...as one of the Five Good Emperors in Ancient Rome. The other four emperors were known as Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. These dictators were all partially responsible for the Pax Romana, or the Roman peace that was present between the different nationalities within the Roman Empire. Antoninus Pius had quite a significant role during the time in which he was emperor. Some factors include his characterization, early life, and ruling period. Pius had left a mark on the Roman Empire that would change Roman history forever. Antoninus Pius became emperor when the previous emperor, Hadrian, died on July 10, 138 AD. Antoninus Pius was said to be the adopted son of Hadrian and jumped to the throne when his foster father perished. In addition, the emperor's last name, Pius, signifies the word dutiful. He was a popular, respected man whom...
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...One of the earliest forms of art on record are sculptures. From the beginning of time people have been creating statues that give researchers insight to the past. Modern statues also represent our culture and will become a symbol of our culture in years to come. Humans have depicted many figures and other objects in sculpture, however it is evident that a majority of both ancient and modern sculpture depicts the human form. As we look at sculptures through time we notice the change in time periods. The method in which they used to sculpt changes along with the medium they use and the content they sculpted. These things become obvious after observing two statues in two vastly different time periods. When looking into ancient sculpture there are many...
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...Philosopher King and Religious Icon: The Legacy of Emperor Julian in the Eyes of Ammianus Marcellinus To Ammianus Marcellinus, Emperor Julian was many things: a military leader, an honorable leader, a traditionalist, and a well-educated hellenophile. But most importantly, he considered Julian an inspiration. It was his ability to inspire that Ammianus believed would be his greatest legacy. It was of his opinion that after his death, Julian should serve as an example to the future leaders of Rome, as he exemplified several of the traits that Ammianus valued in a leader: self-discipline, a deep admiration for traditional ideals, a dedication to his studies, and morals in line with many admirable leaders from Rome and Greece’s history. From the...
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...The Roman Empire had affirmed itself as maybe the best civilisation in the world by the second century A.D.. Rome was the unrivalled driving power in the ancient world as far as her social, political, monetary and military force were concerned where the happiest and most prosperous period was during the reign of Marcus Aurelius from 161-180 A.D.. The Roman Empire extended from the Iberian Peninsula to the Middle-East and from North Africa, covering extensive regions of the European continent. At the point when these terrific accomplishments are seen, little doubt remains just as a civilisation this impressive could never collapse. However, by the third century, the Roman Empire was confronting a time of emergency. This was vastly because of...
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...When people think of the Roman Colosseum, they often think about the huge stone stadium structure and gladiator fights. While this is true, the Colosseum was much more than this. The Colosseum is not only an ancient structure, but also a symbol representing the power of the Roman Empire. This structure, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, entered construction in 72 CE in the reign of Vespasian. This building, which was built on a site that was once the lake and gardens of Emperor Nero’s Golden House, was part of a larger construction project by Emperor Vespasian in order to return Rome to its glory that it was before the recent civil war. The Colosseum was completed and first opened for business in the year 80 CE under the reign of Vespasian’s...
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...“All roads lead to Rome.” This proverb, intended to speak upon a universal destination today, holds just as much validity in its literal sense and historical origin. The Roman Empire was the center of all civilization during the height of its reign. Conquering the regions around them as early as 300 BC, the Roman Empire spread from modern day Germany in the east to modern day Spain west of them. Spain, known then as the Iberian Peninsula or Hispania, was vulnerable to the relentless armies of the empire because its geography hindered it from protecting itself on its three exposed coasts. Despite this fact, it would take the empire almost two centuries to conquer the entirety of the Iberian Peninsula. Once it was conquered, however, the culture of Hispania would be greatly affected by the influence of the Romans for the next 600 years. Much of the customs, religious practices, and laws still practiced in Spain are a result of this influence. Famous for their ability to establish an efficient infrastructure, the Romans created roads and bridges during and after the conquering of Hispania. This infrastructure was essential in uniting the peninsula that had since been divided by geographical obstacles. It was also crucial in that it allowed trade to flourish both within Hispania and between other geographic areas within the entire empire. This not only allowed the peninsula to become an economic force, but also furthered the mixing of all the cultures that existed under the vast...
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... starring Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Connie Nielsen, Ralf Möller, Oliver Reed, Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi, Jorhn Shrapnel and Richard Harris. Released in the United States on May 5, 2000, Gladiator was a box office success, receiving positive reviews, and was credited with briefly reviving the historical epic. Channel 4 (UK TV) poll named it as the sixth greatest film of all time. The film was nominated for and won multiple awards, particularly five Academy Awards in the 73rd Academy Awards including Best Picture, Best Actor (Russell Crowe), Best Visual Effects, Best Costume Design, Best Sound (Bob Beemer, Scott Millan and Ken Weston) Maximus is a powerful Roman general, loved by the people and the aging Emperor, Marcus Aurelius. Before his death, the Emperor chooses Maximus to be his heir over his own son, Commodus, and a power struggle leaves Maximus family condemned to death. The powerful general is unable to save his family, and his loss of will allows him to get captured and put into the Gladiator games until he dies. The only desire that fuels him now is the chance to rise to the top so that he will be able to look into the eyes of the man who will feel his revenge. Gladiator is the kind of movie upon which Hollywood once built its reputation but rarely produces anymore: the...
