...simulation runs, focus on the barnacles. Use the STEP 7 button to run the simulation for seven days at a time. SimBio Virtual Labs® | The Barnacle Zone © 2013, SimBio. All Rights Reserved. 5 [ 8.1 ] Briefly describe what you notice about the distribution patterns for each species on the following days. Do both species settle on the same parts of the rock face? Do their distribution patterns of the rock face change over time? Days 1–7: On day 28: General observations: [ 9 ] Develop a hypothesis for the patterns of distribution for Chthamalus and Semibalanus that you observed. [ 9.1 ] Hypothesis: [ 10 ] Click the TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING button in the bottom right corner of the screen and answer the question in the window that pops up. SimBio Virtual Labs® | The Barnacle Zone © 2013, SimBio. All Rights Reserved. 6 Exercise 2: Counting Barnacles Connell studied many aspects of barnacle biology to address his question about their distributional patterns. He started out by making (and quantifying) some basic observations. Connell did A LOT of barnacle-counting by hand. Fortunately, you have some handy tools to simplify this process. This exercise will introduce you to your virtual SAMPLING tool, which creates a sampling transect. In this type of sampling, the investigator establishes a line of fixed length and counts the organisms of interest along (or within a fixed distance from) that line. [ 1 ] Your first task will be to quantify the barnacles’...
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...SimBio Virtual Labs® EcoBeaker®: The Barnacle Zone NOTE TO STUDENTS: This workbook accompanies the SimBio Virtual Labs® The Barnacle Zone laboratory. Only registered subscribers are authorized to use this material. Laboratory subscriptions may not be shared or transferred. Student’s Name: _________________________________ Signature: __________________________________ Date: __________________________________ This and other SimBio Virtual Labs® are accessible through SimBio’s SimUText System®. . SimBio Virtual Labs®: EcoBeaker® The Barnacle Zone Background When we tell our kids about different species and where they live, we naturally start talking about weather and the physical environment. Camels are adapted to life in the desert and can go a long time without water. Polar bears live in the Arctic and are adapted to cold with their thick layers of insulation. A polar bear wouldn’t be very happy in the desert, and a camel would have a hard time in the Arctic (though a herd of camels pulling a sled over the ice is an amusing image). The underlying idea is that in order to be adapted to one environment, you necessarily give up the ability to live in other environments. But is this true for most species? Do species live where they do primarily because of their adaptations to the physical environment, or might the other species in the environment also be important? The intertidal zone of rocky coastlines makes an interesting natural laboratory in which...
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...Introduction: Both, Chthamalus and Semibalanus reside in different areas on the rock due to their levels of adaptation to a certain environment, and their interactions with the each other, limit where each barnacle species can live. Methods: In order to prove this hypothesis, it was important to prove that both the Chthamalus and Semibalanus are fully capable of living in the same environment by themselves. This was done by doing an exclusion experiment; whereby Semibalanus was first excluded from the rock for a period of 14 days and then the same procedure was completed for Chthamalus. The end result would measure the range of distribution in meters of each species on the rock (plot). Utilizing the SimUText program, all one has to do to complete this experiment is: Set the WET AND DRY EXERCISE in the upper toolbar Click on the EXCLUDE SEMIBALANUS button in the Exclusions panel on the right. RUN for 14 days. Observe. 3) Click on the EXCLUDE CHTHAMALUS button in the Exclusions panel on the right. RUN for 14 days. Observe. The second experiment that was performed, was to see species interactions. Both species were to be shown living amongst each other on the same rock simultaneously. By running this test, one can measure the amount of each barnacle species residing on the different areas of the rock and visually see the species distribution. The distribution is measured by using SAMPLING tool located in the low toolbar. The measurements were taken by clicking...
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...Exercise 1 3.1 Which barnacle species ranges into the warmest water? Chthamalus montagui 4.1 On average, how many high and low tides will a given spot on the coast experience in a day, and why? On average the coast will experience about two high and two low tides each day. These daily tide cycles are determined by the rotation of the Earth. The Moon's gravitational pull on the ocean, in addition to internal elastic forces within the body of water create the high tide. We experience a high tide as Earth continues to rotate on its axis with this budge rotating as well. The high tide is experienced while facing the moon, the low tide is experienced when we face 90° from the moon. 4.2 What is a spring tide and when does it occur? A spring tide is referred to when gravitational forces caused by the sun are parallel to the gravitational forces caused by the Moon. This effect creates an extra-high high tide and an extra-low low tide, spring tides occur about every two weeks. 4.3 What is a neap did e and when does it occur? When the Sun and Moon are at right angles to one another in-between spring tides the gravitational pull by the sun is perpendicular to those of the Moon making the the ocean water evenly distributed around the planet. During neap tides high tides are at their lowest and low tides are at their highest, these tides occur every two weeks. [ 6.1 ] How many high and low tides are there each day? two high tides and two low tides. [7.1] What is the height...
