...Introduction: Atherosclerosis is defined as the hardening or narrowing of the arteries. This is caused by the formation of plaque within arteries, a fatty substance composed of cholesterol, calcium, and fibrin [1]. The formation of plaque within arteries restricts the blood flow through the arteries and to the rest of the body. When excess plaque is built up, a blood clot, or thrombus, may form on the surface or a piece of the plaque may fall off freely into the blood stream. In either case, a heart attack or stroke is likely to occur which are two of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in today’s world [7]. Atherosclerosis is known to be a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease that may begin development even in early...
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...Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside arteries, limiting or stopping the flow of blood to the organs tissues. The purpose of this paper is to relate the underlining cellular events of atherosclerosis to its pathology and treatment. In this paper I will discuss the causes that influence the events and advancement of atherosclerosis. I will review the risk factors, pathogenesis, signs & symptoms, dietary implications and drug treatments. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a progressive process that leads to the hardening and thickening of arteries. This is caused by plaque build-up due to the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages (McCance& Huether. 2010). The formation of plaque deposits can slow down or block the flow of blood to other parts of the body, depriving the organs of oxygen. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process that affects the body’s whole vascular system leading to many coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases Etiology: There are many theories pertaining to the etiology but, studies are still unclear about the direct cause of atherosclerosis (Mallika, Goswami, & Rajappa, 2007). Risk factors There are many risk factors that lead to the progression of atherosclerosis. The risk factors all led to an excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood which can lead to plaque build-up ( Mallika, Goswami & Rajappa, 2007). Here are some atherosclerosis risk factors, increased age, obesity, genetics, Hyperlipidemia; which is high...
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...build and maintain tissue. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to endothelial damage to the blood vessels. This damage can lead to plaque formation, thus atherosclerosis can ensue (American Heart Association, 2012). Although there are many causes of hyperhomocysteinemia, research has shown that nutritional replacement has helped to lower the level. Folic acid and B vitamins have shown to decrease homocysteine levels and thus help decrease plaque formation. Patients with high levels of homocysteine are instructed to include folic acid and b vitamins in their diet, restrict methionine, and exercise. Homocysteine is an unconventional risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and can also be used as a risk marker (Milani & Lavi, 2008). Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular disease involves all the diseases that affect the heart and vessels. There are many different diseases that affect the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis is one of these diseases. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of soft, fatty and fibrinous deposits in the arterial vessel walls. These deposits later harden with time. This process can later affect the vascular system resulting in ischemic changes (Huether, McCance, Brashers, & Rote, 2008). The pathophysiology behind atherosclerosis begins with injury to the arterial walls. With this injury come inflammation, fibrin formation, lipid deposits, and plaque formation. The...
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...Research Paper: Toxicant MOS 5425 – Advanced Toxicology 2/3/2015 Background This paper will compare and contrast a toxin that affects the nervous system, one that affects the endocrine system and another that affects the cardiovascular system. Identify the characteristics that are shared by these toxins and characteristics of these toxins make these toxins vulnerable to toxicity of these specific systems? Central Nervous System Environmental contamination has exposed humans to various metal agents, including mercury. This exposure is more common than expected, and the health consequences of such exposure remain unclear. Mercury in the past was used in a numerous different activities, and now, exposure to this metal from both natural and artificial sources is significantly increasing. According to Azevedo, et al (2012), numerous studies show that high exposure to mercury can induce the following changes to humans such as the central nervous system, potentially resulting in irritability, fatigue, behavioral changes, tremors, headaches, hearing and cognitive loss, dysarthria, incoordination, hallucinations, and death. Endocrine System According to the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, Endocrine disruptors are found in synthetic chemicals used in industrial solvents, lubricants, and their byproducts such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and dixons. Other examples of endocrine disruptors include bisphenol A (BPA)...
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...CURRENT DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS 1 Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Basher I. Emtebakh Wright State University Laboratory Research 2, Spring 2013 CURRENT DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2 Abstract Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory process that affects the arterial wall. People of different ages are susceptible to developing the disease. It is considered the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Epithelial injury caused by different risk factors is the initial process of the disease. Nitric oxide liberation, lipid retention, and inflammatory cell proliferation are of significance in the disease pathogenesis. The goal of this review is to better understand the disease process and the role of the atherogenic biomarkers that develop in the affected site during the disease progression. Determining the risk of atherogenic plaque development vulnerability is the main obstacle that faces scientists, followed by making proper diagnosis and choosing treatment. Different imaging techniques, especially the non invasive ones, provide highly useful images to characterize the plaque development. These techniques also contributed to cure many patients at risk of plaque rupture. Prevention and treatment of the disease depend mainly on the proper education of patients and people at risk of developing the disease, and that is done by changing their life style to minimize the risk factors that increase their...
