...What is the IAEA? The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957. Though established independently of the United Nations through its own international treaty, the IAEA Statute,[1] the IAEA reports to both the UN General Assembly and Security Council. The IAEA serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide. The programs of the IAEA encourage the development of the peaceful applications of nuclear technology, provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials, and promote nuclear safety (including radiation protection) and nuclear security standards and their implementation. The IAEA's mission is guided by the interests and needs of Member States, strategic plans and the vision embodied in the IAEA Statute (see below). Three main pillars – or areas of work – underpin the IAEA's mission: Safety and Security; Science and Technology; and Safeguards and Verification The IAEA as an autonomous organization is not under direct control of the UN, but the IAEA does report to both the UN General Assembly and Security Council. Unlike most other specialized international agencies, the IAEA does much of its work with...
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...interfering in Iranian politics. Iran is the only country operating a nuclear power plant that does not belong to the 75-nation Convention on Nuclear Safety, negotiated after the 1986 nuclear disaster in Chernobyl which contaminated wide areas and forced about 160,000 Ukrainians from their homes. One problem is that Iran's nuclear regulatory authority, INRA, is not considered independent by the IAEA because it is contained within the Atomic Energy Organisation of Iran, Iran's nuclear agency, Lyman said. The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program.[1] The participation of the United States and Western European governments in Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution that toppled the Shah of Iran.[2] Iran's nuclear program has included several research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants. [5] In November 2011, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors criticized Iran after an IAEA report concluded that before 2003 Iran likely had undertaken research and experiments geared to developing a nuclear weapons capability.[9] The IAEA report details...
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...Assembly: (a) Welcomed the conclusions on the Middle East of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; (b) Reaffirmed the importance of Israel’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and placement of all its nuclear facilities under comprehensive International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards, in realizing the goal of universal adherence to the Treaty in the Middle East; (c) Called upon that State to accede to the Treaty without further delay, not to develop, produce, test or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons to renounce possession of nuclear weapons, and to place all its unsafeguarded nuclear facilities under full-scope Agency safeguards as an important confidence-building measure among all States of the region and as a step towards enhancing peace and security; (d) Requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on the implementation of the resolution. 2. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 4 of the abovementioned resolution. Apart from the material forwarded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (see annex), the Secretary-General has not received any additional information since the submission of his most recent report on the subject (A/67/139 (Part II)) to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. 13-49879 (E) 041013...
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...Alternative Energy Sources Cathy Shaw SCI 201 Dependence of Man on the Environment Instructor: Mohamad Termos 5 November 2012 Over the course of the last 30 years, mankind has fought to prevent global warming from getting out of hand. The green house gases are preventing pollution from entering the earth’s atmosphere. Currently two of the most recognized methods are hydropower and nuclear power. These two could help solve are global warming. Hydropower energy is a renewable resource and nuclear power has its merits also. If mankind is to survive after the oil runs out, these two could be what is going to be needed. On the following pages, I will offer the pros and cons of these two energy sources using references from items located on the internet as well as our book. Hydroelectric power is commonly referred to more so than hydropower. In order to have this type of power, you need moving water to generate electricity(Turk & Bensel 2011). Many people who know nothing of hydroelectric power are unaware that it has been around for a very long time but only a small percentage is used for electricity. That may soon change. The impact to the environment is minimal when using hydroelectric power. The resources required come straight from our dams, rivers and streams. The cost, however, is rather large and there are safety factors to consider when building dams to harness this type of power. Another problem with dams are that they sometimes crack and as is usually the...
