...PSYA1 - Developmental Psychology (Attachment) Exam Questions 1. Outline individual differences in attachment. Attachment has been shown to be different to each human being. It is possible to generalise characteristics but no one has the exact same qualities. Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found out that some babies enjoyed cuddling while others preferred not to be touched. They also found that some children were only securely attached to one person whereas others had multiple attachments. There are two forms of attachment; Secure and Insecure. What determines the type of attachment is how the infant is brought up by their parents/caregivers. Secure attachments are formed when there is a positive bond between the child and caregiver, such as comfort and feeding. Insecure attachments are formed when there is a negative bond between the child and caregiver. They occur when there is neglect, lack of comfort or malnutrition. 2. Outline two behaviours that are characteristics of a securely attached child. When a child is securely attached, they will show certain characteristics and behaviour. In the company of a caregiver, a child is happy and content. They will feel safe in their presence. However, if they are separated then the infant will be distressed. Upon reunification with the caregiver, they will return to their former behaviour of happiness. The infant will also prefer their parents to strangers. 3. Identify two cultural variations in attachment. Individualist cultures...
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...DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY: WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO CRITICALLY LOOK AT DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES? . The term development is very broad and multi-dimensional that it is a topic dealt with in almost every discipline. Psychology is also a multi-dimensional discipline, and when encompassing development it constructs a field of study known as developmental psychology. The main focus of this area is on human growth throughout the lifespan. Originally, developmental psychology was concerned with infants and children, but the field has since expanded to include adolescence, adult development and aging. This is due to the fact that although childhood is obviously a time of tremendous change, people also continue to grow and develop during the early adult, middle age, and senior years. Inclusive in this field are related topics such as child development, intellectual development, cognitive development, and the aging process. In simpler terms then, developmental psychology is defined as the scientific study of age-related changes that occur in human beings cross different domains over the course of life. The direct focus of developmental psychology on human growth involves thorough observation and examination in order to be able to categorise and label a being. This marking of belonging to a certain group is another transformation underwent...
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...As a developmental psychologist specialized in the domain of pregnancy and delivery, I conducted a research on the development of a specific child and their mother to objectively reflect on theories and research highlighting positive and negative forces on development. Charlee Lynn, the child of Jessica Lynn, since birth, came out a healthy newborn and, even now, at the age of two and a half months, seems to continue to show signs of a physically, emotionally, socially and mentally healthy infant. With the help of the data I collected throughout an interview with Jessica Lynn, a significant developmental psychology book and two notable research articles, I was able to successfully write a report that links the data gathered to specific scientific...
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...Human Development Nature and nurture both play a role in developmental outcomes – How much of who we are as humans is hardwired in our genes, and how much is the result of experience? – What is human nature when it is stripped of society and culture? Genie’s extreme case provided the opportunity to witness and record the potential consequences of extreme social isolation. What Shapes our Behavior? • Describe how the prenatal environment can affect development. • Explain how dynamic systems theory illuminates the ways biology and environment work together to shape development. • Describe key processes in infant brain development and how these processes affect learning. • Describe the types of attachment infants have to their caregivers. • Explain how attachment and emotion regulation are related. 9.1 What Shapes Us During Childhood? Biological and social forces combine to shape the path of human development. – developmental psychology: the study of changes, over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span: 9.1 What Shapes Us During Childhood? Biological and social forces combine to shape the path of human development. – developmental psychology: the study of changes, over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span: 9.1 What Shapes...
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...Impact and Relationship of Substance Abuse and Child Maltreatment: Risk and Resiliency Factors What Research Tells Us Martha Morrison Dore, Ph.D. Columbia University School of Social Work 622 West 113th Street New York, New York 10027 212/854-5461 Paper prepared for presentation at the conference entitled “Protecting Children in Substance Abusing Families,” September 28, 1998, sponsored by the Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, University of Minnesota School of Social Work, Minneapolis, MN. Researchers are just beginning to demonstrate empirically what child protective services workers have been observing for nearly two decades now: many, if not most, families who come to the attention of the child welfare system are involved with drugs or alcohol or both. Founded cases of child abuse and neglect have risen exponentially since the mid-1980s, when the crack form of cocaine, a cheap, easily used form of the drug, became widely available. Studies conducted since that time have identified substance abuse as a contributing factor in 40% to 80% of substantiated cases of child maltreatment (Curtis & McCullough, 1993; Magura & Laudet, 1996; Murphy, Jellinek, Quinn, Smith, Poitrast, & Goshko, 1991). Further, studies of substance abusing parents have found child-rearing beliefs and attitudes that heighten risk for child abuse (Williams-Peterson et al., 1994), as well as elevated rates of first-time reports to child protective services (Jaudes & Ekwo, 1995), re-reports...
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...Names Candidate Signature Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use Examiner’s Initials Question Mark General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination January 2009 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Psychology (Specification A) Unit 1 PSYA1 Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology and Research Methods 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm Thursday 8 January 2009 You will need no other materials. Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written in margins or on blank pages will not be marked. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. If you need extra paper, use the Supplementary Answer Sheets. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 10 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 10, you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. TOTAL (JAN09PSYA101) G/K40960 6/6/6 PSYA1 2 SECTION A: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS Answer all questions. Areas outside the box will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 12 marks 1 The following are all concepts relating to memory: A B C D 1 Duration Capacity Encoding...
