...What is an author? According to Webster’s dictionary, an author is broadly described as "the person who originated or gave existence to anything" and whose authorship determines responsibility for what was created. Narrowly defined, an author is the originator of any written work and can also be described as a writer. Michael Foucault’s intense and powerful essay, “What is an author?, claims that the author is not a person at all, but a “function” or “figure” which occurred in construction with literature , only after the Renaissance. Since it is a historical construct, Foucault argues, the author can also be deconstructed. His essay calls for putting an end to this figure altogether and for establishing a new and different way of dealing with literary texts. At least some of the shocking questionability of this view is only superficial. Foucault does not argue that one day we discovered that literature is composed by individuals. Rather, he claims that only at a specific time did literary writers come to be treated as authors. The difference is essential. All texts have writers, but only some have authors. To treat writers as authors, therefore, is to take a particular attitude toward their texts: it is to ask of them a certain type of question and to expect a certain type of answer. This attitude, Foucault claims, consists in trying to establish what the author of a text meant by it. We study literary texts in order to determine this constant and philosophical intention...
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...John Rylands University Library 1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….. 3 CITING REFERENCES WITHIN THE TEXT…………………………… 3 Single author…………………………………………………………………………... 3 - 4 Two authors………………………………………………………………………………... 4 Multiple authors…………………………………………………………………………… 4 Authors of different titles………………………………………………………………... 5 Several works by single author (different years)…………………………………… 5 Several works by single author (different years)…………………………………… 5 Author of a chapter within an edited text…………………………………………….. 6 Corporate authors………………………………………………………………………… 6 No author…………………………………………………………………………………… 6 No date………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 - 7 Citing secondary sources……………………………………………………………….. 7 How to quote portions of a published text…………………………………………… 7 3. CREATING THE LIST OF REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY………….. 8 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….. 8 Books (single author)……………………………………………………………………. 8 Books (2,3 or 4 authors)…………………………………………………………………. 9 Books (more than 4 authors)…………………………………………………………… 9 Books which are edited………………………………………………………………… 10 Chapter(s) from an edited book………………………………………………………. 10 Multiple works by single author within the same year…………………………… 11 Electronic Books………………………………………………………………………… 11 Journal articles (print & electronic)… ………………………….............................. 12 Newspaper articles...
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...Terms and Empire. 1. What technology does the author emphasize? Why does he place such importance on it? 2. Do you agree with his analysis of it’s importance? Explain your answer. 3. What statistics does the author use to emphasize his point? Do you believe these statistics still hold true today? Or have they either increased or decreased? Give evidence to support your answer. 4. What does the title of the essay suggest? Give your interpretation of the terms empire and republic in the context in which they are used. 5. Who are the authors discovered by Bellow when he was young? What characteristics do these authors share? If you have read any of these authors, what do you think of them? Would you recommend them to your friends? 6. In paragraph 9, what does the author say about the movies? Do you agree or disagree with him? Explain your answer. 1- The author emphasizes the modern form of technology and the struggles of holding reading is having with so much easier ways to get your entertainment. The author places emphasis on it for two reasons. First, it is so much easier with today’s technology to watch a movie which explains everything to you and provides a picture for you to see without using your imagination. It is also a social form of entertainment compared to reading which is done mostly isolated. The second reason is to show that no matter how much technology advances there will always be a desire in a minority of the population that...
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...Are Writers Born or Made? The novel On writing A memoir of the Craft written by Stephen King gives rise to a great question. Are great authors born or made? According to Stephen King,” I don’t believe writers can be made, either by circumstance or self-will (although I did believe those things once” (King 18). The author is suggesting that a writer is born with the ability to be a good writer and it is through learned behaviors that these “talents are strengthened and sharpened.” (King 18). I feel King’s belief is very valid, many authors are born with a desire to write and with the determination and drive that it takes to become a great writer. Not all authors are in agreement with Stephen Kings perception on how an author is born not made. One in particular Dorthea Brande, the author of Becoming a Writer feels, “genius can be taught (once the secret emptiness of that phrase is understood) because in fact genius is as common as old shoes”. (Brande 12). This is quite an appealing idea and given Brande’s history and background I can understand some of her viewpoints on the matter. Brande (1893-1948) truly believes that a person has capability to take what little genius they are born with and transform it into the ability to become a great writer. The author puts a lot of emphasis on the idea that writes need to know what kind of habits impede the writing process. She describes “ways to help them develop healthy...