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...Concern continues to grow about the developing Iranian nuclear capability. Through a variety of sources, the CIA believes it has access inside a heretofore unknown Iranian nuclear facility, deep underground and with very limited access, even by Iranian officials. The CIA's asset has the capability to disrupt the Iranian operation, either by means of planting a virus in the facility's computer system or by causing a disruption through the planting of a bomb or similar object. (LENGTH 4 - 5 pages doublespaced PLUS citations) Answer: the nuclear program of Iran was launched in 1950’s in collaboration with the United States of America as part of the Atoms of Peace program. During the Iran-Iraq war in 1980’s, over 100,000 Iranian troops and civilians became the victims of chemical weapons. So Iran is has a first- hand knowledge of the effects of Weapons of Mass destruction. It has signed different treaties such as Nuclear-non Proliferation Treaty to show its concern about the risks of WMD. But now the true intentions of Iran on developing the nuclear capability are unknown. The U.S. intelligence agencies assessed that if Iran pursue to achieve the chemical weapons capability again it would be unlikely that it achieve this capability before 2013 or it might extends till 2015.( US Intelligence,2009). Iran nuclear program includes several research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor and uranium enrichment facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants. The...
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...Nuclear Proliferation Should “Secret State Countries” such as Iran, and North Korea have the right to produce nuclear energy, and nuclear weapons? Iran along with North Korea have been opposing Security Council resolutions by refusing to suspend the enrichment of the country’s uranium. The U.S. has provided a resolution by giving Iran and North Korea energy incentives for closing down nuclear facilities. However, both Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and North Korean President Kim Jong II describe diplomatic efforts to deter their nuclear programs as “useless resolutions”. Diplomacy and implementing regulations continue to be the only probable solution to the “weapons of mass destruction” crisis, however Iran and North Korea continue to stand firm in defiance. Nuclear material can either be resourceful or dangerous. When nuclear materials such as uranium are used to develop weapons, they can become a threat. However, nuclear material can also be used as an efficient source of power and is in fact today’s second largest source of energy after coal. For example, nuclear energy reduced the United States dependence on oil. Reducing the dependence on oil is beneficial because the U.S. does not have to spend millions of dollars that would normally be spent on drilling for oil. A drawback to this material is its potential to help develop powerful and threatening nuclear weapons. These weapons are capable of mass destruction and can destroy nations in a matter of minutes...
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...revolution, which brought to power the hard-line Islamic regime. In the mid-1990s, a new effort began, raising suspicions in Washington and elsewhere. Iran insisted that it was living up to its obligations under the Non-Proliferation Treaty, but in 2002, an exile group obtained documents revealing a clandestine program. Faced with the likelihood of international sanctions, the government of Mohammad Khatami agreed in 2003 to suspend work on uranium enrichment and allow a stepped-up level of inspections by the International Atomic Energy Association while continuing negotiations with Britain, France and Germany. In August 2005, Mr. Khatami, a relative moderate, was succeeded as president by Mr. Ahmadinejad, a hard-line conservative. The following January, Iran announced that it would resume enrichment work, leading the three European nations to break off their long-running talks. Under the Non-Proliferation Treaty, Iran has the right to enrich uranium, but the atomic energy association called for the program to be halted until questions about the earlier, secret program was resolved (II). The United Nations Security Council voted in December 2006 to impose sanctions on Iran for failing to heed calls for a suspension. In Washington, administration hawks, led by Vice President Dick Cheney, were reported to favor consideration of more aggressive measures,...
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...Portugal, DISEC, Abrar Hossain Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring Weapons of Mass Destruction. Various terrorist organizations around the world have used WMD successfully in the past. In 1984 for example, a U.S. organization called the Rajneesh group successfully spread salmonella by placing live bacteria on food in slad bars which saw 751 recorded illnesses. Similarly in 1995 the Japanese cult group Aum Shinrikyo released sarin gas in the Tokyo subway system which amounted to 12 casualties and thousands of injuries, delivering arguably the most serious biological weapon attack in modern Japan. Furthermore, it is also believed that extreme Islamic groups, such as Al-Qaeda, will seek out opportunity to use a WMD. Al Qaeda and known terrorist organizations to have WMDs currently in possession, the explicit intent to utilize such forces of terror no doubt demands the immediate attention of the international community to collectively bring to discussion the various measures to address this issue. The DISEC in this case is a platform for exactly that discussion. Portugal feels that the the importance of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) can never be understated, as the universalization of the NPT and the upholding of all of its provisions are their best chances of achieving lasting peace and dispel the gloomy shadow that nuclear proliferation cast upon their Peoples. This is why Portugal calls on States that have not yet done so to join...
