...Tunisia Modesty for women is an imperative component of the Muslim society. This component is stressed by the Qur’an; which governs the way in which all Muslims are to live their lives. As such, in order to adhere to the words of the Qur’an, Muslim women wear a veil which covers their head; known as a hijab. The hijab is worn by Muslim women beyond the age of puberty in the presence of non-related adult males. The hijab also goes much deeper than merely being a covering for Muslim women to wear; in that the veil embodies a metaphysical dimension, whereby the veil represents the separation of man/the world from God. Such is the depth to which Muslim women regard the wearing of the hijab. However, despite their zeal to obey the central religious text of Islam, a myriad of Muslim women around the world are presently undergoing or have in the past undergone much prejudice and discrimination with regard to the wearing of the hijab. Several countries have taken drastic measures with regard to the hijab; one of the countries in question is Tunisia. Despite being a Muslim-majority country (98% of the country is Muslim), Tunisia has not always looked kindly on the wearing of the hijab by Muslim women. For many years the hijab has been an issue within Tunisia; dating back to 1981 when the wearing of the hijab was banned. Tunisian authorities defended their actions by encouraging women, instead, to wear modest dress in line with Tunisian traditions, as opposed to wearing the hijab. Women...
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...Has the UN General Assembly Declaration of Human Rights, made on the 10th December 1948, stood the test of time? A short essay focusing on freedom of religion. Introduction “Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18, http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml, accessed 14th March 2014) This essay will show that the rights protected in Article 18 - as with many other Articles of the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) are protected to varying degrees – to not at all, depending on where you live, the level of democracy in your society, culture and lastly; external factors that dominate ordinary democratic processes and because of the forces applied by the geopolitical and economic forces of the day. The essay will show this by illustrating often controversial and disputed examples of violation on religious freedom in France, Saudi Arabia and Burma (Maynamar) and testing the principles of UDHR on those cases whilst also considering the socio-economic and political drivers. Simply defining human rights and its elements can be complex. This is shown in the minor disagreement between the drafters of the UDHR as described later below. This essay will also use the...
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...Introduction: For more than 15 years numerous countries within Europe have been faced with the question of the wearing of religious garments in schools, most notably France. Until recently Ireland had remained untouched by these questions of Identity which arise from emigration and the consequent religious and cultural diversity which ensues. In recent years this situation in Ireland has reversed, as Ireland’s population grows to include a range of different ethnic and religious backgrounds. Terms of Reference: The principal has asked that I make proposals in relation to a policy on the wearing of religious garments in the class room. I am required to consider the feasibility and implications of such a policy for the school. Background: As a health care professional I have worked for many years with professionals of various ethnic groups, and got to know their families through social occasions. More recently my home town was selected for the relocation of refugees from Serbian Kosovo conflict. Most of the refugees have made Baltinglass their permanent home; subsequently their children attend local schools. All of them are of the Muslim persuasion. I have observed some of the teenage girls practice the tradition of covering their hair. It has not posed any problems, generally accepted by all. Deeply appreciated I would imagine by teachers looking at some hair styles and colours they are faced with in Modern day Ireland. Methodology: ...
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... in 2006, there were 154 cases of discrimination or harassment in which a Muslim woman's head covering was identified as the factor that triggered the incident. The most common complaint in these cases was being prohibited from wearing a head covering, which accounted for 44 incidents One expert has found that Muslim women who wear headscarves are more likely than those who do not to face discrimination: 69% of women who wore hijab reported at least one incident of discrimination compared to 29% of women who did not wear hijab Muslim women should be free to express their religious beliefs—free from discrimination and prejudice. The hijab is a veil to hide or screen from view or to cover. Sometimes the word hijab refers specifically to a woman's headscarf; sometimes it is used more generally to refer to the practice of wearing modest clothing in accordance with religious beliefs. Muslim Australians experience discrimination and abuse on a daily or regular basis The burqa and niqab have become a topic of much controversy and heated debate. A number of countries have banned the wearing of these religious garments, while others have considered banning or limiting their use. . There is no doubt that both the burqa and niqab have an Islamic basis, and that both have been commonly practised and recognised by Muslims throughout history. Islamic texts make it very clear that the hijab is compulsory for Muslim women to observe. Consequently, Islamic scholars have agreed that both the burqa...
