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汽車電子產業
一、汽車電子產業發展背景
受石油危機與地球溫暖化等因素影響,節能與環境保護的議題 受到全球矚目,且為因應經濟成長趨緩、汽車保有量成長比例逐漸 下降與隨著高齡化社會的到來、因應高齡人口及交通擁擠問題,藉 由改善交通安全及運輸效率,達到環保、節能、舒適、安全、減輕 環境負擔的交通環境,使車輛朝智慧化、數位化、電子控制化、人 性化發展,進而達到產業創新與活化經濟目的。 全球汽車市場需求已朝向多樣化、客製化發展,傳統的機械方 式已不能滿足人們對於擁有一輛具有安全、環保、舒適性能汽車的 渴望,於是整合汽車(Automotive)與電子(Electronics)控制技術,藉 由各式感測器、微電腦控制器(Micro Controller Unit,MCU)、影像 與顯示器(Camera & Display)、車載機器(On Board Unit,OBU)、衛 星定位、無線通訊、半導體、功率元件(Power Devices)甚至是與車 輛作無線連結的可攜式裝置等與客服中心連線,提供車輛及人員有 關潔淨、低污染、舒適、主動與被動安全、保全、緊急救援、道路 指 引 等 功 能 或 服 務 的 需 求 , 而 形 成 綿 密 的 汽 車 電 子 (Automotive Electronics, Autotronics)產業供應鏈,汽車電子產品的開發與應用, 為汽車產業發展帶來新的機會。 汽車電子產品正邁入快速成長階段,導致產品數量與產值逐年 增加的背景有(1)汽車感測器、半導體技術成熟,成本降低(2)車廠利 用汽車電子產品增加競爭優勢,產品差異化訴求(3)藉由機械或控制

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電子化,改善引擎效率與降低燃油效率(4)消費者對車輛安全(主動、 被動安全)要求意識提高(5)汽車無線資訊與通信需求增加。

(一 )汽 車 電 子 定 義
汽車電子定義,可分為兩種:一種是汽車電子控制裝置,汽車 電子控制裝置與車上機械系統進行整合應用,屬於機電結合的汽車 電子控制裝置,包括引擎動力、感測器系統控制(影像、加速度、壓 力或溫度等)、機電控制(線傳控制、電子燃油噴射系統、ABS、防滑 控制、電子控制懸吊、電子控制自動變速器等;另一類是車載汽車 電子裝置,是在汽車環境下能夠獨立使用的電子裝置,與汽車本身 性能、安全或控制無直接關係,包含綜合車載機、衛星導航系統、 影音娛樂系統等。 汽車電子零組件包含 IC 零組件、中央處理器(CPU)、記憶體、 微電腦控制器以及各類感測器等基礎元件。廣泛的汽車電子產業涵 蓋引擎/傳動系統(如電子點火系統、自動變速箱等)、懸吊/底盤系統 (包括動力方向盤、底盤控制、ABS 煞車系統等)、車身系統(包括車 燈、空調、天窗等)、車載資訊與通信、主動或被動安全系統(包括 安全氣囊、防碰撞雷達等)與防盜保全系統六大部分。

(二 )汽 車 電 子 產 品 分 類
汽車電子關聯產品與技術分類,係整合關鍵零組件如感測器、 微電腦控制器、影像與顯示器(Camera & Display)、致動器、半導體、

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功率元件(Power Devices)等關鍵零組件;依其特性應用於智慧型車 輛的車體、引擎/傳動、主動/被動安全、保全、車載資訊與通信、電 力電子控制、懸吊與底盤系統等。 汽車電子關聯產品與技術分類的實例有(1)車體:如 LED 前車 燈 ; (2)引 擎 /傳 動系 統:電 子控制燃 料噴射 ; (3)主動 、被動 安全 (Active、 passive safety):如適應性定速巡航系統 (Adaptive Cruise Control System,ACC)、適應性前燈照明系統(Adaptive Front Light System,AFS)、智慧型安全氣囊(Smart Airbag)、胎壓監測系統(Tire Pressure Monitoring System,TPMS)、導車雷達等;(4)保全(Security): 無鑰進入系統(Keyless entry);(5)車載資訊與通信(Telematics):衛星 導航等各式車載機(GPS & Navigation & ETC On Board Unit)、抬頭 顯示器(Head Up Display,HUD)、夜視系統(Night Vision System, NVS)、車載影音娛樂系統等;(6)電力電子:如複合動力車(Hybrid Electric Vehicles , HEV) 、 燃 料 電 池 電 動 車 (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles,FCEV)等潔淨車輛的電流轉換器、功率元件;(7)懸吊與底 盤系統:電子懸吊、線傳控制(X-by-wire)等。

