...provide instructions that will promote growth for all students. Although students have various learning styles, teachers can successfully teach reading through differentiated instructions. Many teacher fail to integrate reading into their subject because they often feel like they do not have the tools need to successful implement the content area (Wilson, 2011). In this paper, I will address the how ideal reading programs for first grade students should include phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension to ensure the success of each student in reading. Phonemic awareness Phonic awareness is an important part of a strong reading foundation for students in first grade. Students entering first will have prior knowledge of phonic awareness from kindergarten classes. It is important as the teacher to build on the prior phonic awareness knowledge and correct inaccurate information to assist the students in building a strong foundation. Students will gain several skills from phonics awareness such as manipulating sounds in spoken...
Words: 2495 - Pages: 10
...African-American (AA) and English Language Learners (ELL) students are groups that traditionally suffer in standard reading and English classrooms. A 1965 Harlem study cited by William Labov (Labov, Can reading failure be reversed pg. 40, laay ) contrasts two groups of students: one group that is not affiliated with street culture and one group that is. The findings are startling. AA students that did not associate with “street” groups on average read two grade-levels below students. This figure is alarming but nonetheless, two grade-levels can be remediated with the right intervention. However, the group that associated with “street” groups persisted to stall at an average plateau of a 4.9 grade reading level. A plateau indicates a systemic failure to address the underlying issue of instruction. The times have changed but the fact that AA and ELL youth are not being served has remained constant. One would (like to) believe that non-responsive students are wholly neglected, however, often times it is not a negligence in intervention, but a lack of appropriate reading curriculum/tools that creates the dire situation that underperforming students are in. AA and ELL students pose an educational challenge because they already possess language structures that vary from standard academic English in grammar, phonics, and cultural experience. The Ann Arbor decision reaffirms that although different, African American Vernacular (AAVE), is not mangled or fragmented Standard Academic English (SAE). According...
Words: 1833 - Pages: 8
...observations made during lessons. It also focuses on how learning English for the first time as a language can be taught in a way that would be better and easy to understand. The students that I will deal with are those of grade one and two. Learning activities highly influence on how a student appreciate. Making sure that learning activities are of high quality which can be coupled with situations gives the students’ different perspectives which they can appreciate. They are several relevant skills that are a student is supposed to practice during learning. The skills are clarification, value analysis and problem-solving. The experience which students get during learning are the ones that give the opportunity...
Words: 1881 - Pages: 8
...Observation Analysis Constance Clark 506 March 3, 2013 Kim Scoggins Observation Analysis The observation was in Ms. Small, Reading and English classroom. Ms. Small works with 7th graders in Reading and English. Ms. Small uses a theory known as constructivism. When she works with her class she is looking for the meaning behind everything that students say. She calls it “playing devil’s advocate” as students respond to one question, and she immediately leads to the opposite side of the argument. Ms. Small looks at the end result when teaching and says that the facts in isolation do not mean very much. Students have these mental perceptions about ideas and information being taught, but as a teacher Ms. Small brings those ideas into reality visually, verbally, and with direct hands on activities. She says that the quality of the information is more important than the quality. The students are asked not to memorize a story and complete a multiple choice (or multiple guess as she calls it) for her class, but to interpret it, act it out, or defend the characters in a mock trail. Educational theory that I would suggest that could have been used is constructivism. Constructivism is when people construct their own individual psychological models of the world in order to make sense of their experiences. Ms. Small could have enriched the lesson to real life situations to connect to the students in today’s society. A professor can use different educational theories in a classroom...
Words: 1496 - Pages: 6
...School: City and State: Date: Teacher’s career Systematic synthetic phonics has been the only effective way to teach early reading for many years. However, other methods those are even more efficient than the systematic synthetic phonics have been in use in various English speaking countries. Many reports before the Rose Review done in the year 2006 provide evidence of other methods used in teaching early reading. (Sheerman, 2009, p.36) Compares non-phonics and accurate systematic phonics programs and notes a slight difference in their effectiveness with non-phonics being on the lower margin. Other reports have proved beyond any reasonable doubt the existence of other strategies for teaching early reading. The studies reported some of the strategies as being more efficient than others. However, according to Annette Karmiloff-Smith (2009, p. 300), reading is a various area of knowledge with diverse needs that cannot be addressed by a single approach. Therefore, the teachers taking pupils through early reading must be familiar with various teaching strategies and understand when to apply the different methods. These teachers must also understand the reasons that contribute to the usage of particular teaching strategies (Adamuti-Trache & Robert, 2013). The above reports support the use of different approaches in contrary to systematic synthetic phonics. They both realize the diversity nature of children mind hence the difficulty of applying...
