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Atomic Bomb

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Atominė bomba

Darbą parengė:
Edvinas Balsys 4a

Atominės bombos kūrėjas

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Amerikiečių fizikas dirbo kvantinės fizikos,atomo branduolio,izotopų skilimo ir neuroninių žvaigždžių tyrimo srityse.1942m. – 1946 m. vadovavo atominės bombos kūrimo programoje „Manheteno projektas“. 1946 m. – 1952 m. JAV atominės energijos komisijos (Atomic Energy Commission) generalinio konsultacinio komiteto (General Advisory Committee) pirmininkas. 1947 m. – 1966 m. Prinstono fundamentaliųjų tyrimų instituto (Institute for Advanced Study) direktorius. Pasisakė prieš vandenilinės bombos kūrimą ir bandymus.

Pirmosios atominės bombos

Branduolinis ginklas pirmą kartą sukurtas JAV ,vykdant Manheteno projektą
1945 m. liepą Niu Meksiko dykumoje buvo susprogdinta pirmoji atominė bomba „Trinity“. Sprogimas sukūrė tiek energijos, kad plieno bokštas, kuriame bomba buvo įtaisyta, išgaravo, o dykumos slėnis aplink jį išsilydė. Nedaugelis iš sprogimą stebėjusių mokslininkų suprato, kad vos po mėnesio toks pat sprogimas sunaikins tūkstančius žmonių gyvybių

Per visą istoriją nuo branduolinio ginklo sukūrimo kare jis naudotas du kartus.Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabaigoje, 1945 m. rugpjūčio 6d., JAV numetė branduolinę bombą „Mažylis (Little Boy)“ virš Japonijos miesto Hirošimos, o antrą bombą „Dručkis (Fat Man)“ po trijų dienų numetė ant Nagasakio.Iškart žuvo apie 100-200 tūkst. žmonių ir dar daugiau po kurio laiko.

Atominė bomba tebuvo pirmasis iš naujo baisių ginklų arsenalo.

Atominė bomba-ginklas, naudojantis branduolių dalijimosi (grandininė branduolinės reakcijos) arba branduolių sintezės energiją ir turintis milžinišką griaunamąją galią lyginant su įprastiniais sprogmenimis. Dėl to vienu branduolinio ginklo užtaisu galima sunaikinti ištisą miestą.

Pirmosios atominės bombos(tesinys)

„Trinity“(liet. „Trejybė“)- 1945 m. liepą Niu Meksiko dykumoje susprogdintos bombos kodinis pavadinimas.

Little Boy (liet. „Mažylis“) – 1945 m. rugpjūčio 6 dieną ant Hirosimos (Japonija) amerikiečių numestos atominės bombos kodinis pavadinimas.

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Esminė bombos sandara
„Little Boy“ buvo 3 m (10 pėdų) ilgio, 71 cm (28 colių) skersmens ir svėrė 4000 kg (8 900 svarų). Bomboje buvo panaudotas patrankinis virškritinės masės sudarymo principas: pradžioje sprogsta paprasta sprogstamoji medžiaga, kuri pagreitina tuščiavidurį urano-235 subkritinės masės cilindrą, kuris dideliu greičiu užsimauna ant „taikinio“ – U-235 cilindro. Tuo metu ir susidaro virškritinė masė, sukelianti atominę grandininę reakciją.
Bomboje buvo 64 kg urano, iš kurių tik mažiau kaip 1 kg dalyvavo branduolių dalijimesi. Energija virto tik 0,6 g masės

„Fat Man“ (liet. 'Dručkis') – JAV pagamintos atominės bombos kodinis pavadinimas. Ši bomba buvo susprogdinta 1945 m. rugpjūčio 9 d., 11:02 virš Nagasakio(Japonija) Mitsubishi gamyklos 550 m aukštyje
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Technologija
Bomba buvo 2,34 m ilgio, 1,52 m skersmens ir svėrė 4630 kg. Kaip ir nurodo pats pavadinimas, bomba buvo daugiau nei dvigubai platesnė negu Mažylis (Little Boy), numestas ant Hirošimos 3 dienomis anksčiau. Kita vertus, „Dručkio“ masė buvo tik 10 % didesnė negu jo „kolegos“. Ši bomba buvo ir kitokios konstrukcijos nei numestoji ant Hirosimos. „Dručkio“ branduolinis užtaisas buvo ne iš urano, o iš plutonio. Tokio tipo bombose įprastinė sprogstamoji medžiaga, sudėta aplink radioaktyvias medžiagas, sprogsta ir suspaudžia pastarąsias iki prasideda grandininė reakcija.