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...smoking, obesity) in at least 38% (Roger, et al., 2012). The presence of peripheral arterial or carotid disease detected during community cardiovascular screening changes risk stratification. Evidence-based treatment guidelines, such as aspirin and statin use can be implemented in those with risk factors to minimize the risk of a life threatening or debilitating health event such as myocardial infarction or stroke. The Dare to Care (DTC) program is a community cardiovascular screening program that utilizes ultrasound to screen for carotid atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysm, in addition to peripheral arterial disease, hypertension (HTN), and self-report risk factor assessment. A clinical question of interest: How effective is a community cardiovascular screening program in identifying persons with subclinical atherosclerosis, who are at risk and not on appropriate preventative treatments such as aspirin and statins? The purpose of this paper is to identify potential data sources, discuss data access implications, and identify strengths and weaknesses of data sets and identity potential data analysis testing tools. Potential Data Sources The DTC program utilizes an old FoxPro SQL database to enter screening results, risk factors, anti-platelet and statin use, and risk assessment categorization for each participant. This information can be electronically downloaded into an excel worksheet for data analysis. Specific data elements of interest include: demographics; presence...
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...heart disease. No one food can provide all the nutrition you need, so one must eat from a variety of foods every day from the following four food groups: 1. Bread, other cereals and potatoes 2.fruits and vegetables 3.low-fat milk and dairy foods 4. Meat, fish and alternatives such as beans and lentils. Although the heart is designed to last one well for one's whole life, but one must take care of it and follow the healthy life style measures and steps as discussed above. Types of Heart Diseases Summary: The main focus of this paper is to highlight the types of heart diseases Heart disease is a name given to a variety of conditions that affect the performance of the heart. Important examples of heart disease include: 1. ANGINA, in which there is poor blood circulation to the heart, 2. HEART ATTACK, in which there is death of part of the heart muscle, and 3. ARRHYTHMIA, in which the rate or rhythm of the heart-beat is abnormal. 4. ATHEROSCLEROSIS, in which the arteries...
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...that is considering having genetic screening? Week 2: Question 1= Choose an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation. Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or lactation. Question 2= Active acquired immunity can be achieved through the use of childhood immunizations. Many parents voice concerns regarding the safety of vaccinations. What is your opinion on the current use of vaccinations? How would you educate parents regarding the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations? Defend your answers with evidence-based research. Week 3: Question 1= Share a case study of an electrolyte imbalance from your practice or from the...
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...Introduction As of last year, it was reported that over a million Canadians have heart disease, which also ranks as one of the major causes of death in Canada 1. Additionally, cardiovascular disease claims more than 33,000 lives each year. Furthermore, about ninety percent (9 out of 10) Canadians over the age of twenty years have at least one risk factor for heart disease, and of this number, forty percent (4 out of ten 10) have three or more risk factors 1. Various factors can increase the risk of heart disease - some of which can be controlled while others cannot. The uncontrollable risk factors include age, ethnicity and having a family history of heart disease; but controllable risk factors mainly comprise making lifestyle or behavioral changes such as smoking cessation and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, eating healthy, exercising regularly and reducing stress 1. Consequently, an individual can reduce their risk of heart disease by understanding the risk factors that cause it, and making changes to their lifestyle. The Dietary Guidelines for Canadians (Eating Healthy with Canada’s Food Guide) describes a healthful diet as one that emphasizes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products 2. Fruits and some vegetables are excellent sources of vitamin C, which is a water soluble vitamin. Fruits with the highest sources of vitamin C include cantaloupe, citrus fruits and juices, such as orange and grapefruit kiwi fruit...
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...Cardiovascular disease also called heart disease includes numerous problems, many of which are related to a process called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. If a blood clot forms, it can stop the blood flow. This can cause a heart attack or stroke (“What is Cardiovascular Disease (Heart Disease)?”). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the risk factors associated with a previous client that I cared for in the clinical setting and to include rationale and some behaviors that could reduce these risks. The patient that I will be focusing on is a 56 year old female of polish descent whom I will refer to as I.G. She was admitted to UMC with a chief complaint of left knee pain. Her admitting diagnosis was a left distal femur fracture and has a medical history of congestive heart failure, hyperlipidemia, glaucoma, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertensive disorder, GERD, and diabetes. She admitted that diabetes runs in her family and she also has a history of smoking and obesity evidenced by her BMI of 32.1. Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is associated with a reduced life span, largely as a result of cardiovascular disease and most patients die as a result of a thrombotic event. Patients with diabetes are at increased risk for CVD. This risk affects women more than men and is influenced by the client’s...
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...longer life without problems. Introduction: Like most people, you already know that smoking is bad for your health. But do you really understand just how dangerous smoking really is and how it can be also deadly for non smokers too? Do you know that the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year smoking causes about 6 million deaths which is about 10% of all deaths and 0.6 million of these occurring in non smokers too due to second hand smoke? Do you know that smoking is considered as the greatest cause of preventable death globally? Since stopping smoking can be an extremely difficult process, understanding exactly how smoking harms your body and people around you can help keep you motivated to end that habit. So in our research we are going to talk about smoking health problems and second hand smoke. Literature review: Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. [1] About one half of long term male smokers will die of illness due to smoking. A person's increased risk of contracting disease is directly proportional to the length of time that a person continues to smoke as well as the amount smoked. However, if someone stops smoking, then these chances gradually decrease as the damage to their bodies repaired. A year after quitting, the...