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...already had a seemingly good grasp on the support level they would get if the law were passed. On April 9, 2011, however, a group of 61 protestors against the law had to be taken away in police vans and detained. While the majority of the French population is not affected by this law, a small group of Muslim women (and a pool of potential tourist) are. In 2009, French President, Nicholas Sarkozy made a statement claiming that religious face veils were “not welcome” in France because they goes against the country’s secular values ("French Senate Bans Burqa: Bill awaits President Nicholas Sarkozy’s signature" September 14, 2010). This essentially sparked the discussion and consideration of a banning on religious face veils, namely traditional Muslim burqas and niqabs. The rationale behind the banning is that it not only goes against the countries secular values of equality and dignity, but it also “imprisons women” and causes a safety issue for the citizens of the country (Ristici April 11, 2011). While freedom of religion and religious expression is practiced in France, the law under which the ban exists was passed with the reasoning that it made the nation’s citizen to feel threatened therefore going against the Declaration of Human Rights and of the Citizen, which states that the actions of one individual cannot impede the well-being of another. While the grounds of this law may seem to be in the best interest of the French citizens, one would have to wonder if these are the sole...
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...The emergence and deepening of the European identity has been a significant aspect of integration over the past two decades. The European identity can be classified as a set of values shared by all the citizens of the European Union. The most tangible illustration of a European identity is the European Union (EU), a political-economic union that consists of 28 member states within Europe. Individuals and nations within Europe subordinating parochial interests is an imperative influence for the assimilation of Europe, as it achieves a common sense personified by the identity, based on the beliefs, values and norms. The concept of European identity can be demonstrated through cultural, social and political factors in varying degrees, with reference to the French society. Cultural and social identities involve the existence of a European identity that exceeds the distinctiveness of individuals based on native factors such as national identity or culture group identity, whereas political identities considers the strengthening expansion of a European identity through the influence of European identity. Supporters of European integration regard the development of a European identity as part of the quest to a culturally, politically, economically and influential united Europe. A European identity can notionally exist simultaneously through national or cultural identities, with individuals establishing a hierarchy of importance or relevance for their identities to their lives. Cultural...
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...Abstract This paper is about France’s issue with women wearing the veil in public. French people justify wanting to ban the veil by saying that it affects their identity, is threatening, and stands for oppression of women. A lot of statistics are used to prove that what they are claiming is incorrect. I will also be supporting my argument with stories of women who are affected already from credible sources like books. As a woman who wears the veil, I want people to think about the impact that this ban can have on women like me. Even though I do not live in France, countries around France are beginning to act similarly, and so sooner or later it will affect me and the women around me. “In our country, we cannot accept that women be prisoners behind a screen, cut off from all social life, deprived of all identity,” he said to rolling applause. “The burqa is not a religious sign, it’s a sign of subservience, a sign of debasement – I want to say it solemnly: It will not be welcome on the territory of the French Republic” (“Sarkozy speaks out against burka”, 2009) is what French president Nicholas Sarkozy said on March 2004, according to BBC News. What happens if the ban is applied is that women who are seen wearing the veil in public will be fined 15o euros (£119). 30,000 euros and a one-year sentence to jail will befall men who force their women to wear the veil (“French Senate Votes to Ban Islamic Veil in Public”, 2010). The word people use to describe the veil differs from...
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...in Turkey. They attempted to remove the ban on wearing headscarves inside public buildings, adopt better working hours during the month of Ramadan, loosen the Directorate of Religious Affair’s power over determining who was allowed to travel to Mecca, and build a mosque on Taskim Square, an area dedicated to Atatürk (Taspinar 154-5). The party also opened up dialogues with nations antagonistic towards Westernization such as Sudan, Iran, and Libya while at the same time increasing cooperation with Israel, the beacon of the Western world in the Middle East (Taspinar 154). Their reforms were not typical of a hostile Islamist government, but instead one that seeks greater Islamic freedom of expression and global cooperation with Western and non-Western governments alike. While these reforms did not inherently threaten the Western nature of Turkey, However, the military would not allow such religious encroachments. The military demanded the Welfare Party to implement proper remedies, such as restricting Islamic education in schools and reporting religious orders, otherwise the consequences would be severe. When the two month limit had reached, the military acted on its promise. It investigated all corporations and organizations that had supported the Welfare Party, and branded Islamist parties as an internal threat more detrimental to Turkey’s success than the Kurdish separatists. Once the military suggested banning the Welfare Party, 300,000 protestors took to the streets...