Words: 1192 - Pages: 5
...called Jolly Phonics. Based on the models of reading acquisition of Frith (1985), it has been concluded that the Government should invest in Jolly Phonics as a method to teach children in schools to develop reading acquisition. Jolly Phonics is a technique that provides different tools to teach children with reading development, such as recognition of words, combination with image and words, different stages of reading skills in which children starts develop vocabulary sound and their meanings. This is an effective multi-sensory framework to phonics that uses many types of learning styles, including visual and auditory techniques. According to Frith (1985), reading acquisition progresses through phases beginning with forming vocabulary of words enabling children to reading familiar words, by recognising a whole word through its features (often done by varies techniques including called flash-card), and building visual connection between letters and objects. For example, the phoneme to graphemes, a ‘c’ to report ‘carrot’. Jolly phonics is a creative, unique and fun method that teaches children how to read, for instances, by showing a letter or letters combination that presents sound. There are also motions used to help children learn the letter; for example, a child may be taught to move an arm whilst reading ‘snake’. These strategies may enhance children’s competence to recognise words and sounds. It could be argued that the more children rely on cues from the word rather than...
Words: 1458 - Pages: 6
...Professor: Name of the School: City and State: Date: Teacher’s career Systematic synthetic phonics has been the only effective way to teach early reading for many years. However, other methods those are even more efficient than the systematic synthetic phonics have been in use in various English speaking countries. Many reports before the Rose Review done in the year 2006 provide evidence of other methods used in teaching early reading. (Sheerman, 2009, p.36) Compares non-phonics and accurate systematic phonics programs and notes a slight difference in their effectiveness with non-phonics being on the lower margin. Other reports have proved beyond any reasonable doubt the existence of other strategies for teaching early reading. The studies reported some of the strategies as being more efficient than others. However, according to Annette Karmiloff-Smith (2009, p. 300), reading is a various area of knowledge with diverse needs that cannot be addressed by a single approach. Therefore, the teachers taking pupils through early reading must be familiar with various teaching strategies and understand when to apply the different methods. These teachers must also understand the reasons that contribute to the usage of particular teaching strategies (Adamuti-Trache & Robert, 2013). The above reports support the use of different approaches in contrary to systematic synthetic phonics. They both realize the diversity nature of children mind hence the difficulty of applying one approach...
Words: 1192 - Pages: 5
...Music In World Cultures Name: Natasha Fisher ____________________________________________________ World Music: A Global Journey Chapter 2: Aural Analysis: Listening to the World’s Musics I. Define the following terms: Timbre: The tone quality or color of a musical sound Pitch: A tone’s specific frequency level, measured in Hertz Tuning System: All the pitches common to a musical tradition Melody: An organized succession of pitches forming a musical idea Melodic Contour: The general direction and shape of a melody Drone: A continuous or repeating sound Text Setting: The rhythmic relationship of words to melody Rhythm: The lengths, or durations, of sounds as patterns in time Dynamics: The volume of a musical sound Form: The underlying temporal structure of a musical performance Phonic Structure: The relationship between different sounds in a given piece Monophony: Music with a single melodic line Polyphony: The juxtaposition or overlapping of multiple lines of music Homophony: Multiple lines of music expressing the same musical idea in the same meter Independent Polyphony: Multiple lines of music expressing independent musical ideas as a cohesive whole Heterophony: Multiple performers playing simulations variations of the same line of music Organology: The study of musical instruments Sachs-Hornbostel System: Standard classication system for musical instruments Aerophone: Instruments that require are to produce sound-namely, flutes, reeds, trumpets...