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...Exercise 1: 3.1 – Which barnacle species ranges into the warmest water? Chthamalus montagui 4.1 – On average, how many high and low tides will a given spot on the coast experience in a day, and why? A given spot on the coast will experience two high and two low tides each day. High tide occurs when the Moon and Earth are facing towards each other and away from each other. Low tide occurs when the Moon is facing the Earth at 90˚ and 270˚. 4.2 – What is spring tide and when does it occur? Spring tide is when the Earth, Moon and Sun are directly aligned. This occurs at new moon and full moon. The gravitational forces caused by the Sun are parallel to those of the moon. This creates a very high tide and a very low tide. This occurs about every two weeks. 4.3 – What is a neap tide and when does it occur? At half moon, the Moon and the Sun are at right angles from each other relative to the Earth. The gravitational pull of the Sun is perpendicular to that of the Moon and the ocean water is evenly distributed. This occurs about every two weeks. 6.1 – How many high and low tides are there each day? There are two high tide and two low tides each day. 7.1 – What is the height of each of the following in your study area? Spring high tide: 4.7 m Spring low tide: 0.5 m Neap high tide: 3.5 m Neap low tide: 2.0 m 7.2 – If you are an organism that must remain submerged at all times, what is your maximum height on the rock? Explain. If you must be submerged...
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...Gathering this data we used a transect (rope knotted every meter), a quadrat (50cm x 50cm), a meter ruler, a thermometer, and species information cards to help with clarification. My group and I started our measurements from where the water met the rocks and placed our first quadrat there. We recorded the species count and recorded the temperature, then moved three meters up the transect and placed the quadrat down again. We completed this for 48meters from where the water meets the rocks and recorded the data. Our investigation is to chose two species that we collected data on and compare and contrast the evironmental niches of each of those species. I have chosen to research and investigate the species of Chaemosipho columna (the Acorn Barnacles) and the species of Austrolittorina antipodum (the common...
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...that physical factors (especially tolerance to desiccation) were most important in setting UPPER limits of species distributions, while biological interactions were more important in setting LOWER limits. 1. More recent studies show that upper limits can also be modified by biological factors, but still many cases where upper limits are related to physical factors. B. A variety of interspecific interactions and other biological processes have been studied to determine how they influence intertidal zonation, as well as distribution within a zone (for different microhabitats). This lecture focuses on those interactions and processes. II. Competition for space A. Example: Vertical distribution of the barnacles Chthamalus and Balanus/Semibalanus. Classic work of Joe Connell (1961) 1. Key observations a) Patterns of larval settlement: overlap in higher zones (see diagram) b) Patterns of adult distribution: Chthamalus higher than Semibalanus; no overlap at sites where both are found c) If Semibalanus is removed/excluded, the lower limit of Chthamalus is extended into the upper-mid-intertidal, but no further. • Why extended?: Semibalanus grows faster and "undercuts" Chthamalus. When removed, C. can grow • Why not go deeper?: Range not extended past the upper-mid-intertidal because of larval settlement patterns. ...
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...Keystone predators is defined as one of the organism in a community that defines the structure of the community by the abundance and diversity of species (Menge et al. 1994). Paine stated that a keystone predator will have two skills which are the predator will control the prey population by consumption and the prey species of the predator could competitively outcompete other prey species in the community ( Menge et al. 1994). Paine suggested that the local marine diversity is correlated to the predators in that ecosystem (Paine 1996). The sea star Pisaster ochraceus is a keystone predator in the rocky intertidal. The P. ochraceus is commonly found the west coast of North America (Ricketts and Calvin 1962; Menge 1972). The sea star diet consist...
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...peer out seeing the brave people who have walked out what seems like miles out into the ocean with the water at there knees. You peer at the rock which is covered with colourful starfish and barnacle. The warm water at your ankles, the very wet sand massaging your feet as they slowly sink. The history of how this all came to be. The uniqueness of this place. The many things you can do here. Cannon Beach, being one of the best vacation spots. It all started 17 million years ago when the volcanoes were erupting. Some of the largest lava flows run over the Columbian Plateau, to the Oregon Coast. Once it reaches the ocean it starts to cool, becoming basalt rock. When the sea levels went down the rock formation all around oregon’s coast appeared. In the 1980’s people made up HRAP (Haystack Rock Awareness Program) was to watch over the creatures who live there. The barnacle and starfish are found all around the Haystack...
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...Biology essay – Relationships and interactions There are many different types of relationships and interactions between organisms. Every organism is in some way connected or associated with another. Some organisms need to depend on other organisms to survive which shows how important some of these relationships or interactions can be in biology. Interaction is a vital part of how many organisms develop over time. Predation is a main example of a relationship between organisms. Predation involves predators and prey, such as a fox catching and eating a rabbit. There are two other forms of predation called, parasitism and grazing. Parasitism is where the host organism is exploited and used for benefit by the other organism called a parasite. An example of parasitism is fleas which live on the skin of other animals and feed on their blood which helps the flea but only weakens the animal. Grazing is where the predator eats the prey but does not kill it, for example a cow eating grass. Predators play an important role in an ecosystem for if they did not exist then a single species could become dominant over others. Grazing is important as it helps to keep grassland from growing out of control. If predation in a certain ecosystem were to be effected then it would change the balance of the whole ecosystem. For example if wolves were removed from a forest ecosystem then there would be much more rabbits and deer around. This huge population of rabbits and deer would significantly decrease...