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...Introduction “How have I become the kind of person I am today?” Every adult ponders this question from time to time. The answers that readily come to mind include the influences of parents, peers, temperament, a moral compass, a strong sense of self, and sometimes critical life experiences such as parental divorce. Social and personality development encompasses these and many other influences on the growth of the person. In addition, it addresses questions that are at the heart of understanding how we develop as unique people. How much are we products of nature or nurture? How enduring are the influences of early experiences? The study of social and personality development offers perspective on these and other issues, often by showing how complex and multifaceted are the influences on developing children, and thus the intricate processes that have made you the person you are today (Thompson, 2006a). Understanding social and personality development requires looking at children from three perspectives that interact to shape development. The first is the social context in which each child lives, especially the relationships that provide security, guidance, and knowledge. The second is biological maturation that supports developing social and emotional competencies and underlies temperamental individuality. The third is children’s developing representations of themselves and the social world. Social and personality development is best understood as the continuous interaction between...
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...NY. As I approached the mat I noticed that Ms. Janice was feeding Matt and Ms. Carol was changing Josh's diaper. There were two infants, Travis and Alisha, laying on the mat while another, Corey, was sleeping in his crib. I began playing with Alisha. Alisha and I played together the entire time that I volunteered. We played with almost all of the toys on the shelf. We mostly played with this ball that rattled whenever you shook it. I would toss the ball around and Alisha would try to grab it. I was surprised at how well she could keep up with the ball. She knew exactly where to reach each time I hid it from her. I concluded that Alisha was good at finding the ball because the rattling noise helped with sound localization. In Developmental Psychology I learned that infants auditory perception is adequate even from birth. More specifically, by the age of one their sound localization abilities reach adult level. Hence, Alisha was able to find the ball because as an eight month old her sound localization capabilities are good and these abilities permitted her to find the ball based on pinpointing the direction of the rattling sound. As I previously stated, Alisha and I played the whole time. The only time that we stopped playing was when I had to use the rest room. My trip to the bathroom was interesting because I came across an adorable painting. The painting was of an African American father and his newborn son. I was intrigued by this painting because in today's society...
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...Introduction Positive parent-child relationships provide the foundation for children’s learning. With parents’ sensitive, responsive, and predictable care, young children develop the skills they need to succeed in life. Early parent-child relationships have powerful effects on children’s emotional well-being (Dawson & Ashman, 2000), their basic coping and problem-solving abilities, and future capacity for relationships (Lerner & Castellino, 2002). Through these interactions, children learn skills they need to engage with others and to succeed in different environments (Rogoff, 2003). They learn how to manage their emotions and behaviors and establish healthy relationships with adults and peers. They also learn how to adjust to new situations and to resolve conflicts .When parents have warm, trusting, and reliable relationships with peers, family, community members, and service providers, they are more likely to have positive relationships with their children. To work toward the Parent, Family, Community and Environment: Positive Parent-Child Relationships Outcome, providers and programs can: provide emotional and concrete support to parents,1.respect diverse parenting styles, 2.value cultural differences and home languages, 3.reinforce the importance of fathers and other co-parents, 4.help parents connect with other parents and community members and resources, and model warm, responsive relationships by engaging in these relationships with parents and other family members ...
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...by Ego (bridge between ID and Reality) * Ego Psychology * Enhancing ego functions according to demands of reality * Object relations (Winnicott) * Human beings are shaped in relation to significant others * Struggle is to maintain relations with others while differentiating ourselves from them * Self Psychology (Heinz Kohut) * Self refers to perception of experiences * Brief therapy focuses on issue and therapist is active in keeping the discussion controlled Lec 3: Object Relations Theory: * Object: a person * Relations: interpersonal relationships (including past) * Object Relations: inner images of self and other * Holding Environment “Psychic space between mother and infant (between psychological and physical)” * Theory : “failure of mother to provide a holding environment results in false disorder” * Transitional Object “object chosen by the infant or a living object” * Object cannot be imposed by another person * Functions of transitional objects: * Prevention of catastrophic anxiety due to separation * Assist in maintaining a memory of the object until capacity for memory exist * Help accept reality * Child’s use of transitional object depends on establishment of a good holding environment * When that holding environment fails, the child’s capacity to use the object fails Lec 4: Self Psychology * 3 needs must be fulfilled to develop the self...