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...Literature and the Individual in Early Modern Masterpieces Monique Dean ENG/106 August 21, 2012 Ann Francis Literature and the Individual in Early Modern Masterpieces Montaigne is known as one of the most prolific authors throughout history. His works are largely based upon his life, a life that began in the 1500’s. One of the more fascinating facts about Montaigne is that he had an absolutely horrible memory. This goes on throughout many of his books, he holds nothing back speaking about how he is just an ordinary person and not perfect. Even with his memory failures and other shortfalls, there have been many successful writers and readers all over who admired and looked to him as someone they aspire to be. Early Writers Montaigne was not known for being a follower however; he did have those who he admired throughout his life. He was a huge fan of Socrates. Socrates usually made it known that there were many things that he did not know. Montaigne adopted this mindset as well, and is known for asking the question, “What do I know” (Laundry, 2011)? “Unlike Socrates, his is not the mastering of nature by reason, the subordination of the outer self by the intellect, but a bringing into balance of the inner and outer self” (Losse, 2002). Montaigne would also provide most of the information in his essays on himself, and his situations as they relate to his life. This is why most considered him to be a bit of a skeptic. Montaigne also had his favorites that...
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...colonization. He is a Caribbean writer because he lived what these people lived. The only element that is hard to believe is the power he gives to the women in his short story. This power reflects a movement of feminism, which is a new movement in the current society. Is it truly power or is it only a way to survive? How can women survive in this story if the men don’t have money? It is only an illusion of power because women still depend on men to survive. Finally, Samuel Selvon is an excellent example of a writer that feels dislocated. With his character, Brackley, the author managed to illustrate how people don’t feel at home even when they are. Brackley lost his bed when Teena moved in and since then, he isn’t himself and his life will never be the same. This truly reflects the way people feel after been colonized. They loose their homes, their language and some of their customs. The authors of the post-colonial period have the right to denounce these injustices. They have the right to express their anger and their feelings of lost of identity. These writers represent hope. They are challenging indirectly the political system and they are being heard across the world. They have the power. The literary works that they leave behind them are always going to be there to help people understand what the people have lived and why they have moved out of their...
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... Is the methodological approach explained clearly? Does the methodological approach have any weaknesses? Is the study sufficiently comprehensive and thorough? Is anything important omitted in the research? • the findings Are the findings presented and described clearly and fully? Do the findings seem sound? Could the data be interpreted in another way? Do/does the author(s) account for everything in the data or do they ignore something that might be important? • the validity of the conclusions • the thoroughness with which the article treats the topic • its value compared to that of other articles on the topic • the appropriateness of the article for the intended audience • the extent to which it might satisfy the specific needs of a specific user. Centre for Academic and Professional Literacies, Institute of Education, University of London http://caplitswritingcentre.ioe.ac.uk/criticalreviews.html Evaluation Evaluation is the most important part in writing a critical review. Evaluation involves stating whether you agree or disagree with what the author says or has done. You will want to use the literature to support your views. Evaluation can be described as implicit and explicit. Explicit evaluation would take the form of a list of questions. For example: I will review this article by focusing...