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...Brazil has traditionally been a leader in the inter-American community. It has played an important role in collective security efforts, as well as in economic cooperation in the Western Hemisphere. Brazil supported the Allies in both World Wars. During World War II, its expeditionary force in Italy played a key role in the Allied victory at Monte Castello. It is a member of the Organization of American States (OAS) and a party to the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty). Recently, Brazil has given high priority to expanding relations with its South American neighbors and is a founding member of the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the Union of South American Nations (UNASUL) created in June 2004; and Mercosul, the customs union of Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil, with Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador as associate members; Venezuela's full membership is pending. Brazil is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in its specialized agencies. It has contributed troops to UN peacekeeping efforts in the Middle East, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cyprus, Mozambique, Angola, East Timor, and most recently Haiti. Brazil is currently leading the UN peacekeeping force in Haiti. In 2010-2011, Brazil served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Prior to this, it had been a member of the UN Security Council nine times. Brazil is seeking a permanent position on the Council. ...
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...uclear Power in Pakistan (updated March 2012) Pakistan has a small nuclear power program, with 725 MWe capacity, but plans to increase this substantially. Pakistan's nuclear weapons capabilities of has arisen independently of the civil nuclear fuel cycle, using indigenous uranium. Because Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, due to its weapons program, it is largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which hinders its development of civil nuclear energy. In Pakistan, nuclear power makes a small contribution to total energy production and requirements, supplying only 2.34% of the country's electricity. Total generating capacity is 20 GWe and in 2006, 98 billion kWh gross was produced, 37% of it from gas, 29% from oil. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all nuclear energy and research applications in the country. Its first nuclear power reactor is a small 137 MWe (125 MWe net) Canadian pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) which started up in 1971 and which is under international safeguards - KANUPP near Karachi, which is operated at reduced power. The second unit is Chashma-1 in Punjab, a 325 MWe (300 MWe net) 2-loop pressurised water reactor (PWR) supplied by China's CNNC under safeguards. The main part of the plant was designed by Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute (SNERDI), based on Qinshan-1. It started up in May 2000 and is also known as CHASNUPP-1. Designed life...
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...2013 As we progress through the twenty first century many countries are becoming increasing globalized. Globalization has affected commerce, energy, diplomacy and many other aspects of daily living. With this increase also comes an increase in communications between nations and more awareness of capabilities that countries may have through intelligence collection or information leakage. This paper will illustrate a theory on why The United States wants to stop Iran from becoming a Nuclear power and also what means are available to make this goal achievable. There are several theories that demonstrate reasoning why there is so much attention being drawn into the middle east and specifically Iran becoming a nuclear power when a few decades ago the United States was providing uranium and technology for the development of Iran’s energy infrastructure. This donation of nuclear material was all made possible by the Atoms for Peace program during President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s administration. (Atoms for Peace, 2013) Atoms For Peace The atoms for peace program highlighted the need for the fear of nuclear proliferation to be removed and instead helped along in achieving the capacity and scientific knowledge to produce or enhance nuclear capabilities in a positive and peaceful manner, which can be applicable towards medicinal or energy resolutions. This program, which many believed was a double -edged sword, including other countries like France and Germany, which had contracts...
