. The usual methods for the visualization of virtual machines do not apply in this area. Nevertheless, this solution is continuously well-received. This is a direct result of the analysis of compilers. Thusly, we see no reason not to use the partition...
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...Name: Natasha Porter 1. What is the orientation of a rock layer labeled with this strike and dip symbol? (a) N43°E; 38°NW (b) N43°W; 38°SE c) N43°W; 38°NE (d) N43°E; 38°SW 2. Which of the following is an impossible strike and dip combination? (a) N44E, 12SE (b) N56E, 8NW (c) N31W, 31NE (d) N45W, 76SE (e) N5E, 62SE 3. What type of structure underlies the valley as seen in this cross-section? (a) symmetrical anticline (b) symmetrical syncline (c) overturned anticline (d) asymmetrical anticline (e) recumbent syncline 4. The map below shows 5. The map below shows (a) an anticline plunging east. (a) an anticline plunging east. (b) an anticline plunging west. (b) an anticline plunging west. (c) a syncline plunging east. (c) a syncline plunging east. (d) a syncline plunging west. (d) a syncline plunging west. A B C A B C 6. The block diagram at right shows an overturned anticline-syncline pair. Which letter or letters indicate overturned bedding? B & C 7. What type of fold is seen here? (a) symmetrical anticline (b) symmetrical syncline (c) asymmetrical syncline (d) recumbent syncline 8. Structurally, what type of feature is seen here? (a) anticline (b) dome (c) syncline (d) basin (e) graben 9. Which map symbol would be used to describe the geometry of the rocks seen here? ...
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...concentration of infrastructure makes it vulnerable to earthquakes, but at the same time it also gives it the resources it needs to respond to earthquakes or any other hazards. L.A. has had a few large scale earthquakes in the last decades and some geological experts predict it will suffer a major quake in the near future. How it has responded to those disasters in the past is what has laid the foundation as to how the city will deal with future earthquakes or other hazards and attempt to minimize their impact on the city. Los Angeles lies around 60 miles from the San Andreas Fault. This fault line is one the most active fault lines in the world and as such is capable of producing severe earthquakes. And even though Los Angeles doesn’t lie directly underneath it like the city of San Francisco, the fault line does pose a great danger to the city. But even more of a threat to the city is the many unknown smaller fault lines that run beneath it. With a population of over 4 million people, a large size earth quake would cause substantial damage and injure or kill a large number of people. L.A. has had around six major earthquakes that were 6.0 or stronger in the last hundred years. It does also have thousands of small ones throughout the year that people don’t even feel. The last major earthquake that struck the city was in 1994. This earthquake which has been dubbed the Northridge quake was one of the worst the city ever experienced. It caused the deaths of over 60 its citizens and caused...
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...distribution of earthquakes across the continental United States? The west coast of the US consists of the highest levels of risk by a wide margin, particularly in the south-west (on the pacific tectonic plate fault line). Central Eastern regions bear areas of moderate risk. Northern and South/south-easterly regions bear no significant risk. 2) Locate your home on this map and make a note of the relative risk to you by indicating the color where you live. The USGS also reports on earthquakes around the world. Visit this interactive map to find the latest global earthquake data from the past seven days: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/ Bridgeport Connecticut - very low probability of occurrence here. This region bears no significant risk to such an event over the next 50 years. 3) What patterns do you see in the distribution of earthquakes around the world? The majority of earthquakes occur on the left hand side of the pacific plate (the fault line between the pacific/Eurasian and pacific/Australasian plates) the right hand side of this plate relates to the fault line where the majority of earthquakes in the US occur. The westerly coast of the South America also has an abundance of earthquakes on the right hand side of the Nazca tectonic plate. There are other fault lines where a number occur, but the majority is in those areas described above. Mainland Europe, Eurasia (Russia etc.) and Africa are areas of low occurrence. 4) Click on one of the earthquakes on the map...
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...HENRY TAM AND THE MGI TEAM PROF LEENA CHATTERJEE STRENGTHS OF MGI TEAM • • • • • Diverse areas of expertise and skill High creativity and idea generation A good product Good connections Passion and initiative EVALUATION OF THE TEAMS PROCESS • Ineffective decision making processes Focused more on generating alternative solutions rather than identifying and defining the problem Disagreement on who has the expertise about identifying relevant criteria • Unhealthy conflict Creative abrasion versus personal clashes Difference in conflict between Sasha and Dana and Henry and Igor Conflict avoidance by some members eg. Dav CAUSE OF PROCESS PROBLEMS • Team Composition: multiple differences among members combine to cause a fault line Functional diversity: different styles of thinking, methods of time management, approaches to problem solving and gender Demographic diversity: differences in age, nationality Personality Differences in prior relationships CAUSE OF PROCESS PROBLEMS • Unclear goals, roles and leadership Winning the business plan competition versus launching the business successfully Interns or business partners Who was the leader UNDERLYING ROOT CAUSE • Impression formation processes • Threats to identity • Lack of interpersonal congruence LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Launching a team Importance of kick-off meeting Establishing shared goals, clear roles, agreed on decision making procedures, ground rules, leadership etc •...