二、汽車電子產業發展趨勢
(一 )汽 車 電 子 產 業 特 性
1. 產 品 應 用 環 境 嚴 苛
汽車電子與普通電子產品甚或與飛機比較,應用環境非常嚴 苛,對溫度、氣候等適應能力要求更高,不同的車廠對汽車電子產

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品要求亦不相同。汽車功能需求的複雜性增加,而汽車電子產品有 相當高的比例屬於感測器,車用感測器需通過嚴格機械性能或物理 驗證,包括沙塵、濕度、鹽分、燃油添加劑、震動與劇烈衝擊等, 因此嚴格的標準有其必要性;溫度亦是重要考量因素,通常車用感 測器需要承受的-40℃~120℃溫度變化,且需維持相當程度精確性。

2. 分 工 仔 細 與 產 品 模 組 化
汽車電子產業以系統化、製造模組化方向發展,少以單一零組 件存在者,如車載資訊與通信產品的車用顯示器為例,其上游包括 玻璃基板、光罩、彩色濾光片等材料與關鍵零組件,中游包括顯示 器面板、驅動 IC、PCB、LCM 模組等,下游則為車廠、經銷商或通 路商,以產品的產業關聯觀察,半導體、電子零組件、顯示器等均 具高度的關聯性。

3. 產 品 多 樣 少 量
汽車產業發展百餘年,汽車零組件屬於少樣多量與規格化,隨 著通訊、電子、光電等技術發展與整合,汽車電子元件與產品應用 在汽車的比重日益增加,產品需求多無共通標準且呈現客製化特 性,例如車載資訊與通信產品通信協定(Protocol)標準不一,車廠為 提升差異化程度,汽車電子產品的開發方式為技術能量的象徵,相 對生產方式則以多樣少量為原則,汽車電子產品成本高,相容性低, 初期都應用於特定高級車上,降低產品生產成本將是能否大量導入 市場的關鍵點。

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4. 產 品 驗 證 耗 時
汽車與駕駛、乘客的生命安全有很密切的關係,汽車電子和一 般電子產業絕對不同。汽車電子產品在運作溫度範圍、功率消耗尺 寸與抗干擾雜音能力,都屬每個車廠要求的特殊規格,須符合各車 廠嚴苛標準,亦是汽車電子領域廠商須具備的基本技術能力。 由於汽車電子元件通常要經過至少數年開發時間,汽車電子產 品已由過去的單一零件產品延伸至系統化產品,結合機械、光學、 系統與電子控制等,關聯技術範圍甚為廣泛,開發過程須與汽車的 機械系統或控制參數配合,汽車電子產品屬性特殊,必須具備極佳 的耐震性、耐候性、可靠性,且汽車電子產品多與車輛行駛安全有 密切的關聯性,開發成本與產品驗證的時程長。汽車電子產品需在 車上不斷地進行測試、幾萬公里甚或長時間實車測試,才能在不斷 測試過程中尋找問題,一旦在測試過程中遇到問題,需作適當故障 排除(Troubleshooting),反覆測試驗證與驗證耗時是汽車電子產品最 大特徵。

5. 進 入 產 業 障 礙 高
目前汽車電子產業發展,大都由世界級廠商所主導,以美國、 日 本 及 德 國 為 主 要 技 術 領 先 國 , 如 汽 車 電 子 系 統 大 廠 Visteon、 Nippon Seiki、Delphi、Robert Bosch、Siemens VDO、Denso,甚至 是汽車半導體大廠的 Motorola、Infineon、STM、Renesas、Toshiba 等,都已累積相當研發經驗與經驗,進入汽車電子產品與系統障礙 高。

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6. 產 品 供 應 鏈 特 殊
為減少直接物料與間接物料的採購成本,主要車廠加快採購速 度,汽車電子產業逐漸重視國際採購甚至聯合採購,在國際汽車產 業重新整合、聯盟合併後,全球汽車供應鏈勢必將重新面臨重組、 洗牌等問題,可以預見國際車廠會將採購重心轉移到亞太地區,釋 出代工訂單有擴大趨勢。

7. 產 品 壽 命 週 期 長
汽車是耐久消耗財,使用壽命長,一般消費電子產品開發期為 3 個月,產品壽命為 6 個月,汽車電子產品壽命週期(Cycle-Life)長, 耐用性能嚴苛,開發與驗證時間達數年,產品壽命週期則長達 10 數年。

