...Unit 5: Mitosis and Meiosis SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Processes of Transcription and Translation A. Genetic information from DNA in transcription is transcribed in RNA. Using the mRNA instruction translation makes body structures. SC.912.L.16.14 Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome numbers during asexual reproduction. Cell Cycle and Mitosis A. The cell cycle is the growth and division of cells. There are three main parts of the cell cycle: Interphase,mitosis, and cytokinesis. 1. In Interphase the cell begins to grow...
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...THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY WHAT IS BIOLOGY? Literally means “study of life” The science that deals with structures, functions, and relationship of living things and their environment. A broad science that can be studied in various levels – molecular, cellular, organismal, population, community, or ecosystem BASIC STRUCTURE OF SCIENCE Biology has evolved as a field of science since it was first studied in ancient civilizations Science is a process that requires the testing of ideas using evidence gathered from the natural world. Science is iterative in nature and involves critical thinking, careful data collection, rigorous peer review, and the communication of results. Science also refers to the body of knowledge produced by scientific investigation. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Refers to the working habits of practicing scientist. Involves rigorous application of common sense to the study and analysis of data. Refers to the model for research developed by Francis Bacon (15611626) SCIENTIFIC METHOD a. Observations - lead to questions that require answers. b. Hypothesis - a testable statement proposed to answer a question. c. Experiments - (often with controls and variables) are devised to test hypotheses. d. Analysis of the results of an experiment will lead to the hypothesis being accepted or rejected. SCIENTIFIC REASONING Inductive Reasoning from specific observations to broader generalization & theories. “bottom-up”...
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...AC 1.1 By Life Processes common to living organisms Laura Judges TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 page Introduction to life processes 2 Chapter 2 page Movement 2-3 Chapter 3 page Repoduction 3 Chapter 4 page Sensitivity 3-4 Chapter 5 page Growth 4 Chapter 6 page Respiration 5 Chapter 7 page Excretion 5-6 Chapter 8 page Nutrition 6-7 Chapter 9 page Conclusion 7-8 Chapter 10 page Bibilography 9 Introduction to life processes The most basic of living things consist of just one single cell for example bacteria, while more complex organisms such as humans are multi-cellular. An organism is defined as an individual animal, plant or single-celled life form. Therefore the cell is considered the smallest unit of life competent of a self-sufficient existence. There are seven things that all living organisms from bacteria to plants to animals all have in common and whether something is living or not is usually compared to the seven life processes. These processes are movement, reproduction, sensitivity, growth, respiration, excretion and nutrition. The acronym ‘MRS GREN’ will be used when discussing the processes of life movement All living things move to some kind of degree and this is the most apparent within the animal kingdom. Animals are able to physically move themselves from one place to another; humans will usually use their muscles in order to be able to move where as other animals may have to hop, crawl, swim or fly. Movement is very important for gathering sustenance...
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...ISBN-10: 0321763327 COURSE ID: SANCHEZBIO1001 The readings listed below should be done before or concurrently as the corresponding content material is presented. Course content will be presented on the assumption that the respective assignments have been read. Additional reading assignments from other sources may be incorporated into the content of this course as deemed necessary by the instructor. ------------------------------------------------- COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES ------------------------------------------------- A. Course and Performance Objectives Learning Outcome: Enable students to recognize the major unifying themes of biology, including evolutionary theory, cell theory, reproduction, and genetics as these relate to contemporary issues, such as biodiversity, human impact on the environment, and biotechnology. Course Goals: Upon completion of this class, the student will be able to: 1. Know the major characteristics common to all living things. 2. Understand the hierarchy of organization that exists for life from the level of the atom to the biosphere. 3. Describe the unifying theme of evolution for the...
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...Function of the cell | Cell-Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. They provide structure for the body, and also take in nutrients from food and convert those nutrients into energy and carry out specialized functions. | In the human cell, firstly we have the red blood cells; these carry oxygen around the body from our lungs, to the rest of our body. The nerve cells carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body which carry electrical signals around the body. The female reproductive system function (in the cell) is to join with the male cell and providing food for the new cell’s that has been formed. | Organelle-Organelles are tiny structures that perform very specific functions within the calls. The term is a reference to organs, and the way these structures operate in cells, to the way organs function in the body. Each has its own task, such as producing energy. | Organisms are composed of cells, and these cells have specific structures within in them and this allows them to carry out their functions. The fine detail of the cell (which could be revealed by an electron microscope) this is called the cell’s ultrastructure. Organelles perform different functions within a cell, and this is called the division of labour. | Nucleus- The nucleus is the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group forming the basis for its activity and growth. It help’s controls eating, movement and reproduction. The nucleus is a dark spot in the middle...
