...BACTERIA Morphology Unicellular Prokaryotic Extracellular Appendages flagella, fimbriae, pili Peptidoglycan alternating NAG and NAM protein reinforced by peptide crosslinks Plasmid extra circular DNA used for transferring resistance and toxicity Physiology Nutrition photoautotroph and chemoautotroph Metabolism- aerobic and anaerobic Reproduction - Binary Fission rapid transverse cell division resulting to two equally sized daughter cells Habitat Ubiquitous Soil Water Air Living Organisms Pathogenicity Adhesion bacteria uses fimbriae to attach to surfaces ; sex pilus to attach to other bacteria Resistance increased by the type of cell wall, and presence of endospore, capsules, slime layers Toxin the lipopolysaccharide upper layer of Gram negative bacteria is released as toxins Taxonomy Domain : Bacteria Kingdom: Monera Phyla : Firmicutes Gram-Positive e.g. cocci Staphylococcus Streptococcus bacilli Lactobacillus Gracilicutes Gram-Negative e.g. cocci bacilli spirochete obligate intracellular parasites Tenericutes No Cell Wall e.g. Mycoplasma Ureaplasma Obligate Intracellular Parasite under phylum Gracilicutes 1. Rickettsia Pleomorphic Requires arthropod vectors ticks mites fleas Pathogenic Typhus Q Fever Trench Fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 2. Bartonella Opportunistic Intracellular Parasite Vectors: Cat Flea Sandfly transmits Cat-Scratch Fever 3. Chlamydia Obligate Intracellular Coccoid Elementary Bodies...
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...Las bacterias son microorganismos procariotas que presentan un tamaño de unos pocos micrómetros (por lo general entre 0,5 y 5 μm de longitud) y diversas formas incluyendo filamentos, esferas (cocos), barras (bacilos), sacacorchos (vibrios) y hélices (espirilos). Las bacterias son células procariotas, por lo que a diferencia de las células eucariotas (de animales, plantas, hongos, etc.), no tienen el núcleo definido ni presentan, en general, orgánulos membranosos internos. Generalmente poseen una pared celular y ésta se compone de peptidoglicano. Muchas bacterias disponen de flagelos o de otros sistemas de desplazamiento y son móviles. Del estudio de las bacterias se encarga la bacteriología, una rama de la microbiología. La presencia frecuente de pared de peptidoglicano junto con su composición en lípidos de membrana son la principal diferencia que presentan frente a las arqueas, el otro importante grupo de microorganismos procariotas. Las bacterias son los organismos más abundantes del planeta. Son ubicuas, se encuentran en todos los hábitats terrestres y acuáticos; crecen hasta en los más extremos como en los manantiales de aguas calientes y ácidas, en desechos radioactivos,[4] en las profundidades tanto del mar como de la corteza terrestre. Algunas bacterias pueden incluso sobrevivir en las condiciones extremas del espacio exterior. Se estima que se pueden encontrar en torno a 40 millones de células bacterianas en un gramo de tierra y un millón de células bacterianas en...
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...VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HOCHIMINH CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY QUALITY OF BIOMASS OF FLOC-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SHRIMP PONDS A thesis submitted to the School of Biotechnology, International University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.S.c in Biotechnology STUDENT NAME: LE BAO – BTIU09080 SUPERVISOR: DR. HOANG TUNG Contents Acknowledgement ii Abstract 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Material and methods 5 3.1 Bacteria strain and medium 5 3.2 Inoculum preparation 5 3.3 Batch cultivations 5 3.4 Freeze-drying process 5 3.5 Analytical methods 6 3.6 Statistical analyses 8 3. Results 9 4.7 Bacterial density in 3-L batch fermentation 9 4.8 Dry cell weight 9 4.9 Protein content 10 4.10 Lipid content 10 4.11 Protein digestibility 11 4. Discussion 12 5.12 Biomass production 12 5.13 Protein and lipid content 12 5.14 Protein digestibility 13 5. Conclusion 15 Reference iii Appendix ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At first, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Hoang Tung, who always gave the valuable instructions, and encouraged me to achieve the best from my working during the research time. I also thank Mr. Phan Cong Hoang for helpful discussions during the preparation of this thesis report and for providing the bacterial strains. In addition, I owe...