(二 )汽 車 電 子 熱 門 產 品 市 場 驅 動 因 素
1. 供 給 面
(1) 整 車 廠、零 組 件 廠、產 品 系 統 廠:整 車 廠、零 組 件 廠 與 產 品 系 統 廠 依 據 產 品 需 求,主 動 研 發 新 的 產 品,藉 以 形 成 差 異化。 (2) 加 值 技 術 應 用:車 輛 配 裝 增 進 安 全、舒 適 與 提 供 資 訊 功 能 的 高 附 加 或 創 新 價 值 產 品 , 如 ABS、 車 輛 導 航 資 訊 、 線 傳控制等。 (3) 產 品 普 及 化:車 載 半 導 體 與 感 測 器 等 電 子 控 制 技 術 不 斷 進 步 與 相 繼 導 入 使 用 後,衍 生 大 量 電 子 產 品,大 量 製 造 的 結

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果導致產品普及化,如汽車導航機等。 (4) 價 位 區 隔:藉 由 汽 車 電 子 產 品 配 備、功 能 與 種 類 等,因 應 消 費 者 需 求,形 成 價 格 差 異 化,如 直 接 式、間 接 式 胎 壓 監 測系統。

2. 需 求 面
(1) 消 費 者 : 消 費 者 對 汽 車 電 子 產 品 接 受 度 提 升 。 (2) 安 全 與 舒 適 性:增 進 車 輛 操 控 安 全 與 乘 坐 舒 適 性 的 需 求 。 (3) 性 能 : 應 用 動 力 控 制 產 品 增 進 汽 車 性 能 。 (4) 資 訊 與 通 信 : 因 為 無 線 通 信 (GPRS、 3G)技 術 進 步 、 即 時 資 訊 與 行 動 辦 公 室 需 求 , 包 含 行 控 中 心 (Call Center)的 服 務 業 者 (Telematics Service Provider,TSP)車 載 資 訊 與 通 信 (Telematics)因 應 而 起 。 (5) 影 音 娛 樂:都 會 區、長 途 旅 遊 等 因 素 導 致 塞 車 時 間 延 長 、 後 座 乘 客 影 音 娛 樂 (影 片 、 遊 戲 機 )需 求 。 (6) 環 保 與 省 能 : 隨 著 汽 車 動 力 電 子 控 制 產 品 (引 擎 後 處 理 裝 置 、 線 傳 控 制 )的 導 入 應 用 , 消 費 者 對 低 污 染 車 輛 與 省 能 車輛需求殷切。 (7) 遠 端 診 斷 與 保 全 : 消 費 者 對 車 輛 故 障 與 安 全 防 護 需 求 殷 切,車 載 資 訊 與 通 信 產 品 具 備 相 關 功 能,可 以 符 合 消 費 者 需求。

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3. 政 策 面 (公 領 域 )
(1) 法 規 : Euro IV 油 耗 污 染 法 規 、 美 國 強 制 實 施 胎 壓 法 、 美 國 強 制 安 裝 smart airbag(FMVSS 208)、E911、先 進 國 家 實 施 碳 稅、COP3(京 都 議 定 書 )等 法 規 是 促 進 汽 車 電 子 產 品 快 速發展的重要因素。 (2) 智 慧 型 運 輸 系 統 的 實 施 (Intelligent Transportation System, ITS):歐 洲、美 國 與 日 本 積 極 推 展 智 慧 型 運 輸 系 統,基 礎 建 設 普 及 化 與 先 進 安 全 車 輛,有 助 推 展 汽 車 動 力 產品。

汽車半導體市場未來成長的驅動力來自各個國家訂定的法規、 競爭與消費需求等方面的因素,而駕駛的視聽娛樂與多媒體應用發 展 、汽車導 航系統 以及車載 控制器 區域網路 系統 (Controller Area Network,CAN)的快速發展都將推動汽車半導體市場發展。 隨著汽車電子控制化的普及,機械控制將逐漸被半導體元件所 取代,半導體元件技術將為汽車提供多樣化功能,如障礙物防撞檢 測(縱向或橫向防撞偵測)、車載電子設備、車載電腦(Auto PC)、遠 端資訊處理系統和防盜裝置等,未來幾年全球車載半導體市場將大 幅度成長。歐洲、北美與日本等先進國家因電子控制化比例高,汽 車電子需求量大,車載半導體與感測器市場成長明顯;新興國家車 輛裝配數量低於先進國家,汽車電子產品需求低於先進國家。

