...Christoph Willibald Gluck, also known as Ritter von Gluck, was a German opera composer that lived during the early classical period. He was best known for the operas Orfeo ed Euridice, Alceste, Iphigénie en Aulide, and Iphigénie en Tauride, with Iphigenie en Tauride being his most famous composition. He was specialized in Italian, French, and German operas. He was also known for making major reforms to the opera. As Gluck was a composer in the time period between Baroque and Classical Periods, he was a major composer in transforming Baroque style opera into Classical opera. Gluck’s operas have proven successful, as they had received good reviews by the concert-goers and have been performed many times around the world. His work inspired...
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...George Frideric Handel and Baroque Music Name: 高晓莹（Alison） Student No.：130440202 Major：Applied English（International Business） George Frideric Handel and Baroque Music It is commonly believed that music is an important way to express one's feelings and emotions. Music tells us who we are as well as reflects our thinking ,values and the social environment it came from. As we know, in the long run of history, music vary from period to period. Baroque music is one of the special style of music.Baroque music describes a style of European classical music approximately extending from 1600 to 1750. This era is said to begin in music after the Renaissance and was followed by the Classical era. The word "baroque" came from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning "misshapen pearl".That is to say, the typical characteristic of Baroque music is replacing the old with the new , though it may be irregular, exaggerated as well as grand. George Frideric Handel is a famous German-born British composer during this period. He was born in Halle (Germany), on February 23rd,1685, just a month before JS Bach was born in Eisenach, not so far to the south. Handel's father intended him for the law, but his own musical inclinations soon prevailed.He was strongly influenced both by the great composers of the Italian Baroque and the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition. Following his studies in Germany, Handel went to Italy where he spent more than three years...
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...Antonio Lucio Vivaldi Antonio Vivaldi, also known as the Red Priest, was a Baroque music composer. Not only was he a composer, he was expert violinist. Being born on March 4th, 1678 in Venice, Italy, he grew up being a priest in mind. He was then ordained in 1703 obtaining the name “Red Priest” because he had red hair. After his priesting days, he became a violin teacher at an orphanage for girls named Pio Ospedale della Pieta. After writing a little while teaching, he began to see his true potential and so did the people around him. In 1713 he decided to take leave off of the orphanage and play at his first opera in Vicenza named Ottone in villa. Up-starting his career he traveled around composing operas, cantatas and concert music. After countless operas, cantatas and concerts, Vivaldi has reached a magnificent goal of becoming a famous composer. Before Vivaldi decided to become a composer, he was studying to become a priest. He began at the age of 15. In 1703 he was ordained as a priest, also obtaining the name “Red Priest”. It was said that Vivaldi had an asthma condition. Wearing the priest uniform squeezed his chest making it very hard for him to breathe. About a year into being a priest, he had to quit because of his asthma condition. Moving on, Vivaldi picked up a violin and practiced that. He played at the orphanage for girls named Pio Ospedale della Pieta. Constantly playing there, he was appointed to be a violin teacher. He taught the young girls there from 1703...
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...Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Wolfgang amadeus mozart) "Mozart" redirects here. For other uses, see Mozart (disambiguation). [pic] [pic] [pic] Mozart c. 1780, detail from portrait byJohann Nepomuk della Croce [pic] [pic] Mozart's signature Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (German: [ˈvɔlfɡaŋ amaˈdeus ˈmoːtsaʁt], English see fn.), baptismal name Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood. Already competent on keyboardand violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. At 17, he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg, but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position, always composing abundantly. While visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He chose to stay in the capital, where he achieved fame but little financial security. During his final years in Vienna, he composed many of his best-known symphonies, concertos, and operas, and portions of the Requiem, which was largely unfinished at the time of his death. The circumstances of his early death have been much mythologized. He was survived by his wife Constanze and two sons. Mozart learned voraciously from others, and developed a brilliance and maturity of style that encompassed the light and graceful along with the dark and...