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...Bacteria are one of two types of Prokaryotic cells; the other being Archaea. The term “Prokaryotic” is Greek for “before nucleus”; therefore, bacteria are types of cells with no official nucleus. Cells with a nucleus came later on as life progressed, those being the Eukaryotes. Archaea and Bacteria are often confused together as they have very similar physical characteristics. They both have the same shape, size, and appearance, along with no membrane-bound organelles, but they have different ancestral origins and Archaea have more complex RNA polymerases. Each bacterial cell contains a capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, flagella, pili, ribosomes, and plasmids. The capsule is the outer layer of the cell and is composed of polysaccharides,...
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...Assessment Task 2: Laboratory Experiment and Report Introduction Bacteria are one of the many culprits that cause disease and even death. Surface cleaner are sold to help disinfect and eliminate bacteria. Some of the common surface cleaners used are alcohol, tea tree oil and water. ‘Alcohols are effective disinfectants as they evaporate quickly, leaving no residue. They are capable of dissolving lipids, which makes them effective against lipid-wrapped viral cells such as HIV and hepatitis’ (healthE n.d.). Tea tree oil have been an effective disinfectant for many years used as a treatment for bacterial and fungal infections of the skin and nails (American Cancer Society 2008). Micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi can be found in a variety of places. Using petri dishes containing nutrient agar, bacteria and fungi can be grown and observed. ‘Agar is a seaweed extract that forms a jelly-like material that is also a source of food for these organisms. Bacteria grow into colonies made up of millions of individuals.’ Fungi can be seen as fuzzy growth on the agar plates (Leslie et al. 2000). Objective/ Aim Comparing three different surface cleaners in order to prevent bacterial growth. Hypothesis 70% ethanol is the most effective surface cleaner compared to homemade cleaner and water. Materials * Normal laboratory glassware and equipment * Nutrient agar filled petri dishes * Gloves * Sterile swabs * Masking tape * Marking pen * Incubators...
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...Biology 334 TA: Emily Parodi Bacteria Introduction: Water is many times the source of bacteria, for this reason it is necessary to examine water that could be the source of many infectious diseases such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid fever. During this experiment the examination o water samples was performed with the purpose of finding out it the water being examined contained bacterial organism, it is important from the microbiological type of view to look for specific types of bacteria because water can contain some bacteria that are harmless and other who are pathogens. To find out if water is contaminated scientist look for the presence of coliforms, like E coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, it’s easy for scientist to demonstrate the presence of fecal bacteria, because is found in the human intestine not in soil of water. If by examining water one encounters the presence of any fecal bacteria it’s possible that the water might be a contaminated an potentially cause disease. Some characteristics of coliforms are: They are gram negative, facultative anaerobic non endospore forming rods that ferment lactose to produce acid an gas in 48 hours at 35°C. In the experiment a water sample picked from a random source was used to look for the precense of coliforms using the membrane filter method wich consist in using a filter membrane wich have pores that are smaller than most of the bacteria including coliforms about 0.45um in diameter so bacteria gets retained in the membrane...
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...Bacteria |I | |INTRODUCTION | Bacteria, one-celled organisms visible only through a microscope. Bacteria live all around us and within us. The air is filled with bacteria, and they have even entered outer space in spacecraft. Bacteria live in the deepest parts of the ocean and deep within Earth. They are in the soil, in our food, and on plants and animals. Even our bodies are home to many different kinds of bacteria. Our lives are closely intertwined with theirs, and the health of our planet depends very much on their activities. Bacterial cells are so small that scientists measure them in units called micrometers (µm). One micrometer equals a millionth of a meter (0.0000001 m or about 0.000039 in), and an average bacterium is about one micrometer long. Hundreds of thousands of bacteria would fit on a rounded dot made by a pencil. Bacteria lack a true nucleus, a feature that distinguishes them from plant and animal cells. In plants and animals the saclike nucleus carries genetic material in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Bacteria also have DNA but it floats within the cell, usually in a loop or coil. A tough but resilient protective shell surrounds the bacterial cell. Biologists classify all life forms as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria. They lack a defined nucleus of the sort found in plant and animal cells. More complex organisms, including all plants and animals, whose cells have a...