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三、台灣汽車電子產業發展現況與廠商投資機會
(一 )廠 商 進 入 汽 車 電 子 產 業 現 況
台灣汽車電子產業的發展受限於原廠整車技術與國外技術母廠 關係,汽車電子產業發展以非直接與安全產品相關者為主,甚少投入 引擎/傳動系統、懸吊/底盤等,大多侷限於在車體電子、車載資訊與 通信、保全產品;如下表所示,是台灣已投入汽車電子產品研發廠商。

表一 台灣已投入汽車電子產品研發之廠商
產品分類 智慧型安全氣囊 (Smart Airbag) 適應性照明系統 (AFS) 胎壓監測系統 (TPMS) 廠商名稱 美安公司 環隆電氣 大億燈具 堤維西 帝寶 輝創(徽昌)電子 環隆電氣 敦揚科技 車王電子 倒車雷達 同致電子 友達光電 車用影像與顯示器 統寶光電 奇美電子 語音辨識、人機介 IBM 面 健生電子 電動後視鏡 車王電子 感測器 車載影音娛樂 產品分類 廠商名稱 維嘉科技 抬頭顯示器(HUD) 聯城工業 同致電子 康訊科技 怡利電子 公信電子 車 載 資 訊 / 通 信 與 行毅科技(服務) 可攜式裝置 (導航 台灣國際航電 機、PDA & GPS & 麗航通信 Navi.等) 航欣科技 祥碩科技(行控中心) 博碩科技 普城科技 台灣松下 台積電 威盛電子 乾坤科技 引擎控制器(ECU 等) 敦揚科技(光寶集團)

汽車半導體

資料來源:工研院 IEK(2011/10)

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(二 )廠 商 投 資 機 會
以下列舉幾個項目,說明廠商投資機會:

1. Telematics 產 品
台灣進入 Telematics 產品與發展廠商眾多,且因多屬售後市場, 產品發展自主性高,可分為硬體(如車載導航機)、軟體(人機介面、 語音辨識等)與系統服務廠商(如裕隆 TOBE、行毅科技、祥碩科技等) 兩種型態,台灣 Telematics 產業發展集中於硬體裝置的衛星導航模 組、接收器、各式車載機、結合行動電話的 PDA 與商用車隊(如計 程車或貨車等)管理模組等,生產的 Telematics 中、下游產品,包括 嵌入式車載導航機、商用車隊監控定位系統、可攜式車用導航裝置、 PDA-Base 導航系統與 GPS OEM 模組、車用影音娛樂設備等。

2. 半 導 體 與 感 測 器
善用台灣半導體廠商產品屬性與優勢,朝第二線廠商進入半導 體元件研發製造,應有機會進入整車廠供應體系。其它藉由售後市 場練兵,培養切入 OEM 之實力與機會、推動零組件國產化應用, 台灣都有極佳優勢。 台灣 IT 產業鏈完整,多項資訊產品具國際競爭優勢,部分關鍵 零組件全球排名居前,發揮台灣 ICT 廠商之 IC、半導體與感測器製 造與設計能力,整合汽車電子系統功率元件、驅控器等控制技術。 且台灣擁有相當完整的半導體產業鏈,已出現多家半導體廠積極跨 進汽車電子產業佈局,以車載資訊/通訊產品為發展基礎,進入全球

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售服市場,車載資訊/通信產品與電力電子/元件種類繁多,進入障礙 相對較低,廠商宜早佈局。

3. 車 輛 安 全 產 品
台灣汽車零組件廠大多以中小企業為主,受限於技術及資源應 用,研發經費、時間、規模與測試驗證等耗時,加上需與原車廠配 合等因素,台灣廠商進入車輛安全產品門檻相對較高,少有獨立研 發實績。以台灣車燈廠的佔有率為例,還未佔據絕對優勢,在價格 上並無主導權,全球售後服務車燈市場目前仍處於激烈競爭情況。 從全球汽車電子發展趨勢與台灣汽車電子產品研發結構觀察比較, 台灣零組件廠商若能善用目前產品開發能量,配合新技術應用,應 該仍具競爭力,如何快速開發具競爭力產品是當務之急,以台灣車 燈外銷市場為例,先從售後服務市場切入較有機會。訴求小型化與 低耗電的新一代隱藏式 Telematics 主機,產品結合台灣導航軟體與 電子地圖、客製化多媒體架構,與藍芽、WLAN、等通訊技術與採 用 ARM 核心架構的第二代 Telematics 系統,將加入遠方車輛診斷、 車道偏離警示等產品功能,應有切入市場機會。

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