...Erik Erikson was a theorist and is known for his psychosocial theory; his theory has eight stages. Erikson's stages describe social and emotional develop that occur through life span. These are the first four of his stages, trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt, and industry vs inferiority. Trust vs mistrust is during infant age which means, children develop trust or mistrust based on who takes care of them. Autonomy vs shame and doubt happens during toddlerhood which means that "children develop a basic sense of autonomy that can be defined as self-governance and independent action"(211). For example, if a toddler picks up an object by their self and the parent gives the child a positive reaction the child will...
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...Who Is To Blame? Running Header: Teen Pregnancy and Who Is To Blame? Teen Pregnancy and Who Is To Blame? Is Author University Abstract This paper is going to explore of our country’s largest, uncontrolled, expanding epidemic that we face today and that is teen age pregnancy. While this paper is going to explore the statistics of teen age pregnancy it is also going to explore why this epidemic has a possible psychological trigger. Dr. Erik Erickson discusses in his theory if “identity crisis” that an individual must go through eight stages in life successful in order to understand their true identity. While all of the eight stages are important only five will be discussed for this paper. While many of us may believe that there is no reason for a teenager to get pregnant because they should just know better, Dr. Erickson’s theory gives a deep perspective into the psychological effects that can affect a child at different stages of life. This paper is also going to explore what other sources maybe responsible for the teenage pregnancy crisis being so far out of hand. Teen Pregnancy and Who Is To Blame? Statistics show that every year over 750,000 teenage girls will get pregnant. (Services, 2005) More than 2/3 of the teenage girls that get pregnant will not graduate for high school and unmarried pregnant teens account for 24% of the unwed...
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...1. Trust vs. mistrust * Basic trust is the sense that others are dependable and will nurture and provide for you, as well as the sense that one is worthy of care, and inherently trustworthy. It is based in good, appropriate, responsive parenting. The baby is busy soaking up the stimulation available- food, sensory stimulation- and actively assimilates these experiences into a picture of self and the world. This is an interactive stage, as the baby tries to explore and get the parent to pay attention. If the world is not responsive to the baby’s needs, s/he develops a sense of mistrust. Some mistrust is useful, as complete naiveté or gullibility puts a person at risk. In a healthy resolution, there is more trust than mistrust however, allowing the person to connect with others and trust them. * The virtue developed is Hope. 2. Autonomy vs. shame, doubt * During the second year of life the toddler develops a sense of autonomy and self control, due in part to toilet training and motor development, walking and climbing. The psychological issue is broader, though, including the concepts of holding on and letting go. Adults that support toddlers’ exploration and protect them from their vulnerability build in a sense of personal control. Those who are over-protected or shamed by their experiences or parents’ discipline develop a sense of doubt in their efforts at independence. Autonomy should prevail in a healthy development, but some shame and doubt enable moral...
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...theories that explains the aspects of our personality, the theories are the followings, trait theories, psychoanalytic theories, behavioral theories, humanist theories and personality disorder, the main theory that I’m going to concentrate on is personality disorder. (Boreree,2006 para 24,25,26,27,28 ) talked about the underlining mechanics of the theory the key of the concept is the epigenetic principle, that we develop true predetermine serious of the stages, and always our earlier successes in our earlier stages will effect or impact our success in our future stages. Each stage involved development tasks or crisis to psychosocial in nature, in crisis are refer by two terms that is the opposite of each other, example: identity vs. confusion, trust mistrust. Each stage has optimal time until the person is ready to accomplish that stage, no one can force...
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...caregivers will experience with being around young children. Only three are listed below as well as personal thought that are added to Erikson theory. A. Development theory of Erik Erikson 1. Development theory of Trust vs. Mistrust Start form ages birth to one year. Erikson defined trust as an essential trustfulness of others as a fundamental sense of one’s own of truth worthiness. A child that shows mistrust so frustrated, withdrawn, and even lacks self-confidence. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt This start in children of age two to three. During that period, it is important that parents create some type of support to the child. The child starts to develop a sense of self-control without a loss of self -esteem. This allows a child sense of development sense and responsibility to increase initiative during this period. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt. This occurs in children age four to five. During this period must children find out what kind of person he/she is going to become. The child develops a sense of responsibility, which increase initiative during this period. A child start to feel too anxious then they will show uncomfortable guilt feelings. A. Personal style regarding Early Childhood Education 1. Erikson had good examples of trust vs. mistrust. A newborn baby only trust parents within household until the child attends school. A child is considering spoiled when he/she is crying all the time or cry when not being held. Children birth to...