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...purchasing a short-term policy that does. * Pack enough medication for your entire trip and you may need a note from your doctor to carry your medication on the plane. * Never eat uncooked meat, eggs or drink water that is not bottled, including ice cubes. * Safety and Security * Keep ID and vital documents on you at all times. * Monitor via the State Department about any unrest in the country. [Event Description Heading][To replace any tip text with your own, just click it and start typing. To replace the photo or logo with your own, right-click it and then click Change Picture. To try out different looks for this flyer, on the Design tab, check out the Themes, Colors, and Fonts galleries.] | | | | Due to earthquake fault lines and active volcano’s in Italy:It is wise to prepare with an emergency preparation plan through FEMA. For security, be mindful of your surroundings. Learn about laws and customs.Illness’s more common in Italy:Travelers' diarrheaCholeraEscherichia coli diarrheaHepatitis ATyphoid feverInsect borne diseasesParasitic diseasesHepatitis BLyme diseaseBrucellosis | | Healthy Packing list:http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/italy/traveler/packing-listEmbassy in Italy:http://www.ambwashingtondc.esteri.it/ambasciata_washington- J -...
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...John Green The Fault in Our Stars BACKGROUND INFO BACKGROUND AUTHOR BIO Full Name: John Michael Green Date of Birth: August 24th, 1977 Place of Birth: Indianapolis, Indiana Brief Life Story: John Green was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Immediately after his birth, Green’s parents moved to Orlando, Florida. During his youth, he attended Lake Highland Preparatory School, a boarding school near Birmingham, Alabama. Later, he attended Kenyon College where he graduated in 2000 with a double major in English and Religious Studies. After graduating from Kenyon, Green worked in a children’s hospital while he enrolled in divinity school with the intention of becoming an Episcopal Priest. He never attended divinity school, however, because his experience working in the hospital with children suffering from life-threatening illnesses inspired him to become a writer. He lived in Chicago for several years, writing book reviews, writing for radio, and working in publishing. During this time he wrote his first novel, Looking for Alaska (2005) to immediate, and increasing, success. He followed that first novel with An Abundance of Katherines (2006), Paper Towns (2008), and The Fault in Our Stars (2012), which reached #1 on the New York Times bestseller list for children. Green currently lives in Indianapolis with his wife and two kids, where he continues to write, produce videos, and speak publicly about an array of topics. chronicle his artistic journey in making the film adaption of his novel...
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...My quest is to understand a few of the issues that plague Haiti, how to examine carefully how architecture can help with the devastation of Haiti and prevent the next disaster from being so costly in history, property and lives. Haiti is the poorest country in the Americas. It has a per capita income of $790. To give an idea of what that is in relation to other countries are considered poor: Mexico, $10,212; Jamaica, $8,737; Dominica, $5,082; and Cuba, a country that still has a commercial embargo against it, $4,819. So, even to countries in the Americas that we commonly consider to be poor are much better off than Haiti. It is estimated that 80% of the population lives in poverty. Most Haitians are living on $2 a day or less. Illiteracy in Haiti is at a staggering 50%, and 80% of the college graduates of Haiti have emigrated to the United States, fostering a society that if you have a chance to make a life for yourself, you leave Haiti. The picture is easy to paint, and the problem is just as easy to understand. A condition of extreme poverty and a natural disaster strikes, the ability to be able to overcome such a disaster is not as easy as it could be if a disaster strikes the developed world. Why the outpouring of support? When you look at the lifespan of a natural disaster, you look at a few of the components that make it an unpredicted disaster. But, when you look at the recovery efforts and support given, you look at how it most directly affects Americans. ...
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...such technique is the parallax method which involves triangulation. By looking at a star and record its location and then looking at it again six months later, astronomers can measure the distance of the angle of viewing. Combining this information with the orbital diameter of Earth to the sun and a little bit of geometry, astronomers can see that the different angles produce different distances (How are astronomers, 2000). Objects in space aren’t the only challenges scientists face when trying to obtain measurement data. Earthquakes are a dangerous phenomenon caused by the shifting of Earth’s tectonic plates along its fault lines. Fault lines are many kilometers below the surface of the earth making any direct measurement methods extremely difficult. When the tectonic plates shift to cause an earthquake, energy is released and radiates out from the fault line similar to ripples in a pond. These energy...