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...Section one: 10 lecture questions 1. Why did composers of early polyphony use chant as the basis for their new compositions? * Chant was believed to have originated from Gregory the Great, who received it directly from God. * C., 800 Charlemagne mandated the standardization of chant repertoire in his kingdom. * Given the long tradition, including chant in new sacred music legitimized the new composition. 2. Why is Paris an important site for the notation of polyphonic music? * Paris was home to a preeminent university * University members were smart and innovative * Acoustical reverberation in gothic architecture necessitated the rhythmic organization of music. * Rhythmic notation was devised to help coordinate singers. 3. How did Notre organum say something new and old at the same time? * N.D organum used official sanctioned melodies as the basis for new compositions, thus paying respect to God, church, authority , and musical tradition.(OLD) * N.D organum added voices to preexisting chants. * N.D organum composers rhythmicized these added voices. Renaissance 4. How does the sound of Renaissance music differ medieval music? * Sacred Music: * Imitative polyphony is used * sacred music and secular music is sung in vernacular * Rhythms are more uniform 5. What is Mass ordinary and what makes it special? * MO is text that remains the same in every mass * It is the part of mass that does not...
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...Why Calvinism took root in the Netherlands 19. Margaret, regent of the Netherlands 20. The cathedral of Notre Dame of Antwerp 21. Duke of Alva 22. Prince William of Orange 23. Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 24. Union of Utrecht 25. Why Elizabeth came to the aid of the Protestant Netherlands (Page 496) 26. The Escorial 27. Philip II (make sure and read his political, religious background) 28. Philip’s “British problem” 29. Spanish Armada 30. Results of the defeat of the Armada for both Spain and England 31. Lutheranism, Calvinism and German bishoprics 32. Protestant Union vs. Catholic League 33. Four Phases of the Thirty Years’ War a. Bohemian Phase (Defenestration of Prague) b. Danish Phase (King Christian IV) i. Edict of Restitution c. Swedish Phase (Gustavus Adolphus) d. International Phase (Cardinal Richelieu) 34. Peace of Westphalia & Provisions (1648) 35. The Thirty Years War (War Chart) 36. Consequences of the Thirty Years’ War for Germany (Page...
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...Classical Period (1750-1825) Listening Bridge Both of these excerpts are from CONCERTOS. Listen and compare, using the following questions as guides: • What is the solo instrument in each piece? • How would you describe the orchestra that accompanies the soloist in each example? • In which piece does the orchestra and soloist play the same “theme”? • In which piece does the accompaniment part include many repeated tones? • In which piece are there more sudden and extreme changes in dynamics? • Which one has a basso continuo? • Which one features a more “singable” melody? • What purpose do you think each piece was intended to serve? |[pic]Four Seasons: Winter |[pic]Piano Concerto No. 21 C major | |[pic] |[pic] | |Antonio Vivaldi |Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | | | | |Born: 1678 |Born: 1756 | |Died: 1741 |Died: 1791 | |Period: Baroque |Period: Classical...
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...generation madrigalists[2] and wrote more madrigals than any other composer of the time.[3] Sources cite him as being "the best composer in the entire country, particularly in the new manner and musica reservata."[4] Others compare his collections of music with that of other influential composers, such as Lassus.[5] Philippe de Monte was born in Mechelen. After boyhood musical training at St. Rumbolds Cathedral in Mechelen, where he was a choirboy, Monte went to Italy — a common destination for a young Flemish composer in the sixteenth century — where he made a name for himself as a composer, singer, and teacher.[6] He lived and worked in Naples for a while, and in Rome, in the employ of Cardinal Orsini, although he was inEngland for a brief period, 1554–1555, during the reign of Queen Mary I, while she was married to King Philip II of Spain.[7] Monte reported that he disliked working in Philip's choir since all the other members were Spaniards.[8] "Though Monte was not likely to have been a supporter of the Reformation, he took part in a variety of intellectual exchanges on sensitive topics, some of which involved Italian academics."[9] In 1568 Monte was appointed as successor to Jacobus Vaet as Kapellmeister to the chapel of Maximilian II.[10] A majority of his music was published in Venice under the direction of Gardano, Monte's exclusive publisher in Italy. He wanted to utilize Italian publishers in order to stay close to the home of the madrigal.[11] He was successful at recruiting...
