...the Battery Could you imagine a world where every electronic device we owned has to be plugged into a wall socket in order for them to be able to be used and keep a charge? This would be very inconvenient. Mobility is important as well as very useful in our lives and therefore; it would only seem right that someone invented a way for our electronic devices to keep a charge without being constantly plugged into a socket. This man’s name was Alessandro Volta and he created the first battery in 1799, although there has been evidence of “clay pot” batteries dating back to 200 B.C. In order for an electronic device to be functional, electrical energy must be produced. In 1799, Physicist Alessandro Volta realized this reaction called “electrochemical reaction” is necessary in producing electrical energy and he was able to create the first battery by using an arrangement called the voltaic pile, in which he stacked alternating layers of zinc, brine-soaked pasteboard or cloth and sliver which created a steady, lasting current. This method has been improved throughout the years and is now made of many different materials and come in many different sizes and shapes. The next improvement on the battery did not come until 1836 when the Daniell cell was invented. This type of battery was invented by chemist John Frederick Daniell and was a way to power doorbells and telephones. In 1898, the battery called the Colombia Dry Cell was the first commercially used battery in the...
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...metal cylinders that power our lifestyles; our televisions, radios, CD players, portable phones, and clocks. Our cars, planes, and even our homes are no exception, they too contain devious contraptions of metal, acid, and wire. Even the hearts of our vice presidents are not free from the hidden enemy. Thousands die daily, but millions more take their places; they are silent, hidden from our eyes. Waiting for revenge. The battery rebellion is almost at hand, but it has been in the making for hundreds of years. While technically a battery is an energy storage system, most people refer to a battery as a chemical/electrical system, rather than any object with potential energy (a flywheel, a spring, a piece of firewood, or a bucket of water). Chemical electrical batteries work through a redox chemical reaction, short for reduction oxidation (the same reaction behind other tried and true human inventions like fire). Basically, an electrical current is generated when oxygen ions are mercilessly ripped from one molecule and forced upon another. A simple battery must then contain three things; two different materials (with contrasting oxidation potentials) and an electrolyte - the material which links the previous two and encourages the violent and unjust treatment of oxygen ions. You, the suspicious and disbelieving soul, can test this out by mercilessly sticking a lemon with a strip of copper and a strip of zinc. The copper and zinc are the anode and cathode, and the lemon juice...
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...The usage of "battery" to describe a group electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, who in 1748 described multiple Leyden jars by analogy to a battery of cannon[2] (Benjamin Franklin borrowed the term "battery" from the military, which refers to weapons functioning together[3]). Alessandro Volta described the first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile in 1800.[4] This was a stack of copper and zinc plates, separated by brine soaked paper disks, that could produce a steady current for a considerable length of time. Volta did not appreciate that the voltage was due to chemical reactions. He thought that his cells were an inexhaustible source of energy,[5] and that the associated corrosion effects at the electrodes were a mere nuisance, rather than an unavoidable consequence of their operation, as Michael Faraday showed in 1834.[6] Although early batteries were of great value for experimental purposes, in practice their voltages fluctuated and they could not provide a large current for a sustained period. The Daniell cell, invented in 1836 by British chemist John Frederic Daniell, was the first practical source of electricity, becoming an industry standard and seeing widespread adoption as a power source for electrical telegraph networks.[7] It consisted of a copper pot filled with a copper sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid and a zinc electrode.[8] These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone...
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...know energy for providing us light and comfort. It can help us to cool down during summers and feel warm during winters. It also helps us to go from one place to another. There has been an enormous increase in the global demand for energy in recent years as a result of industrial development and population growth. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand. Wherefore, the great bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy caused energy crisis. We all know that our world today is now facing energy crisis. Everyone is trying to do something and solve that about that problem. In this study, we can prove that electricity can be produced by vinegar. After all, vinegar is abundant everywhere. A battery is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy. It contains thousands of charges (protons & electrons). It is also defined as a container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and is used as a source of power. Likewise, vinegar is a liquid consisting mainly of acetic acid and water. It is produced from the fermentation of ethanol into acetic acid. The fermentation is carried out by bacteria. Because different metals have different levels of attraction for their electrons, one of the metals would lose electrons, a process which chemists call oxidation, and the other gains electrons, which is called reduction. The metal being oxidized is called the anode...