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...Introduction Section 1-Identify Basic Appeal Section 2- Assess Business Environment a. Language, attitudes, religious beliefs, traditions, work ethic ( culture) The full name of Saudi Arabia is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arabic is the official language. In the 7th century, the successor of the Mohammed who was the founder of Islam established Arab empire. The 8th century is a heyday for Saudi Arabia, and its territory crosses Europe, Asia and Africa. However, in the 16th century, Arab empire was ruled by the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century, The Great Britain invaded into Arab, it was divided into two parts, Hejaz and Nejd. In 1924, the chief of Hejaz in Saudi Arabia merged Nejd and then gradually unified the Arabian Peninsula. Finally, in September 1932, he declared the establishment of Saudi Arabia kingdom. Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam. Islam has become the world’s second large religion. The founder Muhammad established Islam approximately A.D 600 in Mecca; the sacred city of Islam is located in Saudi Arabia. Islam prospers in northwestern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, Pakistan, and some Southeast cities. Religion strongly affects consumption behavior of Arabian. For example, Muslim consumers are not allowed to consume alcohol and pork, besides that, the nation is governed under the Law of Islamic. Muslim pray five times a day, the local people usually go to the mosque to do religious service. Women must wear black robes in that day. ...
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...Incorporation of Muslim in Non-Muslim World: Focusing on France, Germany, UK and USA Abstract Though many European countries have large and growing Muslim minorities but since the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, Madrid in 2004 and London in 2005 the vast majority of Muslims in Europe became vulnerable to extremist ideologies. The matter of joy is that over the last several years, European governments have stepped up their efforts to improve Muslim integration. These have included introducing new citizenship laws and language requirements, promoting dialogue with Muslim organizations, developing “homegrown” imams more familiar with European culture and traditions, improving educational and economic opportunities for Muslims, and tackling racism and discrimination. By ensuring the Muslim integration, European governments have also sought to strengthen security measures and tighten immigration and asylum policies to prevent radicalization and combat terrorism. So this paper will illustrate the incorporation of Muslim in Secular Europe along with the policies of combating terrorism. Contents Abstract • Introduction • Presence of Muslim in Europe • France o Muslim attendance in France o French Efforts to Promote Muslim Integration • Germany o Muslim attendance in Germany o Germany Efforts to Promote Muslim Integration ...
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...r{,r,, ^'r\. J. L !--.,,r'*- A 4l^ 4^ *- rwc,\ l*"d , Cr^V*Voa^{Y /Aotql [ss^'/> ?**, o^ft*^Na JJ rrr! alt i , 3 cz €);o\t -', , l)*s*xY YUrrur(J Susan Moller Okin "ls Multiculturalism Bad for Women?" Ethics in Society and Profe.ssor o,f.Politiin Western Political Thought andJustice, cal Science atStanford rJniversity, isthe authorofwomen Cender, and the FamilY. Susan Moller Okin, the Marta Sutton Weeks Professor of arise between acceptance of diversity In this article, Okin explores some of the tensions that the rights and well-being of women' (a key telnA of multicultural'ism) and concern for ' As You Recd, Consiiler This: ,'Eeminism" .and "multicultur rtlism" 1. fine each of these terms? aTe two key terms in okin's arlrcle' How does she de- originallypublisheditlheBostonReview,october/November199?'ReprintedinsusanMollerOkin'IsMulticulc' Nussbaum (Princeton: PrinceMatthew Howard' and Martha turalism Bad for women? edited by Joshua cohen, Press, 1999). ton UniversitY Chapter 7 . Gender 287 2. Why, according to Kymticka, do certain minority groups deserve special group rights? 3. \Mhat is the liberal response to Okin's crlttque?'Nhatrejoinder does Olcrn offer to this response? Until the past few decades, minority groups-immigrants as well as indigenous peoples-were typically expected to assimilate into majority cultures. This assimilationist expectation is now often ...