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...------------------------------------------------- Constellation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the star grouping. For other uses, see Constellation (disambiguation). | | | | * Top: Baroque drawing of the constellation Orionfrom Johannes Hevelius' celestial catalogue * Bottom: Contemporary map of Orion from the IAUand photography of the night sky | In everyday usage, a constellation is a traditional or recognizable group of stars in the night sky, or the region of the sky containing them. In technical usage these meanings have been separated, with groupings of stars being called asterisms, and the word constellation being reserved for a specific area of the celestial sphere with boundaries laid down by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). These areas mostly had their origins in Western-traditional asterisms from which the constellations take their names. When astronomers say something is “in” a given constellation they mean it is within those official boundaries. There are 88 officially recognized constellations, covering the entire sky[1] which have grown from the 48 classical Greek constellations laid down by Ptolemy in the Almagest. Out of these 88 constellations, 12 compose the zodiac signs. Thus, any given point in a celestial coordinate system can unambiguously be assigned to a constellation. It is usual in astronomy to give the constellation in which a given object is found along with its coordinates in order to convey...
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...Marinda McDonald Music 1010 Summer 2014 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart was born Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Salzburg, Austria to Anna Maria Walburga Pertl and Johann Georg Leopold Mozart on January 27, 1756; but his baptismal records display his name as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. (Binder) He and his sister Anna (a.k.a Nannerl) were the only two who survived out of the seven children the other five died during their infancy. Mozart’s family lineage is made up of musically talented people on both sides of his family. His mother’s father was a musician and his father Leopold a musician and a well-known teacher; it was his father who taught them about music. His sister played the keyboard and was quite good, but at the age of four years old Mozart outshined her. It was at a young age his father could tell he was meant to be a great musician and composer. His father was not only a musical teacher, but was an educated man as well and so naturally his father taught Mozart, and so it was that he was further along in his education than most boys his age, but for Mozart music was his passion, love, main interest. (Funk & Wagnalls New World) Amadeus was such a talented man that he was able to play the violin and harpsichord by the age of four, and a year later he was composing music. At age six Wolfgang went on his first tour escorted by his family. (Bio. A&E Television) The majority of his younger life was spent touring, and it was during...
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...information. Key: • 7: The Renaissance and Reformation- 1350-1600 UMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth (like Renaissance) painter/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism: People sought to receive personal credit for achievements, unlike medieval ideal of “all glory goes to god” Names Ideas o Renaissance: Began in Italian city-states, a cause de invention of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy: City states, under HRE (Holy Roman Empire) o For alliances: old nobility vs. wealthy merchants FIGHT P-Prussia Popolo: third class, “the people”, wanted own share of wealth/power R-Russia A-Austria Ciompi Revolts: 1378 Florence, Popolo were revolting [eew], brief period of control over government B-Britain Milan taken over by signor (which is a tyrant) • o Under control of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Significant because after this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e.g. Medici) Humanism: Francesco Petrarch (Sonnets), came up with term “Dark Ages”, began to study classical world of rhetoric and literature Cicero: Important Roman, provided account of collapse of Roman Republic [like Edward Gibbon], invented Ciceronian style: Latin style of writing which humanists followed • [Even though they weren’t in Rome, Humanists did as the Romans do] Despite being accused of following Pagan culture, Petrarch talked a lot about universality Civic Humanists:...