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..."THERE IS NO AGREEMENT AMONG AUTHORS TO SET A COMMON DEFINITION TO THE TERM PLANNING." DISCUSS . Spontaneity We do agree upon that statement As they are expressing their own points of view and they may never agree upon one definition as that definition is going to be changed according to the field they are working at and under what conditions And all of them try to define planning through that it's a process that aim to achieve organizational goal but each author has his own way in how to reach that goal. FIRST DEFINITION: DEFINITION PLANNING IS the first managerial function involves setting organizational vision, goals, and objectives. AUTHERS' NAMES: William G. Nickels, James M. McHugh, and Susan M. McHugh. BOOK TITLE: UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS. EDITION: 6th Ed. PUBLISHER: McGraw Hill. COUNTRY: IRWIN. YEAR: 2002. PAGE NO.: 207. DISCUSSION, ANALYSES, AND CRITICIZEM - The authors defined planning as it is the first managerial function and about setting goals, vision, and objectives of the organization, BUT THEY mentioned that planning is only about setting goals but they didn't mention that the planning function is responsible also for deciding how those goals and objectives are going to be accomplished, and they also didn't mention the time horizon related to the plan and that it's also related to the future. SECOND DEFINITION DEFINATION PLANNING IS a process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy...
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...media forms. Two digital media forms experiencing particularly interesting shifts of power are video games and digital music. Consumers of digital media forms such as video games and digital music files have complicated the traditional notion of authorship through their use of digital media technologies, which allows them to use digital media as an instrument of expression. Before delving into the intricacies surrounding this new form of authorship present in digital media it is first important to discuss the notion of authorship prior to the emergence of this digitally induced phenomenon. In non-digital mediums such as books, radio, and television, authorship exists as an individual endeavor, as authorship is only granted to the original author(s) of the media. As a consumer of this non-digital media the only point of contention as it relates to authorial expression is limited is the debate over authorial intent or narrative interpretation in these non-interactive cultural forms. Books, television, and radio are more or less consumed passively and the only means of authoring something from these forms of media is to create an entirely new piece of media that is related to the original. For example, a viewer of a television show or movie has the opportunity to create a satirical interpretation or write a review of the original. While this certainly may be construed as authorship, this version of authorship is of an entirely new...
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...Critical Essay What is family? Family is when people look out for each other, and at the end of the day, despite some disagreements, they still care about and love one another and they make sure no one is left behind or forgotten. In “Journey” and “the Sandpiper”, the authors explore themes such as change, love and sacrifice and darkness and light. Sometimes relationships change and you’ve just got to go with the flow, and see where it takes you. The short story “Journey” is about a girl who suddenly realizes that she is alone in the world, scared out of her wits and having to take care of her ill mother at the same time. While she is trying to deal with the sudden turn of the mother daughter relationship she cherished, she tries to keep calm and be responsible, however she could not withstand the weight on her shoulders, and so “she shuddered in the cold air, shuddered at the shock of cold water, and, shuddering as she washed, the girl cried”. When someone shudders in cold air, a lonely, helpless and dark scene comes to mind, the author emphasized her point by using parallel and repetitive sentences, which makes the reader sympathize with the girl, as she is standing helplessly to the side, watching her world come crashing down, not knowing what will become of her in the future. On the other hand “The Sandpiper”, because the daughter is too young, she couldn’t care less about her mother’s well being and happiness. The mother’s desire to escape the lonely confinements...
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...our goals because we are only considering ourselves. This is the message the authors at The Arbinger Institute are trying to convey in their book, Leadership and Self-Deception. The book is not written as a manual on leadership, rather a story of one leader learning the meaning of self-deception. As we, the readers, learn through the training program Tom Callum is currently undergoing, we all are victims of self-deception. The book explains that self-deception is merely passing through moments when we observe the needs of other and let them pass without acting on them. This self-deception breed ill feelings toward the other person in order to justify our own actions. This area of self-deception is what the author refers to as “the box”. The book is an easy read because the author or authors use a story-telling approach to the topic of self-deception. Instead of saying we deceive ourselves, the authors used clear examples to illustrate their meanings. I found this to be appealing because the topic of their book is a bit vague when only hearing the main points of self-deception. By providing a story and stories with in the story, the authors clearly convey their point which makes understanding it much easier. The authors believe that productivity in an organizational and interpersonal relationship setting can be directly impeded by our unwillingness to view other people as people. The author points out that when we begin to view co-workers, spouses, family members and...