Atominės bombos schema

1.Kūginė uodega;
2.Uodegos stabilizaciniai sparneliai;
3.Oro slėgio detonatorius; arba 5. Aukščiamatis (altimetras);
4.Oro įėjimo vamzdelis;
6.Švino šarvo konteineris;
7.Kovinė galvutė;
8.Pagrindinis sprogstamasis užtaisas;
9.Tarpinė;
10.Radioaktyvi medžiaga - uranas U-235 ( arba plutonis).
11.Neutronų deflektorius - uranas U-238 ( palaiko branduolinę reakciją).
12.Telemetrijos (dydžių matavimas per atstumą) zondas;
13.Urano U-235 talpykla po detonacijos;
14.Saugiklis.

Atominės bombos mechanizmas

Aukščiamatis (altimetras):
Kai bomba pradeda kristi, aukščiamačio siųstuvas siųsdamas tam tikro dažnio impulsus, nustatinėja atstumą nuo bombos iki žemės. Pasiekus tam tikrą aukštį, (Ground Zero) aukščiamačio kontroliuojamas detonatorius trenkia į kovinę galvutę ir sprogstamasis užtaisas sprogsta. Idealiausias atominės bombos detonavimo aukštis yra apie 600 m.

Oro slėgio detonatorius:
Tai sudėtingas mechanizmas reaguojantis į oro slėgį. Kai oro slėgis pasiekia tam tikrą ribą, oro slėgio detonatorius trenkia į kovinę galvutę ir sprogstamasis užtaisas sprogsta.

Kovinė galvutė:
Naudojama pradiniam sprogimui sukelti. Tai paprasčiausia sprogstamoji kapsulė.

Pagrindinis sprogstamasis užtaisas:
Tai paprasčiausias sprogmuo (plastitas, karbamido nitratas), kuriam sprogus, mažesnioji ir didesnioji bomboje esančios urano (plutonio) dalys, susimaišo.

Neutronų reflektorius (kreiptuvas):
Reikalingas tam, kad pastoviai palaikytų “kritinę masę” (deflektorius grąžina neutronus į jų pradinę būseną ir jie vėl apšaudo urano (plutonio) atomus, vyksta grandininė reakcija).

Švino šarvas:
Reikalingas, kad apsaugotų nuo radioaktyvių medžiagų likusias bombos dalis.

Saugiklis:
Saugo bombos detonavimo mechanizmą lėktuvo skrydžio metu. Prieš numetant bombą, saugiklis nuimamas.

Atominės bombos veikimas

Taigi, kas vyksta, kai bomba atsiskiria nuo lėktuvo? Aukščiamatis (arba oro slėgio detonatorius) nustato sprogimo tašką; detonuojamas sprogstamasis užtaisas; bomboje esančios mažesnioji ir didesnioji urano (plutonio) dalys veikiamos didžiulės sprogimo jėgos ir temperatūros susimaišo ir pasiekia taip vadinamą “kritinę masę”.Jos metu nuo urano (plutonio) branduolių atsilaisvinę neutronai, bombarduoja kitus urano (plutonio) branduolius, kurie skyla į mažesnius atomus.Skilimo metu išskiriama milžiniška energija bei nauji neutronai, kurie toliau bombarduoja branduolius.Vyksta grandininė reakcija.

Atominės bombos sprogimo sudėtis

Apie 50 % sprogimo sudaro sprogimo banga (vėjas), apie 35% - temperatūra, ir apie 15% - radiacija.

Sprogimo banga:
Sprogimo bangos (vėjo) greitis epicentre (sprogimo vietoje) siekia net 1576 km/h, 500 m. spinduliu nuo epicentro – 997 km/h, 1500 m. spinduliu nuo epicentro – 310 km/h.

Temperatūra:
Temperatūra epicentre siekia apie 3870 °C.530 m. spinduliu nuo epicentro - lydosi keramika, pilki akmenys nuo karščio pabąla.2000 m. spinduliu nuo epicentro užsidega žmogaus rūbai.

Radiacija:
Sprogimo metu išspinduliuojamos Alfa, Beta, Gama dalelės ir neutronai. Alfa ir Beta dalelės absorbuojasi ore. Gama dalelės ir neutronai pasiekia žemę ir sunaikina arba pažeidžia gyvų organizmų ląsteles.

Neįvertinant sprogimo bangos ir temperatūros, už 100 m. nuo epicentro esantys gyvi organizmai žūsta po 5 val., už 800 m. nuo epicentro esantys gyvi organizmai žūsta per 30 dienų, ir jau per pirmas 100 val. visi būna pažeisti radiacijos.

Išvados

Šaltiniai:

* http://lt.wikipedia.org * http://rtn.elektronika.lt * http://technologijos.lt

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