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...By this time the adolescent had already discovered who their true identity is by this time and frame. Then the sixth stage is the Intimacy vs. Isolation which was during their young adulthood: the intimacy was only reached if there was a good identity found from the fifth stage. Then the seventh stage is the Generativity vs Stagnation which they occurred during their middle adulthood. During this time they have assisted the younger children to leading them to the right place for a productive life where they feel good about themselves. In other words, if they did not help any younger kid than them to a productive life, then they felt stagnant as a result of them not helping the younger. Then the eighth and final stage is the Integrity vs. Despair which would occur during their late adulthood. The individualism was seen from the past things that were done and from the previous stage the development was a total success they felt the sense of integrity. But if they had no good outcome from the stage before they would feel the sense of despair. Erik Erikson Believed that the development were a nature determined by sequence of the...
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...who created eight psychosocial stages that humans encounter throughout their life, the stages are: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Integrity vs. Despair . Erik Homberger Erikson was born in 1902 near Frankfort, Germany to Danish parents. Erik studied art and a variety of languages during his school years, rather than science courses such as biology and chemistry. He didn’t support the idea of going to college so instead he traveled around Europe, keeping a diary of his events. After a year of doing this, he returned to Germany and attended art school. After a period of time, Erikson began to teach art and other subjects American children who had come to Vienna for training. He was then permitted into the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. In 1933 he came to the U.S. and became Boston's first child analyst and got a position at the Harvard Medical School. Later on, he also held positions at institutions including Yale and Berkeley Erikson then returned to California to the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Palo Alto and later the Mount Zion Hospital in San Francisco, where he was a clinician and psychiatric consultant, in which he then proceeded to create his eight stages. The first stage, Trust vs. Mistrust, occurs from approximately birth to one year. Erikson defined trust as an essential...
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...the next stage. Erikson's stage theory characterizes an individual advancing through the eight life stages as a function of negotiating his or her biological forces and sociocultural forces. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis of these two conflicting forces (as shown in the table below). If an individual does indeed successfully reconcile these forces (favoring the first mentioned attribute in the crisis), he or she emerges from the stage with the corresponding virtue. For example, if an infant enters into the toddler stage (autonomy vs. shame and doubt) with more trust than mistrust, he or she carries the virtue of hope into the remaining life stages.[1] Hopes: trust vs. mistrust (oral-sensory, birth – 2 years)[edit] * Existential Question: Can I Trust the World? The first stage of Erik Erikson's theory centers around the infant's basic needs being met by the parents and this interaction leading to trust or mistrust. Trust as defined by Erikson is "an essential truthfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of one's own trustworthiness."[5] The infant depends on the parents, especially the mother, for sustenance and comfort. The child's relative understanding of world and society come from the parents and their interaction with the child. A child's first trust is always with the parent or caregiver; whomever...
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...Emerging Crisis: A Lecture about the Psychosocial Perspective of Personality I. Introduction Coon and Mitterer (2013) stated from their book that every life is marked by a number of developmental milestones. Those milestones are notable events, markers, or turning points that affect the development of a certain individual. Some examples of these include graduating from school, reaching your dreams, getting married, getting a job, becoming a parent, retirement, and one’s own death. One of the important things that a person needs to develop is his personality. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, personality is the set of qualities and behaviors that makes a person different from other people. From the definition, lots of questions arise. Some examples are “What makes them different from the other?”, “Why are they behaving like that?”, and “Who am I?” In order to answer those questions, Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development will help to understand the complexity of human personality. Erikson’s ‘psychosocial’ term is derived from two words – ‘psychological’ means mind and ‘social’ means external relationships (Chapman, 2013). According to Ramkumar (2002), Erik Erikson did most of his works during the 1930s to the 1950s as a psychologist. He was fascinated in child analysis. He was the student of Sigmund Freud and he was inspired by his works. From the article of Chapman (2013), Erikson’s psychosocial theory was drawn and was extended from the ideas of...
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...economic events that influence a child. So what is Erikson's Stages of Development? In this essay we will discuss this matter. Erikson life-stage virtues, in order of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are: 1. Basic trust vs. basic mistrust - This stage covers the period of infancy. 0-1 year of age. - Whether or not the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It depends on the quality of the maternal relationship. If successful, the baby develops a sense of trust, which “forms the basis in the child for a sense of identity“. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame - Covers early childhood - Introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage the child is trying to master toilet training. 3. Purpose - Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschool / 3–6 years - Does the child have the ability to or do things on their own, such as dress him or herself? If "guilty" about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well.. 4. Competence- Industry vs. Inferiority - School-age / 6-11. Child comparing self-worth to others (such as in a classroom environment). Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. 5. Fidelity- Identity vs. Role Confusion - Adolescent / 12 years till 20. Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? Erikson believes, that if the parents allow...