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...What Types of Bacteria are Found on Gas Pump Handles? BY: ANNIE LYONS Problem/Question: How much bacteria are on gas pump handles? Do the newer gas stations have less germs than the older ones? Do we need to sanitize our hands after we pump gas? Hypothesis: Gas pump handles contain bacteria that could cause harmful diseases. There will be a significant amount of staph bacteria on the handles. Control: Each gas pump handle will have some bacteria on it. There is not baseline because it has so many variables. Dependent Variables: Temperature, Weather, Age of the Gas Station, Type of Customers, Time of year, and Location. Independent Variables: Types of bacteria on the gas pump handles. Conclusion: The newer gas stations have 10x the amount of bacteria including Staphylococcus Aureus). There is enough bacteria on the handles of each gas station to make someone sick. Hand sanitizer should be used after pumping gas in your car to prevent illness. Constants: Swabs, Blood plates, temperature of the incubator, gas stations, gas handles, and the gas. Material List: Swabs, Culture, Lab, Incubator, plastic loops, differentiation disc, identification stickers, and blood culture plates. A. Swabs- Used to rub on the gas pump handle to catch germs. B. Culture Process- The process used to help bacteria grow. C. Lab- Certified place for...
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...Biology 100 GROWTH OF BACTERIA INTRODUCTION We share our environment with various and diverse microorganisms. Humans harbor various bacteria on their skin, in their upper respiratory tract, and in their alimentary canals. There are very few, if any, environments in nature in which bacteria do not exist. Bacteria have been isolated from such diverse environments as sulfur hot-springs associated with volcanic activity to super-cooled waters of the Antarctic. This lab will consist of two parts. Each part will involve discussion and set-up during the first week and the reading of the results on the second week of the lab. Part 1 Bacteria in our environment You will identify some parts of your local environment you wish to test for the presence of bacteria. Part 2 Effectiveness of hand washing You will be conducting an experiment to test the effectiveness of various hand-washing methods and their effects on bacteria. MATERIALS & METHODS Part 1: Bacteria in our environment. Work in groups of two. Week 1 1. Decide what parts of your local environment you wish to sample for bacteria. 2. Obtain a sterile TSA (Trypticase soy agar) plate. Keep it sterile, do not open yet! 3. Label the bottom of the plate with the following: - students initials or names - type of exposure - date of exposure 4. Expose the...
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...citations and references since WritePoint capability in this area is limited. Thank you for using WritePoint. Bacteria and Parasites By Victor Banks Melanie Crow COM 155 4/2/13 Bacteria and parasites are both specific types of organisms that are able to have affect on a humans body, but parasites have a greater increase in harming a human being rather than a bacteria. While the exact origin of bacteria remains a matter of speculation, it is clear that they are among the oldest and most adaptable organisms on Earth. Over three and a half billion years ago the earth was an inhospitable planet characterized by a landscape of active volcanoes in an atmosphere with hardly any oxygen, as far as we know the first life forms to be on Earth were simple organisms that closely resembled present day bacteria and did not depend on atmospheric oxygen or survival. Eventually in the shallow waters of primitive earth photosynthetic microorganisms appeared which used the suns energy to make food and omitted oxygen as a waste product as oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere bacteria that depended on this gas gained a foothold and began to flourish. Over several billion years new forms of life evolved many have since become extinct as conditions on earth have changed bacteria however, continued to adapt and thrive when other organisms...
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...Unknown bacteria determined to be Alcaligenes faecalis because of its morphological, physiological and metabolic properties. In a laboratory setting, it often becomes necessary to identify an unknown organism. In this experiment, researchers classified an unidentified bacterium based on its physical structure, colony morphology, optimal conditions and metabolic properties. A Gram stain using crystal violet, iodine, and safranin and a simple stain using methylene blue characterized the organism’s cell wall. Cultural behavior was classified by inoculating the organism onto nutrient agar and incubating it at 37° C for 48 hours, and observing its behavior, as well as using SIM medium to test for motility. Optimal growth temperature was determined by incubating nutrient broths of the organism at 25° C and 37° C, and optimal pH was tested by inoculating broths with pHs of 3, 7, and 10. Fluid thioglycollate medium determined the organism’s oxygen requirements. The metabolic profile was created by inoculating the bacterium into broths containing glucose, lactose, mannitol, and citrate and incubating the tubes at 25° C for 48 hours, then observing it for color change. Oxidative metabolic tests for oxidase and catalase were also performed using an oxidative reagent and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The Enterotube II System was used to further classify its metabolic profile. The stains revealed that the bacterium was a Gram-negative bacillus. The organism was shown to be non-motile...