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...How do the Theories of Emotion, Motivation and Development explain the events and public response to the James Bulger case of 1993? Theories allow people to see the world in a clear manner and allow them to perform actions based on what is rational. There are many theories that have evolved over the past century in Western cultures that attempt to explain how personalities develop, why people behave in certain ways, the type of environmental conditions that motivate them into acting in specific ways, and how these factors are interrelated. Some of the theories base their explanations on the social and emotional circumstances in the early years of an individual. This Essay aims to analyse the theories of emotion, motivation, and development and apply them to the events and public response to the James Bulger case of 1993. “ ‘I can never forgive Thompson and Venables for the horrendous, calculated, cold blooded murder of James.’ Said Denise Fergus the mother of the boy.” (Day. 2008). In an act that shocked the world, two ten year old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson kidnapped and murdered James Bulger aged just two. The murder of James Patrick Bulger took place in Kirkby, Merseyside, England, on the 12 of February 1993. Bulger was a victim of abduction, torture and murder by two 10-year-old boys, named Robert Thompson (born 23rd August 1982) and the other one named Jon Venables (born 13th August 1982). It started with Bulger's disappearance on the 12 of February 1993...
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...Child Development: Early Childhood Shaniela Jarrett DEP2004 Child Development: Early Childhood From the immediate beginning of every human beings life they develop in one way or another. The beginning of a human beings development and all its aspects starts with infancy and progresses for the duration of one’s life span. Toddlers and young children are thought to be influenced by their everyday surroundings. An adolescent’s cognitive and social aspects of development are formed and shaped from an early age, along with their perception, language, motor skills, and speech. A young adolescent’s lifecycle is heavy influenced by the involvement of their parents and family members, this is crucial to a young child’s life. Once an adolescent becomes of age to attend school, they will also start to adjust to the atmosphere of the school they are attending as well as the instructive setting in the school; this will also play a role in an adolescent’s cognitive development and social skills. The body’s growth in the first couple years of early childhood stage with attenuate into a slower growth pattern. A child adds approximately 2 to 3 inches in stature and around 5 pounds in weight each year, girls will be slightly smaller than boys. From Infancy to Early childhood, one with experience skeletal growth, between the ages of 2 and 6 will grow approximately 45 new pineal, where cartilage will strengthen forming various parts of the skeletons. Children start losing their primary tooth...
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...Chapter Overview 12.1 The Beginnings of Development What Is Development? Prenatal Development The Newborn CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.1 Before and Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Challenges to Piaget’s Stage Theory Social Development The Power of Touch Attachment Theory Disruption of Attachment Family Relationships Peers After Birth 12.2 Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stage Theory Sensorimotor Stage CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.2 Stages of Cognitive Development 12 Learning Objectives Development Throughout the Life Span 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Describe the development of the field and explain the prenatal and newborn stages of human development. Discuss physical development in infants and newborns. Examine Piaget’s stage theory in relation to early cognitive development. Illustrate the importance of attachment in psychosocial development. Discuss the impact of sexual development in adolescence and changes in moral reasoning in adolescents and young adults. Examine the life stages within Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Illustrate the physical, cognitive, and social aspects of aging. Describe the multiple influences of nature and nurture in human development. 12.3 Adolescence and Young Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Cognitive Development Social Development Continuity or Change Relationships Ages and...
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...Unit 1 Seminar Option 2 Assignment Jeremy Pauken, Intro to Psychology Kaplan University I watched the seminar and I found it to be very helpful. This is my third class at Kaplan and I have found that time management and close attention to detail are the most helpful things that you can do to be successful in your classes. A lot of the information on the seminar I already was familiar with, but it also had some very helpful clues on how to achieve a high grade in the class and gain the most information and how to benefit most from the information that we are taught and receive. I think that the syllabus was very forward and to the point. I had no issue with how the grading scale was going to be for the duration of the class as well as the platform that the class was going to be presented as and all the dates of the seminars. I also like how it was broken down and shown how all of the discussions and assignments and quizzes would be applied towards our grade. I can honestly say that after reviewing the syllabus I am fully aware of how the class will be ran and I am confident with that information that I have all the tools I need to do well in this class. Some of the theories that have molded the field of psychology and dominated the field are Behaviorism, Cognitive Dissonance, and the Attachment Theory. Behaviorism is based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained and changed. ( John B. Watson 1930.) Cognitive Dissonance is used to describe the feelings of discomfort...
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...Psychology 1010 Exam #3 Study Guide Professor Tomaszycki Language ✓ What are the components of language? What is language? What does it mean to say that language is generative? ✓ How do nature and nurture play a role in language? Know what the associated theories are: nativism, social pragmatics, and general cognitive processing. ✓ What are the two brain areas responsible for language? What happens with damage? ✓ What are the general trends in language development? ✓ What are some ways to test language comprehension early on? ✓ What are overextension and underextension? ✓ Know the evidence for language-like capacities in nonhuman animals Development ✓ What is the evidence that nature and nurture contribute to development? When does nurture begin? ✓ What are some problems associated with studying development? ✓ Know the basic stages of prenatal development. What is the developmental trend in brain size? When is your brain the largest? When do most changes in the brain occur? ✓ What are the four major steps in prenatal brain development? Which occur(s) after birth? ✓ What are teratogens? What is one example? ✓ Know who Piaget was, what he studied, and how his four stages of development contribute to our knowledge of development. Know the major developmental milestones (and deficits) for each of Piaget’s 4 developmental stages. ✓ What are some problems associated with Piaget’s conclusions or studies? ...
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