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...7 wonders of ancient Rome Baths of Caracalla: Baths of Caracella were built under the reign of Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus) he was a terrifying ruler and was accused of murdering his own brother. Caracella built the baths to gain more respect from his people. People said the baths were used to wash away guilt. The baths were 90002 meters overall. The building began in 212AD and was finished 4 years after as Caracella wanted to get the building done very quickly. The baths held 9 million liters of water in all the baths. There were men who worked under ground to pump hot water to all the baths. The baths could hold up to 2000 people. His own bodyguard eventually murdered Caracalla. Although Caracalla was a horrible ruler, he made the romans very happy, giving them a place to socialize and make very important business meetings. Circus Maximus: The Circus Maximus was double the size of a football pitch today. It is half a km long it could hold 350,000 people at a time it was the largest arena ever. It was 14,000 meters around. The arena was 30 meters high. It entertained 1/3 of Rome. It was used for chariot racing and there were 50 deaths a year from the chariot racing. The arena lasted for 500 years, the longest lasting arena of that time. Forum: Trajan's Forum was like the times square of Rome. A man called Apollodoris was the architect. It was 200 meters long, to many people it was like entering a new world. It developed the first ever shopping...
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...iungit. Labor: Regnans Roma Urbs: Roma Urbs Domestica: Roma Discedo pro Sabinis provincias. Redeam post paulo. Amo Annotamentum Amores Imagines De Publius Vergilius Maro October XII MMDCCLXV Facebook iungit. Ego sum laetissimus quod fundam habeo iterum! Amo Annotamentum Ego mirabile Amo Annotamentum Publius Vergilius Maro apud Maeceneas fuit. Amo Annotamentum Amo Annotamentum Amici et Familiae Augustus Maeceneas Horace Livia Publius Vergilius Maro Labor: Scribens Aeneid Urbs: Roma Urbs Domestica: Mantua De In this section put where your emperor lived, birthday, languages spoken, religious views, favorite quotations, and relationship status. Imagines Here place four photos that are related to your emperor. Only two of the...
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...introduced in Florence in the late thirteenth century. But the predecessors on ancient civilization had also accountancy practices due to the trading. There accounting practices were not based on double entry accounting system. But they had their own numerical systems to count their products. The economic system at that period was not so intricate and complex. Hence, their recording system was also simple, the testimony of which is seen in archaeology. Of the ancient civilizations the Roman civilizations was a prominent one in respect of political, social and economic approach. It was one of the ancient civilizations which were based on commercial trading. The language and the legions were supported by trade while being at the same time part of its backbone. Romans were businessmen and the longevity of their empire was due to their commercial trade.1 Overview of the ancient civilizations: There were many civilizations in the ancient world. The most dominant ones were: a. b. c. a. The Babylonian Civilization. The Egyptian Civilization. The Greek Civilization. The Roman Civilization. Name of the Civilization The Babylonian Civilization The Egyptian Civilization The Greek Civilization The Roman Civilization Time period 3000 BC - 2000BC 3000 BC - 1000BC 1000 BC – 100 AD 100 AD – 500AD The Roman Civilization: The Roman civilization was first introduced in 753 BC. Romulus was the first king of Rome which is named after him. This...
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...Review for Midterm #1—Classical & Medieval Cultures The in-class portion of the exam will consist of 30 objective questions (multiple-choice and matching) and 2 short answer questions (no more than three sentences per answer). The in-class portion of the exam will be worth 100 points. The out-of-class essay will be worth an additional 100 points. See below for the out-of-class essay questions. Ancient Near Eastern & Greek Culture Terms: Trojan War, anthropomorphism, polytheism, monotheism, Archaic Age, Classical Age, Hellenistic Age Art & Artworks: Sculpture: relief sculpture, free-standing sculpture, idealism, naturalism; characteristics of Archaic sculpture, kouros, kore; characteristics of Classical sculpture, Myron, Discus Thrower, Polycleitus, Spear-Bearer, Canon, unknown sculptors, Zeus, Three Goddesses,, Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos; characteristics of Hellenistic sculpture, Laocoon and his Sons, Old Shepherdess ; Architecture, frieze, pediment, entablature, capital, metope, triglyph,; Characteristics of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian styles, Parthenon, Temple of Athena Nike, Erectheion (with Porch of the Maidens), Propylaia Literature & Drama: epic poetry, Epic of Gilgamesh, Homer, Iliad, Odyssey; Hesiod, Theogony; Theater of Dionysus, tragedy, comedy, Oresteia of Aeschylus, Antigone & Oedipus the King by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides, Lysistrata by Aristophanes, characteristics of tragedy, hubris, hamartia, catharsis Thought: Pre-Socratic...