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...HISTORY OF BIOLOGY Though biology is generally regarded as a modern science with late origins in the early to mid-nineteenth century, it drew on varied traditions, practices, and areas of inquiry beginning in antiquity. Traditional histories of biology generally target two areas that merged into modern biological science: medicine and natural history. The tradition of medicine dates back to the work of ancient Greek medical practitioners such as Hippocrates of Kos (b. 460 B.C.E.) and to figures such as Galen of Pergamum (c. 130–c. 200), who contributed much to early understanding of anatomy and physiology. The tradition of natural history dates back to the work of Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.). Especially important are his History of Animals and other works where he showed naturalist leanings. Also important is the work of Aristotle's student Theophrastus (d. 287 B.C.E.), who contributed to an understanding of plants. Aristotle and Theophrastus contributed not only to zoology and botany, respectively, but also to comparative biology, ecology, and especially taxonomy (the science of classification). Both natural history and medicine flourished in the middle ages, though work in these areas often proceeded independently. Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in the Galenic and Aristotelian traditions, while natural history drew heavily on Aristotelian philosophy, especially in upholding a fixed hierarchy of life. The Roman naturalist Caius Plinius Secundus...
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...photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are in turn broken down during respiration and the energy thus released is used to synthesize other organic compounds like lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc. which make up the body. Animals, bacteria and fungi, on the other hand, obtain nourishment in the form of organic compounds and utilize them to synthesize compounds they need. Such reactions do not occur in non-living objects. Growth and Development Living organisms often arise from a single cell which divides and re-divides to form a large number of cells that differentiate into the various organs of the body. These kind of phenomena are not known in the non-living world. Reproduction Living organisms, unlike non-living, are universally recognized by their capacity to multiply their own types by means of asexual or sexual reproduction. Utility All living things require energy for the sustenance of life. This can be achieved through various methods. For example, humans breathe in oxygen to release energy from the foods consumed. Plants trap the light energy for photosynthesis. Likewise, to protect our body from cold weather, we make use of heat energy, we maintain homeostasis, and require energy for our...
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...The plant body consists of two basic parts: the shoot system and the root system. The Root System * Underground (usually) * Anchor the plant in the soil * Absorb water and nutrients * Conduct water and nutrients * Food Storage The Shoot System * Above ground (usually) * Elevates the plant above the soil * Many functions including: * photosynthesis * reproduction & dispersal * food and water conduction * Note: the shoot system includes the leaves and the reproductive organs, although these will be covered in more detail separately The shoot system includes organs such as leaves, buds, stems, flowers, and fruits and usually it develops above ground. The functions of the shoot system include * Photosynthesis, * Reproduction, * Storage, * Transport, * Hormone production. Photosynthesis, The most important characteristic of plants is their ability to photosynthesize, photosynthesis is the process in which plants, green algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen and in the sugars that they need for growth. Light-sensitive pigments called chlorophylls and closely-related pigments like carotenoid are essential to the photosynthetic process. Thanks to photosynthesis plants are autotrophs, which means that they sustain themselves without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. It sustain practically all living being...
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...NOTES FOR BIOLOGY 1001 SECTIONS 002 and 005 Fall 2008 DR. STEVEN POMARICO Outline 1A CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIFE ON EARTH What is Biology? --- The science of living organisms and life processes. O.K., so what is science? And If biology is the science of “life,” what exactly is life? We all recognize what life is, but it’s difficult to define. The characteristics of life: 1) -Complex, organized structure 2) -Response to stimuli - a change outside (or inside) leads to another change 3) -Homeostasis - the ability to maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment. 4) -Ability to acquire material and energy >The material and energy are often transformed< 5) -Growth 6) -Reproduction - either sexual or asexual >DNA is genetic information, the “blueprint” for the offspring< 7) -Ability to evolve - to change to fit the environment Complex, organized structure The complexity of life is built in levels. (see fig 1-2) Each level has ingredients or components which interact to make something greater than the sum of the parts. -Subatomic particles -Atoms -Molecules -Organelles (not present in prokaryotes) -Cells -Tissues (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organs (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organ systems (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Multicelled organisms -Populations -Community -Ecosystem -Biosphere Response to...
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...and woman. Male domination is not inherent or fated but conditioned at every stage of development. De Beauvoir says that “Man learns his power.” By the same token, woman is not born passive, mediocre, or immanent. Rather, she is socialized to believe that proper women must embody these characteristics and, subtly and not subtly, she is conditioned to believe that denying her true self is the only way to achieve happiness and gain acceptance. To bring about substantial changes in society, young boys and girls must be educated differently from the outset. Since they are born equal, the possibility exists of their being equal in adulthood as well as in childhood—but it is up to society to change its skewed perspectives. Production vs. Reproduction Women are both treasured and reviled for their reproductive function, and de Beauvoir explains that one of the central...