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...is born until about one and a half years of age. Erikson developed eight stages of psychosocial development. Starting from the stage of trust vs. mistrust the next stage that occurs in an infant’s life is autonomy vs. shame; this creates a sense of will and is experienced from the early age of one and a half to age three. After experiencing this stage at age three the infant begins to develop in the stage of initiative vs. guilt developing a sense of purpos euntil the age of five. From the ages of five to twelve, young children experience the stage of industry vs. inferiority, developing competency in their skills. Upon developing into an adolescent at age twelve and up until age eighteen, young adults experience ego identity vs. role confusion, attempting to find where they belong. Leading into the next stage of intimacy vs. isolation, during which young adults experience love from the ages eighteen to forty. Once this sense of love is developed, the sense of care is experienced during the stage of generativity vs. stagnation from the ages of forty to sixty-five. To conclude Erikson’s theory, the final stage one experiences in life is ego integrity vs. despair; this is the sense of wisdom and wanting more for others (Mcleod). Although all these stages effect the person you are today, I believe the most important is trust vs. mistrust. This year is crucial to the infant’s development of hope. Hope based off of the stability and the occurrence of the infants parents or parental...
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...Boston. Erikson served as a professor at prominent institutions such as Harvard and Yale even though he lacked even a bachelor degree. Sigmund Freud described personality development as a series of stages. Early childhood being the most important. He believed that personality developed by the age of about 5. Like Freud, Erik Erikson believed in the importance of early childhood but believed that personality development happens over the entire course of a person’s life. He proposed a theory that describes eight distinct stages of development. In each stage people are faced with new challenges and the stages outcome depends on how these challenges are handled. He named these stages according to these possible outcomes. Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust In...
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...------------------------------------------------- The stages Hul Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infants, 0 to 1 year) * Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust * Virtue: Hope The first stage of Erik Erikson's theory centers aro und the infant's basic needs being met by the parents. The infant depends on the parents, especially the mother, for food, sustenance, and comfort. The child's relative understanding of world and society come from the parents and their interaction with the child. If the parents expose the child to warmth, regularity, and dependable affection, the infant's view of the world will be one of trust. Should the parents fail to provide a secure environment and to meet the child's basic need a sense of mistrust will result. According to Erik Erikson, the major developmental task in infancy is to learn whether or not other people, especially primary caregivers, regularly satisfy basic needs. If caregivers are consistent sources of food, comfort, and affection, an infant learns trust- that others are dependable and reliable. If they are neglectful, or perhaps even abusive, the infant instead learns mistrust- that the world is in an undependable, unpredictable, and possibly dangerous place. [edit]Will: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Toddlers, 2 to 3 years) * Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt * Main Question: "Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?" * Virtue: Will As the child gains control over eliminative...
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...What are the most important years in life for human development? Human development is a complicated and controversial subject. In the past, childhood has been attributed a majority of the concentration in regards to the development of a human being, and in some cases, adulthood has gotten all of the attention. However there is one perspective that considers all phases of life, known as the life-span perspective, which is universally accepted by most psychologists and implicated into their own respective theories. This perspective was originally introduced by Paul and Margaret Baltes, and was monumental as it considered all phases of life, rather than just childhood or adulthood (Berger 2010). There are five insights which are focused on to describe the context under which development occurs. According to the life-span perspective, development is multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic (Berger 2010). Let’s begin with multidirectional. Multidirectional means that human qualities change in all directions. A more traditional belief was that development took place up until the age of 20, becomes stagnant, and then declines. Life-span research has refuted this claim (Berger 2010). For example, when an elderly person’s spouse passes, the newly single elderly person can either lose motivation to live, or expand their social surroundings. Regardless of the outcome, development occurred even in these elderly years. The belief that development...
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...The concept of traits is used to account for personal characteristics that are Select one: a. biologically determined. b. relatively permanent and enduring. c. situation specific. d. shared by a group. Which of the following are stress-related illnesses? Select one: a. All of these b. Cancer c. Hypertension d. Heart disease According to Erikson, the failure to achieve intimacy during early adulthood is most likely to result in Select one: a. isolation. b. self-absorption. c. generativity. d. stagnation. Which of the following is a cognitive outcome of stress? Select one: a. Poor memory b. Heart disease c. Frustration and aggression d. Alcohol or substance abuse According to Erikson, the failure to achieve autonomy during childhood is most likely to result in Select one: a. generativity. b. isolation. c. stagnation. d. shame and doubt. Which of the following conclusions is most appropriate regarding the relationship between hostility and coronary heart disease? Select one: a. Coronary heart disease causes hostility. b. Hostile individuals have greater risk of heart disease than non-hostile people. c. Hostility causes coronary heart disease. d. Biological pre-disposition causes hostility, which in turn causes coronary heart disease. You have just encountered a snake on your walk through the bush. Your body automatically mobilises itself for action in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. Select one: a. exhaustion b. alarm c...
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