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...Brittle or plastic failure. • Creates joints, folds, faults, foliation. Fractures can be offset or not. • How deformation affects rocks – by translation, rotation, distortion Strain • Change in shape • elastic strain (reversible change) • Permanent strain – brittle & ductile deformation (non-reversible) • Cause of deformation – stress – force acting on a rock – often a large scale tectonic origin. Stress is force per unit area. Think of the non-metric measure PSI – (pounds per square inch) Stress • Compression – squeezing, shortening or contraction, or pushing together. Think continental collision – Himalayas formation. • Extension – tension, stretching, pulling apart. Tends to thin the crust – think the Taupo Volcanic zone which is extending at 7 mm a year. The lithosphere is thin allowing magma to reach the surface. • Shear – sliding past, strike-slip. Blocks of rock slide past each other – the surface is neither thickened or thinned. Think the Alpine Fault. Deformation structures (brittle) – for these, need to be able to draw a diagram. • Normal fault. Due to extension. • Reverse fault (> 35 degrees) – due to compression • Thrust fault (< 35 degrees) – compression on a shallow-dipping fault plane. • Strike-slip fault (Waiarapa fault) – recognising left lateral, right lateral. The ages and displacements (horizontal nad vertical) indicate the amount of movement on the fault plane, during one...
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...Pacific costal region. Looking at the earthquakes patterns around the world is much different than the United States. All the yellow and blue boxes are on top of one another or crossing over in some way, this is why I say that the earthquakes are only in certain areas. I clicked on an earthquake that occurred in New Britain Region of Papua, New Guinea with a magnitude of 5.5 which is not a weak earthquake. No, I would not like to live in one of the red areas on the map, because the red areas are where the strongest earthquakes occur. There will continue to be more and more earthquakes in those areas because they are on top of the tectonic plates and some lie within fault lines. A tectonic plate is a large irregular shape slab of solid rock. A fault line is a line of intersection between the fault plane and the Earth's surface. If I...
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...The Fault in our Cells The sirens were screeching in my ears that night. That night that all this mischief started in the first place. Besides what my brother had done. My name was Kieran then, before i changed it. The DCPD or the Douglas County Police Department, was outside our door with a SWAT team ready to break down the doors. My brother was always in trouble in some way. This time he really messed up. He had stabbed a man with broken bottle in bar fight. It didn't take long for the police to find us. He was taken to court and put on trial for 2nd degree murder, crime with a passion. He was found guilty and sent to Alcatraz. Apparently, at Alcatraz, you weren't allowed to receive any mail. And that's what made me do what i did. We went...
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...Fault is defined in terms of responsibility and culpability or blame for something wrong. Responsibility is defined in terms of ability to take rational decisions and rational is defined in terms of reasonableness. Fault is generally an essential requirement of liability in the law of tort. Liability in negligence requires proof of a breach of duty. A breach of duty arises when the defendant fails to act or not act as “the reasonable man” would have. In Bolton v Stone the defendants acted as a reasonable man would have, by taking action in creating a higher fence around the cricket ground to minimise the risk of people outside the ground being injured by the cricket balls. However, in Paris v Stephney borough council, the court held that in light of potential serious consequences posed by welding to an employee with only one eye, the employer should have taken reasonable action in providing safety goggles. Liability under the occupiers liability act 1957 also required proof of fault. Fault is also relevant to the general defence of a contributory negligence under the law reform act 1945. S.1(1) damages are reduced according to the claimants responsibility for the damage. In Froom v Butcher, the claimant’s damages were reduced by 25% due to his failure to wear a seatbelt. There are however areas of tort in which there is no need to provide fault. For example, nuisance is a strict liability tort. The defendant cannot claim as a defence that he took reasonable care to avoid causing...
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...to work effectively, those systems must cooperate, and must do so without lots of manual intervention by people. This is usually done by splitting problems into smaller pieces, each of which can be tackled more simply than the whole problem. The results of doing each piece are then reassembled into the full solution. As handy as a distributed system can be there are a there are four main issues you could face: Operating system failures, Hardware Failures, Omission Failures and Byzantine Failures. Crash failures are caused across the server of a typical distributed system and if these failures are occurred operations of the server are halt for some time. Operating system failures are the best examples for this case and the corresponding fault tolerant systems are developed with respect to these affects. Hardware failures used to be more common, but with all of the recent innovations in hardware design and manufacturing they tend to be fewer and far between with most of these physical failures tending to be network or drive related. With more hardware the probability goes up that there will be a failure somewhere. Add more software and the complex interactions between different programs creates greater chance for more bugs, including the unusual ones. As a result, any distributed design will carefully consider failure and diagnostic scenarios. With Omission failure a component that does not respond to an input from another component, and thereby fails by not producing the...
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