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...Crustaceans (Crustacea) form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 67,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at 0.1 mm (0.004 in), to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of up to 12.5 ft (3.8 m) and a mass of 44 lb (20 kg). Like other arthropods, crustaceans have an exoskeleton, which they moult to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as insects, myriapods and chelicerates, by the possession of biramous (two-parted) limbs, and by the nauplius form of the larvae. Most crustaceans are free-living aquatic animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice), some are parasitic (e.g. Rhizocephala, fish lice, tongue worms) and some are sessile (e.g. barnacles). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian, and includes living fossils such as Triops cancriformis, which has existed apparently unchanged since the Triassic period. More than 10 million tons of crustaceans are produced by fishery or farming for human consumption, the majority of it being shrimp and prawns. Krill and copepods are not as widely fished, but may be the animals with the greatest biomass on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. The scientific study of crustaceans is known as carcinology (alternatively, malacostracology, crustaceology or crustalogy), and a scientist who works in carcinology...
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...intertidal organisms within a particular Intertidal Community By Arlene Reynolds California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA . Abstract. (The relationship between mussels and intertidal organisms within a particular community in the intertidal zone is a great example of the competitive exclusion principle. The alternative hypothesis for this study would be that there is a direct relationship between organisms due to interspecific competition, Introduction: California mussels (Mytilus californianus) are abundant where there is surf along the outer coast. They form massive beds, sometimes several meters across, on surf exposed rocks and wharf pilings in the upper middle intertidal zone and offshore, up to 24 meters deep. Like barnacles, mussels like to gather in dense clusters in the middle intertidal zone. Mussel beds are often large enough to be a home to many other creatures, like snails and worms. California mussel beds accumulate a gritty mixture of sand and bits of shell which provide a home for a various assemblage of animals including a number of polychaete worms, snails, crabs and a blackish sea cucumber. The Ochre sea stars are California mussels' main predator. Ochre sea stars affect the distribution of the mussels because the sea star generally occurs lower on the shore than the mussels and moves up to feed during high tide. Mussels are also eaten by shorebirds, crabs and snails. When a predator eats the dominant species, then predation may prevent the dominant...
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...She died that same year. While in Ireland, he met Nora Barnacle on June 16, 1904. At the time she was working as a hotel chambermaid. Joyce and Barnacle then left to Austria-Hungary in October of the same year. The next year, still unmarried, their first child, Giorgio was born and they moved to Trieste, Italy. They live in Rome briefly till their second child, Lucia was born and they moved back to Trieste. In 1914 Dubliners, a book of 15 short stories was published and the following year, they move to Zürich. In 1920, they move to Paris, where Ulysses was first published. Ulysses faced lots of censorship problems (Bio.com) until it was unbanned in the...
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...sense of pity, a relationship between the fisherman and the fish is formed leading to the ultimate decision to let the fish go. With this “battered and venerable and homely” fish hanging from the hook from his mouth, the fisherman analyzes the rough, scaly skin and large eyes with sympathy (8-9). Looking at the fish, it appears to be old, because of its “brown skin” that “hung in strips like ancient wallpaper” (10-11). Even if the fish is “old and grotesque to the untrained or empathetic eye,” the reader becomes fixed on this fish that is “blurred and imperfect” (McCabe 95). With the flaws and imperfections of the fish, the fisherman starts to pity the fish. The fisherman once again sympathizes with the fish because it has withstood “barnacles forming on his skin, cut gills, and five big hooks,” which still remain (16-17). The fish is still, there is no tension on the line, simply a “grunting weight” (7). As the fisherman examines the fish, the lines that hang from the hooks represent “medals with their ribbons frayed and wavering” because it accounts for all the fisherman he has escaped in his past (61-62). The fish “now assumes the mock-role of tribal elder or hero” because of his wounds, “medals” hanging from his lips...
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...Homarus americanus Homarus americanus ("American lobster") is a bottom-dwelling predator and scavenger. The American lobster is found throughout the Gulf of Maine, where it is commercially important. The lobster is found in rocky, subtidal habitats but, rarely, can be observed in lower intertidal pools. Idotea balthica This herbivorous crustacean, an isopod, feeds on a variety of algae including large rockweeds (Ascophyllum, Fucus). It is common in the mid- and lower intertidal zones but is hard to see because its color usually matches the algae it is feeding on. This behavior helps it resist predation by fish. Individuals vary in color from yellow to brown to deep burgundy. Semibalanus balanoides Semibalanus balanoides ("barnacles") are sessile filter feeders. Larvae settle in the spring and attach head down to the rock. They make heavy calcified plates, which protect them from predation and drying stress, and begin to sweep phytoplankton into their digestive system by catching them with modified, feathery limbs that sweep out into the seawater from the plates. Semibalanus balanoides can be found from the low to high intertidal zones. Individuals lower in the intertidal zone and in high intertidal pools are larger than individuals that settled in the high intertidal zone. The larger individuals are in...
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