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...heories about how young children acquire and develop language Young children become amazingly proficient communicators during the first three years of life. As the Birth to Three Matters framework points out, they use 'the hundred languages of children' - body language (including facial expressions and dance); sign language (their own and family inventions as well as an officially recognised sign language); painting, drawing and mark-making; and oral expression. They have been acutely active listeners since their days in the womb, where they learned to recognise the speech patterns, tunes and tones of the languages used in their home contexts. Language theory research informs us that young children's language development is influenced by many factors, including having sensitive adults and older children around them who will listen and attend to their expressions and who will use and model appropriate language themselves. This has been called 'Motherese' by researchers led by Cathy Snow. Children's babbling during their first year includes the sounds of every world language and 'crib talk' demonstrates their intense interest in the sounds they hear around them. Although children with a hearing loss will stop babbling, if they grow up in a home with parents who can sign, they will follow the same patterns of development using their first language - signing - and will sign their first word at around the same age that hearing children speak theirs. Between two and three years...
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...Spring Break Work Ch. 13 Section 1 1) Sui Wendi: First emperor of the Sui dynasty centralized government, restored order, created a new legal code, reformed Bureaucracy Tang Taizong: The founder of the Tang Dynasty, he expanded China to include all that the Han had had and more. Wu Zhao: The only woman to ever declare herself empress, she was a member of the Tang Dynasty. Grand Canal: The 1,100-mile waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. Zhao Kuangyin: Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. Li Bo: Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. 2) tributary state: A country that pays tribute in money or goods to a more powerful nation Pagoda: Buddhist temples with many-storied towers; this was adapted from the Chinese 3) The dynasties returned the Middle Kingdom back to its old glory. a) Under the Tang and Song dynasties the emperor ruled over a splendid court filled with aristocratic families. The two main classes of society were the gentry, wealthy landowners, which valued scholarship more than physical labor, and the peasantry, who worked the land and lived off of what they produced. Then the merchants had a lower status in society. Merchants had such a low status in society because according to Confucianism their...
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...The Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud (1900) PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Wheras there was a space of nine years between the first and second editions of this book, the need of a third edition was apparent when little more than a year had elapsed. I ought to be gratified by this change; but if I was unwilling previously to attribute the neglect of my work to its small value, I cannot take the interest which is now making its appearance as proof of its quality. The advance of scientific knowledge has not left The Interpretation of Dreams untouched. When I wrote this book in 1899 there was as yet no "sexual theory," and the analysis of the more complicated forms of the psychoneuroses was still in its infancy. The interpretation of dreams was intended as an expedient to facilitate the psychological analysis of the neuroses; but since then a profounder understanding of the neuroses has contributed towards the comprehension of the dream. The doctrine of dream-interpretation itself has evolved in a direction which was insufficiently emphasized in the first edition of this book. From my own experience, and the works of Stekel and other writers, [1] I have since learned to appreciate more accurately the significance of symbolism in dreams (or rather, in unconscious thought). In the course of years, a mass of data has accumulated which demands consideration. I have endeavored to deal with these innovations by interpolations in the text and footnotes. If these additions do...
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...Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality By the same author Britain – Workshop or Service Centre to the World? The British Hotel and Catering Industry The Business of Hotels (with H. Ingram) Europeans on Holiday Higher Education and Research in Tourism in Western Europe Historical Development of Tourism (with A.J. Burkart) Holiday Surveys Examined The Management of Tourism (with A.J. Burkart eds) Managing Tourism (ed.) A Manual of Hotel Reception (with J.R.S. Beavis) Paying Guests Profile of the Hotel and Catering Industry (with D.W. Airey) Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century (with A. Lockwood eds) Tourism and Productivity Tourism Council of the South Pacific Corporate Plan Tourism Employment in Wales Tourism: Past, Present and Future (with A.J. Burkart) Trends in Tourism: World Experience and England’s Prospects Trends in World Tourism Understanding Tourism Your Manpower (with J. Denton) Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality S. Medlik Third edition OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803 First published 1993 Reprinted (with amendments) 1994 Second edition 1996 Third edition 2003 Copyright © 1993, 1996, 2003, S. Medlik. All rights reserved The right of S. Medlik to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted...
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