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...creates a satirical platform through which to insert her writings and her working class, female self into the literary tradition. Her writing mimics the traditional forms, faithfully recreating the atmosphere and lyricism common to them; however, Leapor goes beyond the traditional forms by using startling, even distasteful, imagery to make her point. These contrasts are set sharply against the mood and context of the initial forms, yet they work because they follow the general “rules” of the traditions. By instilling her own form of reality into the Pastoral, Leapor gives herself permission to recreate the genre in an aesthetically, ideologically acceptable way. Leapor’s theme focuses upon her position as a female author and the position her identity as an author places her in relative to society: her use of the pastoral emphasizes that theme. Leapor uses these techniques to create a body of work that is structurally in line with the Pastoral, yet definitively sets her ideals and themes in the forefront of her poetry, thus placing both Leapor and her writing within the literary tradition. Leapor’s satirical voice is clear and distinct within the bounds of her poetry. The Pastoral form, with its gentle verses and lovely scenes, contrasts completely with Leapor’s voice. Leapor’s shift from the traditional subject of Pastoral poetry gives her the opportunity for contrasts that allow satire and emphasis. In “An Epistle to Artemesia, On Fame,” the subject of the poem, a...
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...The article is titled “The point of no return in vetoing self-initiated movements”. There are seven authors and contributors to this article. Matthias Schultze-Kraft (Bernstein Center for and Daniel Birman were the primary contributors to this work. John-Dylan Haynes conceived the study, Matthias Schultze-Kraft, Daniel Birman, Marco Rusconi, Benjamin Blankertz, and John-Dylan Haynes designed the experiment; Matthias Schultze-Kraft and Daniel Birman performed research; Matthias Schultze-Kraft, Daniel Birman, Marco Rusconi, Carsten Allefeld, Kai Görgen, Sven Dähne, Benjamin Blankertz, and John-Dylan Haynes contributed new analytic tools; Matthias Schultze-Kraft and Benjamin Blankertz adapted the BBCI toolbox for this experiment; Matthias Schultze-Kraft...
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...trying process. The writing process, for most people, is stressful and requires a lot of thought. Some authors spend their lives working on one piece of literature. With that being said giving credit or acknowledging an author when using pieces of their work is very important. A lot of times students blindly plagiarize, but for the most part it is a conscious decision. In student writing plagiarism is forbidden, as it should be because it stumps critical thinking, discredits authors, and shows dishonesty. The purpose of most beginning level English classes is to teach students the fundamentals of writing. As the student advances to higher level education they are supposed to find their voices as writers. Plagiarism cripples writers in a sense. It definitely defeats the purpose of writing. Students never really come to understand who they are as writers. Plagiarizing will never help the student form ideas of their own or see where they stand on certain topics. Therefore the students will never progress in their writing. Students should not be allowed to plagiarize because it is a misrepresentation of what they are actually capable of in their writing. Students will never come to know the strengths and weaknesses in their writing. More than anything plagiarism is looked down upon because it is stealing. The people who suffer the most in plagiarism are the authors. They spend a substantial amount of time on their work and it is discredited by lazy students who do...
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...Nonfiction Reaction Paper The nonfiction stories I have decided to write about are; “Who Will Light the Incense When Mother’s Gone?” by Andrew Lam and “Salvation” by Langston Hughes. Both of these stories are about a significant event in the authors lives in which they choose to write about. “Salvation” is a story about the author trying to find his way into the church and finally see the light or Jesus so his soul will be saved and his sins forgiven. ; “Who Will Light the Incense When Mother’s Gone?” was a writing about his mother having a hard time with the American culture and how her son, the author Andrew Lam, will be when he leaves home and how the traditions she raised him on slowly will disappear along with her when she passes along. Both stories seem to send a message of events in the author’s lives where they wrote about them because of certain memories in their lives, and I will briefly go through each story in different ways. Summary of Strategies by the Authors I think Langston Hughes in “Salvation” tries to get the reader to imagine a hot sweltering church on a balmy Sunday morning. This would be the setting for the young boy at 12 years of age trying to see Jesus in another aspect because he is becoming of age for the church. The authors strategy is not to confuse the reader but to make the reader understand that Langston was not lying about seeing Jesus but in fact did not believe in Jesus because he left the boy by himself and did not rescue him from all the people...
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