Words: 575 - Pages: 3
...Reading Strategies for Ninth Grade English Language Learners Vanessa S. McQueen Student Number: 000-02-7502 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements with the Degree with Masters in Reading with Concentration in Inclusive Education The College of The Bahamas October 2013 Abstract Research in the field of reading strategies has been conducted repeatedly to ascertain the effectiveness of these strategies in assisting English Language Learners (ELL) to construct meaning from texts. However, little research has been done in The Bahamas to determine what Bahamian educators can do to support second language learners in their classrooms. This paper assesses: 1. The impact of Sustained Silent Reading on comprehension for ELLs 2. The impact of Think Aloud and Read Aloud on reading comprehension for ELLs. This research suggests that the use of these strategies can play an important role in students’ abilities to read and comprehend texts on their own. Direct instruction and modeling of the think aloud strategies increased the students’ confidence levels and the likelihood that they will use the strategies on their own. Key words: English Language Learners, Sustained Silent Reading, Teacher Think Aloud, Comprehension, Scaffolding, Schema, Prior Knowledge Reading Strategies for English Language Learners In the past ten years, The Bahamas has seen a significant increase in...
Words: 8269 - Pages: 34
...Cordeiro Date of testing: 2/10/2012, 2/15/2012 Background: Aria is a white 10 year old girl in the fifth grade, at a rural elementary school in Dartmouth, MA. Her overall appearance is clean and well groomed. She wears glasses for correction of a strabismus (lazy eye). With glasses her vision appears to be normal. Aria is also diagnosed with asthma and requires the use of an inhaler to treat symptoms. Arias primary language is English and she is a very social child. Aria’s oral language skills are age appropriate for social situations. Aria is currently placed in and integrated classroom and works with a reading specialist three times a week for 30 minutes. In the past, Aria has academically performed average in ELA and Math, but performed below average in Science and History. Aria is very concerned with making mistakes and will not participate if she doesn’t know the correct answer. During Science and History assignments Aria struggles with decoding unfamiliar word and reading comprehension. Aria enjoys reading at her independent level but becomes frustrated when reading materials that are challenging. Aria currently knows her letters and sounds and she can answer simple comprehension questions during ELA activities. Aria also performs extremely well on spelling test. She has many friends at school and participates in several after school programs. Aria has also participated in several out of school activities such as: dance, cheerleading, and soccer. During...
Words: 2894 - Pages: 12
...Cordeiro Date of testing: 2/10/2012, 2/15/2012 Background: Aria is a white 10 year old girl in the fifth grade, at a rural elementary school in Dartmouth, MA. Her overall appearance is clean and well groomed. She wears glasses for correction of a strabismus (lazy eye). With glasses her vision appears to be normal. Aria is also diagnosed with asthma and requires the use of an inhaler to treat symptoms. Arias primary language is English and she is a very social child. Aria’s oral language skills are age appropriate for social situations. Aria is currently placed in and integrated classroom and works with a reading specialist three times a week for 30 minutes. In the past, Aria has academically performed average in ELA and Math, but performed below average in Science and History. Aria is very concerned with making mistakes and will not participate if she doesn’t know the correct answer. During Science and History assignments Aria struggles with decoding unfamiliar word and reading comprehension. Aria enjoys reading at her independent level but becomes frustrated when reading materials that are challenging. Aria currently knows her letters and sounds and she can answer simple comprehension questions during ELA activities. Aria also performs extremely well on spelling test. She has many friends at school and participates in several after school programs. Aria has also participated in several out of school activities such as: dance, cheerleading, and soccer. During...
Words: 2894 - Pages: 12
...of a series on Reading Language Language Writing Writing system Orthography Braille Types of Reading Slow reading Speed reading Subvocalization Learning to Read Learning to read Comprehension Spelling Vocabulary Reading disability Dyslexia Reading for special needs Reading Instruction Alphabetic principle Phonics Whole language Phonetically Intuitive English Literacy Literacy Functional illiteracy Family literacy English orthography Lists Languages by writing system Management of dyslexia v t e Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning (reading comprehension). It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all language, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the reader’s prior knowledge, experiences, attitude, and language community which is culturally and socially situated. The reading process requires continuous practice, development, and refinement. In addition, reading requires creativity and critical analysis. Consumers of literature make ventures with each piece, innately deviating from literal words to create images that make sense to them in the unfamiliar places the texts describe. Because reading is such a complex process, it cannot be controlled or restricted to one or two interpretations. There are no concrete laws in reading, but rather allows readers an escape to produce their own products introspectively...