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...Nutrition and Fitness Paper To remain healthy it is imperative that I consume a well balanced diet, and incorporate physical activity into my current lifestyle. Through assessing my current level of fitness and nutritional status, I identified new habits that could assist me in becoming healthier. By integrating these new habits into my current lifestyle, I will be able to maintain a healthy body weight, and furthermore improve my general health. Obesity is a leading health concern in the United States, placing individuals at risk to other serious diseases. Discussing some of these associated risks emphasizes the importance of personal nutrition and fitness. Personal Fitness and Nutritional Habits I believe I am an active individual and eat healthy most of the time but recognize that there is always room for improvement. My lifestyle both personal and professional is hectic not leaving me much free personal time. Therefore, it is imperative that I develop new habits to improve my current fitness level and nutritional status. I try to work out a couple of times a week at a local gym but find that I often skip scheduled sessions because of other commitments. Concerning nutritional habits, I am guilty of missing breakfast and lunch resulting in me consuming junk foods until dinner in the evening. My diet at this time is lacking the recommended amounts of dietary fiber, and I need to modify my intake of dietary fat. Health Risks Associated with Obesity According to Lazarou...
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...AKANU IBIAM FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC UNWANA COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY A TERM PAPER WRITTEN FOR THE PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE COURSE FST 217 TOPIC ORANGE JUICE (GROUP 8) BY NWANKWO HAPPINESS .U. 2014/ND/34762/FT LECTURER: MR. TOPE MARCH 2016 INTRODUCTION This term paper is about Orange Juice and how it is produced and gotten. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My foremost gratitude goes to Almighty God, JEHOVAH, who has led me thus far. I also want to appreciate the effort of my Family members most especially Mrs Nwankwo Happiness .U. who has been helping me both financially and whose love has kept me going. Also my friend who helped me to type this work. ORANGE JUICE Orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree. It is made by squeezing the fresh orange. Some commercial orange juice with a long shelf life are made by drying and later re-hydrating the juice, or by concentrating the juice and later adding water to the concentrate. Others are made by pasteurizing the juice and removing oxygen from it, necessitating the later addition of a flavor pack, generally made from orange products. It is known for its health benefits, particularly its high concentration of vitamin C. It comes in several different varieties, including blood orange. Orange juice is made from unfermented fresh oranges and provides many benefits for the body. Fresh orange juice is the richest source of vitamin C and fulfills an entire day’s...
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...emphasized that cardiovascular disease basically describes the conditions entailing narrowed blood vessels which could result in a heart attack, stroke or pain in the chest. Other kinds of heart disease might include other conditions of the heart including that impacting heart muscles and rhythm (MFMER, 2018). However, it must be noted that it is possible to treat many types of heart disease using healthy lifestyle choices. The statistics around heart disease are puzzling and something must be done to have this problem addressed. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the magnitude of heart disease in the United Statistics. There is variation in the causes of heart disease based on the type of heart disease. One type of heart disease is atherosclerosis (MFMER, 2018). Though cardiovascular disease could be used to describe different heart problems, it is always employed interchangeably to refer to damage to the heart by atherosclerosis which is a buildup of fatty particles in the arteries. It can be caused by preventable problems including lack of physical activities and unhealthy diet. The other heart disease is an arrhythmia. Some of the causes are congenital heart defects, hypertension, coronary artery disease, increased consumption of alcohol, diabetes, and smoking among others. Moreover, there are congenital heart defects which normally develop before the baby is born. Heart defects might emerge as the heart develops (MFMER, 2018). This would be a month following conception...
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...the course Written Analysis and Communication – I (2011-12) (Assignment -1) To Prof. Meenakshi Sharma Academic Associate: Nameeta Chandra Section B Date of Submission: July 2, 2011 [pic] INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, AHMEDABAD LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To: Dr. Narendran, [do not use colon] Director, Indian Medicine (Siddha) College. From: XYZ [do not use colons] WIMWI. Date: xx/xx/2011 Sir, Subject: Report on analysis and recommended plan of action for Ramkumar’s proposal Enclosed is [the] report detailing the decision to be taken regarding Dr. Ramkumar’s proposal that Indian Medical (Siddha) College should file for patent of new drug, for treatment of atherosclerosis. I recommend that Patent is taken [use filed instead of taken] and [a] one-time fee for license-transfer for production of drugs is opted. Sincerely, XYZ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dr. Ramkumar has [had] approached you with [the] proposal that Indian Medical College should file [a] patent for his discovery of [the] new medicine, [comma not required] for treatment ofAtherosclerosis [spaces should be maintained]. A decision has to be arrived at [by] taking into account IMC’s problems [IMC’s problems have not been specifically stated in the case], [use and here instead of comma since the next point refers to Siddha and not IMC] objectives and also [the] welfare of Siddha [kindly be specific, can use propagation instead of welfare]...
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