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...Chapter Fifteen The Roman Empire at its Zenith (to 235 CE) In retrospect we can see that a decline of the Roman empire began in the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-180), when the Germanic barbarians along the Rhine and especially the Danube discovered that the Romans were not well equipped to fight wars on two fronts. When the emperor, that is, was preoccupied with a war against the Parthians in Mesopotamia, the Roman frontier along and beyond the Danube was poorly defended, and the barbarians could make raids deep into the Roman provinces. Despite the danger of wars on two fronts, the Roman empire was able to manage well enough from the 160s until 235, when the decline became precipitous, and brought with it radical economic, cultural and religious changes. This chapter, therefore, will look at the empire in its relatively golden period, from the first century until the death of Alexander Severus, the last of the Severi, in 235. The classes This was a stratified, hierarchical society in all ways. In civic status the top of the pyramid was the emperor, followed by Roman provincial governors, senators and other officials, then by the local gentry, and next by the rank and file of Roman citizens. Of all the free men in the empire, only about a third ranked as Roman citizens. Right behind the Romans were the Hellenes (in the Greek-speaking eastern provinces the Hellenes were enrolled as such in the municipal census), then came Judaeans, and finally the other barbarians. So in...
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...Comparison 1 The image on the left is of ‘The Parthenon, Acropolis’, a Pantelic marble structure, dating between 447 and 432 BCE, Ancient Greece. The original building on the site was built as an offering in honor of the Greek goddess Athena built in 490 BCE but destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480BCE. However in 447 BCE, Perikles commissioned a much grander and larger temple to be built over the existing foundation. The image to the right is of the ‘Hagia Sophia’, dated between 532-537, Byzantine Period. In a similar way to the Parthenon the Hagia Sophia was built over an existing fourth-century church that had been destroyed during the Nika Revolt in 532. An apparent similarity between both the places of prayer is that they were both aesthetically magnificent and groundbreaking works of art at the time, and are respectively one of the greatest examples of Greek and Byzantine architecture at it’s best. The building of the Parthenon required extraordinary skills of all forms -mathematical, mechanical, architectural, sculptural, and the culmination of this skill resulted in a beautifully harmonious monument. The Hagia Sophia was also planned and developed by the best scholar-theoreticians of the time who managed to...
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...Caesar Marcus Aurelius played by Richard Harris. After defeating the German Barbarians, general Maximus only dreamed of returning home to his wife and son to live a simply life tending to his crops, and leave behind his life as a respected general. After defeating the German barbarians, and with his health failing Caesar decides to appoint Maximus as the protector of Rome and wishes to pass all of his powers as Caesar to Maximus, on the condition that Maximus restores Rome to its former glory, then returning all power to the senate. Commodus, who is played by Joaquin Phoenix who is also a method actor, is a spoiled self indulged aristocrat that believed Caesar would name him as his successor. Commodus kills Caesar and takes the title of Caesar and orders his soldiers to kill Maximus and his family. Maximus escapes, wounded, only to return home to find that Commodus’ soldiers beat him there and slain his wife and son. He awakes to find himself captured to be sold as a slave to Proximo, played by the late Oliver Reed. Promimo is a Gladiator manager, and trains his slaves to fight as gladiators in arena settings, so that he can profit from their blood. Upon returning to Rome, Commodus decides instead of building a sewer drainage system that would help remedy the plague epidemic that is starting to grip Rome that he would bring back gladiator battles back to the Colosseum, a practice that his father had previously banned. Proximo takes his group of gladiators to Rome to participate...
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...His name may not be as common as Socrates or Plato, but Boethius’s work in philosophy and logic deserves a place in bookshelves right along these titans of thought and contemplation. Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (born: circa 475–7 C.E., died: 526? C.E.) has long been recognized as one of the most important intermediaries between ancient philosophy and the Latin Middle Ages. The senator, philosopher, and prisoner spent his life in Rome. He belonged to the ancient Roman family of the Anicii, which had been Christian for about a century and of which Emperor Olybrius had been a member. Boethius’s father had been consul in 487 but died soon afterward, and Boethius was raised by Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus, whose daughter Rusticiana he married. He became consul in 510 under the Ostrogothic king Theodoric. Although little of Boethius’s education is known, he was evidently well trained in Greek. His everlasting work, The Consolation of Philosophy, was written while he was awaiting an execution for treason he may not have even committed. Many people consider The Consolation of Philosophy one of the most time proven works of philosophy ever. This work helped to reshape numerous popular ideas in Europe at the time, and many of its principles still hold true even today. It is thought many believe that it is a commentary on Christianity even though it never mentions Christianity in itself; however it does lend itself towards Christian beliefs and Boethius was also known for...
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