Words: 5120 - Pages: 21
...[1] Contents [hide] * 1 History * 1.1 Lullabies * 1.2 Early nursery rhymes * 1.3 19th century * 2 Meanings of nursery rhymes * 3 Nursery rhyme revisionism * 4 Nursery rhymes and education * 5 See also * 6 Notes ------------------------------------------------- History[edit] Lullabies[edit] Main article: Lullaby The oldest children's songs of which we have records are lullabies, intended to help a child sleep. Lullabies can be found in every human culture.[2] The English term lullaby is thought to come from "lu, lu" or "la la" sound made by mothers or nurses to calm children, and "by by" or "bye bye", either another lulling sound, or a term for good night.[3] Until the modern era lullabies were usually only recorded incidentally in written sources. The Roman nurses' lullaby, "Lalla, Lalla, Lalla, aut dormi, aut lacta", is recorded in a scholiumon Persius and may be the oldest to survive.[4] Many medieval English verses associated with the birth of Jesus take the form of a lullaby, including "Lullay, my liking, my dere son, my sweting" and may be versions of contemporary lullabies.[3] However, most of those used today date from the 17th century. For example, a well known lullaby such as "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top", cannot be found in records until the late-18th century when it was printed by John Newbery (c. 1765).[3] Early nursery...
Words: 27825 - Pages: 112
...The Hidden Positive Impact of Text Messaging On Literacy The importance of text messaging is emphasized by several research findings. According to research cited in Education (Education), text message shorthand is vital in assisting youngsters to improve their phonic awareness and linguistic creativity. Powell and Dixon also discuss the importance of short messaging systems (SMS) and exposure to textism (the use of texting slangs) in enhancing learners’ spelling skills (Powell and Dixon). Wood conducted a research on the implications of text messaging on the literacy of 9 to 10-year-old-children’s literacy skills. Wood notes that the exposure to text messaging and their counterparts who do not have access to SMS might be contributing, positively, to the literacy skills development among 9 to 10-year-old-children (Wood). Furthermore, past studies analyzed by Verheijen report a positive correlation between the use of SMS and literacy levels among users (Verheijen). Belying the findings of these studies, however, is the viewpoint among older generation researchers and academicians that text messaging has negative correlations to improving learning skills among users. They argue that text messaging has contributed detrimental implications on learners as opposed to its emphasized importance by recent researchers. They present counterarguments justifying their disapproval of the importance of text messaging on learning. They cite the negative implications of technology on learners...
Words: 1435 - Pages: 6
...Section 5 School Examples, Student Case Studies, and Research Examples • School Examples, page 5.3 – School-Wide Screening, page 5.4 – Progress Monitoring, page 5.5 – Tiered Service Delivery, page 5.9 – Data-Based Decision Making, page 5.13 – Parent Involvement, page 5.16 – Resources, page 5.22 August 2006 Overview In November 2002, the United States Department of Education requested that the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities (NRCLD) identify, describe, and evaluate the implementation of responsiveness to intervention (RTI) in elementary schools throughout the United States. The NRCLD staff worked with the six Regional Resource Centers (RRCs) to identify potential sites and solicit school participation. More than 60 schools across the country initially were considered, and information from 41 of those schools was submitted. The NRCLD research staff reviewed the extensive amount of information submitted and judged that 19 of those schools were engaging in one or more commendable RTI practices based on a review of the following six components of an RTI service-delivery model: • School-wide screening. Screening is a type of assessment characterized by quick, low cost, repeatable testing of critical academic skills or behaviors and can be administered by individuals with minimal amounts of training. A screening measures whether a student should be judged at risk. If a student meets the criteria for at-risk status, he or she is considered for more in-depth...
Words: 15342 - Pages: 62