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...Limbago, Patel, & Kallen, 2011). CRE is a group of multiple bacterium that is very difficult to treat due to the high resistance to several antibiotics, which has earned them the name “Killer bacteria” or “Nightmare bacteria” (Bradford, 2015). This is what led to the Carbapenem-resistant gram negative bacteria study for both inside and outside of the health care facilities, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli (E. coli), in an attempt to understand why CRE is antibiotic resistant, and to test if there was any way to slow the infection down, prevent it, and ultimately...
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...It is important to have normal levels of bacteria in our ecosystem. Good levels of bacteria protect the body by preventing other types of bacteria from overgrowing and producing toxins. Good bacteria can also help with breaking down food that the body itself cannot absorb in turn teaching the body to not have an overactive immune system by helping prevent allergies and training immune cells whilst also increase appropriate growth of epithelial cells. It is important to have research and knowledge because without understanding bacteria we can’t tailor antibiotics to target only specific bacteria and medical teams cannot know how to restore healthy levels of bacteria after treatment has passed. The most fundamental technique for classifying bacteria is gram staining, during this procedure crystal violet stains the bacteria and treated with mordant- a solution that fixes the stain inside the cell. The bacteria is then washed with a clear agent such as alcohol. Gram positive bacteria take up the colour of the gram stain (violet) and cannot be counterstained whereas gram negative will not. This is an important method as it will allow scientists to determine which antibiotics will kill particular bacteria. Although using gram staining to identify bacteria another way is to identify the bacterium though its shape and cell arrangement, the most common shapes of bacteria include rod, cocci (round) and spiral. The bacteria used in the experiment ; Staphylococcus Epidermis is sphere...
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...Why do you think that some species/strains of bacteria are resistant to disinfectants? In your post, refer to the structural features we learned about in Module One and the mechanism of action of disinfectants that we have learned about in the current module. Some potential organisms to focus on in your discussion are Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas or Bacillus. Many bacteria species are naturally unaffected by anti-microbial agents such as biocides and disinfectants. Microbial evolution has occurred for millions of years outpacing the diversity of all other taxa. It is therefore very difficult to effectively control the spread of infectious diseases because the pathogens themselves are able to mutate into other more resistant organisms rendering antimicrobial treatment useless. “Bacterial and archaeal species do not reproduce sexually. They increase their genetic diversity by horizontal (lateral) gene transfer (HGT). During HGT, genetic information from a donor organism is transferred to a recipient, creating a new genotype.” (Willey, Sherwood, & Woolverton, 2014, p. 10). So we therefore see different mechanisms for genetic transfer: either between differeing microbial species or intergenerational - between the same species. HGT also means that the evolution of microbial species result in a myriad of new species with a diverse gene pool and according to Willey, Sherwood, & Woolverton, (2014), leading to the evolution of species with antibiotic resistance, new virulence properties...
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...Archae and Bacteria Name: Institution: Date: The Archaea is similar to the bacteria in terms of cell structure and size, although possess many distinctive features, including the lack of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, existence of exclusive membrane lipids that are not established in the other domains of life and other distinctive genetic and biochemical properties. Most cultured Archaea were actually recovered from tremendous environments where there are high temperatures, high salt concentration and acidic hot springs. The exclusive properties of the Archaea can be subjugated in biotechnology. In addition culture independent studies illustrate that Archaea are also extensive in non tremendous environments such as soil and sea water (Kates, Kushner, & Matheson, 1993). Bacteria are normally clustered in a number of diverse ways. Most bacteria are of one of three archetypal shapes: round shaped, spiral shaped and rod shaped. An additional group Vibrios comes out as partial spirals. In most bacterial cells the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm are bounded by a cell wall. Extra categorization of bacteria is based on cell wall distinctiveness. Some bacteria which are known as aerobic forms can function metabolically only in the existence of atmospheric oxygen while others which are known as anaerobic bacteria cannot grow in presence of free oxygen but acquires it from compounds (Zannoni, 2004). In terms of modes of nutrition bacteria and Archaea are clustered...
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