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...Project Management Institute A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Fifth Edition Licensed To: Jorge Diego Fuentes Sanchez PMI MemberID: 2399412 This copy is a PMI Member benefit, not for distribution, sale, or reproduction. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK® guide). -- Fifth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-935589-67-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Project management. I. Project Management Institute. II. Title: PMBOK guide. HD69.P75G845 2013 658.4’04--dc23 2012046112 ISBN: 978-1-935589-67-9 Published by: Project Management Institute, Inc. 14 Campus Boulevard Newtown Square, Pennsylvania 19073-3299 USA Phone: +610-356-4600 Fax: +610-356-4647 Email: customercare@pmi.org Internet: www.PMI.org ©2013 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. “PMI”, the PMI logo, “PMP”, the PMP logo, “PMBOK”, “PgMP”, “Project Management Journal”, “PM Network”, and the PMI Today logo are registered marks of Project Management Institute, Inc. The Quarter Globe Design is a trademark of the Project Management Institute, Inc. For a comprehensive list of PMI marks, contact the PMI Legal Department. PMI Publications welcomes corrections and comments on its books. Please feel free to send comments on typographical, formatting, or other errors. Simply make a copy of the relevant page of the book, mark the error, and...
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...of their electron arrangement True 7. How many types of macromolecules are required to produce a life form Four 8. The most important atom in biological systems because of its structure is Carbon 9. The most abundant molecule (70%) Water 10. Level of organization at which life first appears Cells 11. Level of biological organization where one has many identical organisms Population 12. Level of biological organizations where one has many different organisms Community 13. Level of biological organization where one includes abiotic factors Ecosystem 14. The first proposed idea of cell theory and Biol. Unity Schwan and Schleidan 15. First persona to observe basic unit of life and coin the term cell Hooke 16. First to observe basic unit of life as a while organism Van Leevenhook 17. Which of the following cell types possess organelles Eukaryote 18. Organisms in the microbial world do not include Dissimilar dependent multi-celled eukaryotes 19. Higher Organisms in the microbial world (plants and animals) include Dissimilar dependent multicelled eukaryotes 20. In microbial, one finds both single and multi-celled organisms True 21. In macrobial, one finds both single and multi-celled organisms False 22. In microbial, one finds both prokaryotic and euk. Celled organisms True 23. In macrobial, one finds both prokaryotic and euk. Celled organisms False 24. The science of naming organisms or...
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...Cells of all organisms are capable in acquiring the energy necessary to fuel chemical reactions for growth, repair, survival, and reproduction. Photosynthesis & cellular respiration are the main pathways of energy flow in living things. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants and some other organisms convert, light energy from the sun, CO2 from the air & H2O from the earth, into chemical energy stored in molecules like glucose. Cellular respiration is a process in which O2 is delivered to cells in an organism & metabolic process in cells leads to the production of ATP by the breakdown of organic substances. Cellular Respiration is the process in which glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to supply a cell with energy. During cellular respiration the energy stored in organic molecules (glucose) may be released during cellular respiration. This energy is temporarily stored in ATP molecules. In many organisms, the process of cellular respiration is concluded in the mitochondria, in which ATP is produced more efficiently. Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide and water are released as wastes. Cellular respiration does not just occur in humans it occurs in all living things and is important to everything because it is vital. It provides us all with energy to perform work, everyday tasks and body functions. Thus in essence, Cell respiration is responsible for sustaining and maintaining life itself. Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy...
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...Section A: Education 0 1 Explain what is meant by the term ... (2 marks) • Meritocracy: such as equal opportunity or a system in which rewards are based on achievement/ability or similar. Partial answer: [fair rewards] • Immediate gratification: wanting rewards now, or leaving school as soon as possible to get a job, or similar. • Cultural capital: the values, etc that the middle class transmit to their children or that confer advantage in the education system. • Compensatory education: additional educational opportunities/resources directed at deprived or under-achieving pupils. • Cultural deprivation: a lack or deficit of values (or of norms, attitudes, skills or knowledge). Partial answer [immediate gratification / a lack of culture] • Vocational education: relating to a career or specific work roles. • Ethnocentric curriculum: the subjects taught in school being biased towards one particular culture. One mark for a partially satisfactory answer. 02 Suggest three ways/reasons ... (6 marks) Two marks for each of three appropriate ways. One mark will be awarded where there is a partially appropriate answers. Marxists see school as being similar to the world of work: • A hierarchy of authority • Fragmentation of work/learning • Extrinsic rewards • Based on competition • Alienation • Status differences. Boys’ educational under-achievement: • Lack of male teacher role models • Feminisation...
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...Page 1 Louise Shooter NC33297 6 New Street, Milnsbridge Huddersfield, West Yorks HD3 4LN HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVEL 2 Assignment 1 TMA 1 1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions? The four basic human structures are cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The cell is the smallest building block of the body, and is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. They live independently and can reproduce itself. A group of cells form Tissues. They come in all different sizes such as elongated, square, oval and even star shaped. The cell is made up of protoplasm (jelly like substance), it is 70% water plus organic and inorganic salts, carbohydrates, lipids (fatty substance), nitrogenous substances, (these are amino acids obtained from protein), and compounds of all the above. Blood for example is a liquid tissue made up of several different types of cells. Cells allow us to breathe, digest, excrete, reproduce, sense, grow, move, die. When a cell goes wrong this can be the origin of disease and illness. Tissues, is a group or cells joined together, there is four different types of tissue, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular. Epithelial There is two categories of epithelial tissue, simple and compound, simple is often found as a covering or lining...
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