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...Feminism in Multicultural Societies An analysis of Dutch Multicultural and Postsecular Developments and their Implications for Feminist Debates Eva Midden A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements of the degree of PhD at the University of Central Lancashire May 2010 Student Declaration Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards I declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution Material submitted for another award I declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work Signature of Candidate Type of Award School ___PhD_________________________________ ___Centre for Professional Ethics___________ 1 Abstract It was long assumed that both multiculturalism and feminism are connected to progressive movements and hence have comparable and compatible goals. However, both in academia and in popular media the critique on multiculturalism has grown and is often accompanied with arguments related to gender equality and/or feminism. According to political scientist Susan Moller Okin for example there are fundamental conflicts between our commitment to gender equality and the desire to respect the customs of minority cultures or religions. If we agree that women...
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...The Hunger Games: Action-film feminism is catching fire Lisa Schwarzbaum Burning up Jennifer Lawrence’s Katniss Everdeen is both strong and vulnerable – a new kind of action heroine who has powered The Hunger Games: Catching fire to a $158m US debut. (Lionsgate) Jennifer Lawrence’s Katniss Everdeen is a new type of female action film icon, and moviegoers should be very excited about that, writes Lisa Schwarzbaum. As Catching Fire ignites on movie screens around the world, this is what we know about the 21st Century heroine called Katniss Everdeen: she is strong but also soft. She is brave but she has doubts. She is a phenomenal fictional creation, yet is real enough that moviegoers can draw inspiration from her values, her resourcefulness, and her very human inner conflicts. And she is played by Jennifer Lawrence, who appears not only to be handling her current duties as Hollywood’s finest model of well-adjusted millennial female stardom but doing so with charm. Everdeen and Lawrence: golden girls both. Personified in Lawrence’s lithe movements and cool, focused gaze, Katniss is a brave, resourceful and independent-minded fighter; but she is also a troubled and vulnerably guilt-ridden human being. Nina Jacobson, the producer of the Hunger Games film franchise, puts it this way: “She is a singular heroine in that the burden of survival weighs on her. She has a ton of survivor’s guilt. And she keeps surviving.” Girl on fire It is strange that behaving like a well-adjusted...
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...HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World Accommodating people’s growing demands for their inclusion in society, for respect of their ethnicity, religion, and language, takes more than democracy and equitable growth. Also needed are multicultural policies that recognize differences, champion diversity and promote cultural freedoms, so that all people can choose to speak their language, practice their religion, and participate in shaping their culture— so that all people can choose to be who they are. 65 108 166 55 34 82 3 14 91 51 40 138 29 62 6 99 161 134 114 66 128 72 33 56 175 173 130 141 4 105 169 167 43 94 73 136 144 168 45 163 48 52 30 32 Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic 17 154 95 98 100 120 103 109 156 36 170 81 13 16 122 155 97 19 131 24 93 121 160 172 104 153 115 23 38 7 127 111 101 10 22 21 79 9 90 78 148 28 44 110 135 50 80 Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea...
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...French Revolution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see French Revolution (disambiguation). Page semi-protected French Revolution Anonymous - Prise de la Bastille.jpg Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789. Date 1789–1799 Location France Participants French society Outcome Abolition of the French monarchy Establishment of a secular and democratic republic that became increasingly authoritarian and militaristic Radical social change based on liberalism and other Enlightenment principles Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Armed conflicts with other European countries Part of a series on the History of France National EmblemNational EmblemNational Emblem Prehistory[show] Ancient[show] Early Middle Ages[show] Middle Ages[show] Early modern[show] 19th century[show] 20th century[show] Portal icon France portal v t e The French Revolution (French: Révolution française) was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of theocracies and absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.[1] The causes of the French Revolution...
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