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...satirical political programs via the Internet after the revolution of January 25. Bassem began his presentation on YouTube on March 8, 2011, with more than 108 episodes of the program. The episode view count has surpassed 15 million views on YouTube After the success of The B+ Show, Egyptian channel ONTV, owned by Egyptian billionaire Naguib Sawiris, offered Youssef a deal for El Bernameg (literally, "The Show").[5] The show premiered during Ramadan 2011 with Egyptian-American engineer Muhammad Radwan as its first guest.[6][7] Youssef has parodied Egyptian celebrities like talk show host Tawfik Okasha, composer Amr Mostafa, Salafist presidential candidate Hazem Salah Abu Ismail, and Mohamed ElBaradei, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency and onetime presidential candidate, in his show. Bassem Youssef was also hosted by Jon Stewart on his show on the 21st of June, 2012. The show "El Bernameg" was renewed for a second season after a contract with a second channel, CBC (Capital Broadcast Center) , which premiered on November 23rd, 2012. Just three episodes into the show, several lawsuits have been filed against Bassem Youssef and his show, mainly for "insult and defamation". On the season's premiere, Bassem made the owner and coworkers of his...
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...members of the UN Security Council collectively referred to as P5+1 (United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China and Germany), reached a final agreement on July 14, 2015 in Vienna after many rounds of negotiations. The deal is meant to curb Iran's nuclear program, which has been a prolonged international safety concern, in return for incremental relief from the UN sanctions that have economically isolated Iran for years. The JCPOA requires that Iran cut its stock of enriched uranium by 98%, enrich uranium up to only 3.67%, and eliminate 2/3 of its current centrifuges. Iran cannot build new uranium-enrichment facilities, and nuclear activities will be restricted to one facility. Additionally, Iran has given the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) extensive access to its nuclear facilities for inspections. The physical requirements will last 15 years, while monitoring parameters will be in effect for 25 years. As Iran is confirmed to be in compliance with the deal, sanctions will be lifted and Iran will receive $100 billion of its frozen assets. Hassan Rouhani, the current Iranian president, and his administration hope the agreement will revitalize the country's economy. In exchange, the other parties predict that it will significantly limit Iran's potential to create a nuclear weapon. Interestingly, Iran's nuclear capacity began in 1967 when the US helped build and supply the Tehran Research Reactor (TRR). Today the TRR remains one of Iran's primary nuclear facilities...
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...Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Model College Admission / Registration Form Please Note: All the columns of this Form should be filled in with capital letters. Incomplete Form shall not be entertained. Write ’Nil’ where not applicable. Addmission Required For Class: Session: Example 2014-15 Paste 1" x 1.25" Photograph here Do not use Stapler or Pin Groups offered from Class IX onwards: Pre.Engineering / Pre Medical / Gr. Science / Arts 1st Priority: 2nd Priority: 3rd Priority: Student’s Information Name: Student’s CNIC No: As of NADRA B-Form Hafiz-e-Quran: Male / Female Yes / No Is Candidate Special: Yes / No ( Special means if candidate is with any disability, Medical Certificate required.) Date of Birth: As of NADRA B-Form: (Example: 22-Feb-2001) Gender: Religion: Blood Group: Domicile Dstrict : Any Medical Problem: Mark of Identification: E-mail: Postal Address: Permanent Address: Mobile No : Phone No : Academic Information Exam Passed Year Subjects Institution Board/University Percentage Obtained Father’s Information PIN No : Mandatory for PAEC Employees As alloted by PAEC HQ Name: CNIC No: As of NADRA - - Designation: Profession : Department/Centre: Mother’s Information (Mandatory for PAEC Employee) PIN No : As alloted by PAEC HQ Name: CNIC No: As of NADRA - - Designation: Department/Centre: Profession : Page 1 of 2 Guardian's Information PIN No : If alloted by PAEC...
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...What is negotiation Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a process by which compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument. In any disagreement, individuals understandably aim to achieve the best possible outcome for their position (or perhaps an organisation they represent). However, the principles of fairness, seeking mutual benefit and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful outcome. Preparing for a Successful Win-Win Negotiation Depending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation. For small disagreements, excessive preparation can be counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person's. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Before you start negotiating you some points must be determined: • Goals: what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other person wants? • Trades: What do you and the other person have that you can trade? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away? • Alternatives: if you don't reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or bad? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement...
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