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...Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 1 - HOMEMADE BATTERIES Making and evaluating homemade batteries Author Ken Gadd, 4science, Stratford sub Castle, SP1 3YP, UK; ken@4science.org.uk Languages available English, Slovenian Summary Batteries power most of the portable electrical and electronic devices we use. Different types are available, suited for different uses. Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. You can make a battery from a lemon, a piece of zinc and a piece of copper. So why don’t we use this instead of buying batteries from shops? In this activity you find out. You also explore other homemade batteries, including a seawater battery made by scientists in the BBC TV programme Rough Science. The purpose is to explore the potential of low technology homemade batteries as emergency power supplies. Activity type H Use of scientific knowledge and understanding to solve problems Working in teams to solve problems Communication Resource/budget management Time and workload management Techniques Field Electrochemistry Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 2 - Time Practical lessons: 600 minutes Theory lessons: 120 minutes Out of class time: 360 minutes StandardBase procedures None StandardBase techniques None Other resources Zavod za šolstvo, Ljubljana (The National Education Institute of the Republic of Slovenia), http://www.zrss.si/ Other resources are listed in the activity...
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...Vinegar as a battery of Calculator Uba, Terrence L. Navarro, Loyd V. Ebabacol, Ruben S. Baa, Margaux Eve P. Ompoc, Shamira Jasmine C. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research 1 Alubijid National Comprehensive High School Special Science Class Alubijid, Misamis Oriental January 8, 2014 Mrs. Ma. Romila D. Uy Research Adviser Abstract Battery is a device used to store electrical energy. Battery can also be called a cell in which the reaction between two different substances can be made to occur in such a way that some of the chemical energy is converted into a useful electricity. Since its invention and inception, battery has become the most common power source for many household and industries. The vinegar battery is constructed out from simple components or materials. Adding an amount of vinegar to a strip of different metals like copper, from copper wires and zinc, from nails can form a simple battery. This battery has a low amperage output which can supply power on a low amperage/low voltage device like a calculator. It is easy to construct. The following steps should be followed in constructing the vinegar battery: 1. Prepare all the materials needed like: * Vinegar * Strip of Zinc from nails * Strip of copper from copper wire * Vinegar container (non-metallic) * Multi-tester 2. Place the vinegar inside the container. Make sure that it is deep enough to suspend the two different metals on it. 3. Cut a piece of copper...
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...Homemade Batteries Homemade batteries are a popular subject with my readers. Making electricity from things you find around the house is a fun project. There are lots of easy ways to make homemade batteries. Basically, any two different kinds of metal can be placed in a conducting solution and you get a battery. Familiar homemade batteries include sticking copper and zinc strips into a lemon or a potato to make a battery. One quick battery is made from a soda can, the soda from the can, and some copper. Click on image for a larger picture The photo above shows a battery made by placing a strip of copper and a strip of aluminum into a glass of Coca-Cola (I used the sugar-free cherry flavored variety because that's what I found in the refrigerator). You can make the aluminum strip by cutting open the can. You will need some sandpaper to sand off the paint and plastic coating from the aluminum before using it. Or you can get strips of aluminum already free of coatings from a hardware store, or from our catalog. You can get copper flashing from a hardware store and cut out a strip of it, or you can use a bunch of copper wire (the more surface area exposed to the liquid, the more electrical current is produced). Or, as before, you can get pre-cut strips from our catalog. The aluminum-copper-coke battery will produce about three quarters of a volt. Click on image for a larger picture Using a zinc strip instead of the aluminum produces a little over a volt in the copper-zinc-coke...
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...Final Investigatory Project for Group 5 I. Problems and Setting A. Introduction Batteries, years ago, have taken the world by a storm and have since than became a necessity in one’s household. Sadly, even though they are tremendously useful, batteries have drawbacks, such as semi- affordable costs, limited shelf life and pollution. Our group had an idea on how to make an alternative to this that would not only work like the real thing but would also be healthy to our environment and light in our pockets. This idea turned out to be realty and became the main goal of our Investigatory Project. B. Problems Finding an item that is easy to obtain and at the same time affordable, simple and earth- friendly is not an easy task. After a lot of thought, our group decided to use one of the objects that is almost always present in our daily lives: fruits and vegetables. Will these everyday materials such as apples, bananas, oranges, lemons and potatoes conduct electricity? Well, let’s see about that. C. Hypothesis A circuit is made up of a path, a source and a load. We believe that we should connect them with a (+) and a (-) wire so that the flow will be even with no reverse polarity. The load we thought of using was a battery- operated clock, one of the most common materials found in almost everyone’s household. We believe that it would work because the organic materials we will use have electrolytes that flow freely on its own. Thus, it will flow into conductors to make...
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... Servicing Lead Acid Battery Aizat Hizami Bin Abu Bakar, Unikl MIAT, aizathizami@gmail.com Abstract—These articles is about servicing one of the type of battery which is Lead Acid Battery. In time, batteries’ capacity may decrease due to the way we handle the battery thus proper way of servicing and charging of the battery is necessary. The capacity of the battery can be maintain through the process of servicing below. Index Terms—Battery I. INTRODUCTION O NE of the most important aspects of battery servicing is to keep the battery clean and all the terminals tight and free of corrosion. If any corrosion exists on the battery terminals or within the battery box, it should be removed. One way to do this is by scrubbing the battery box and the top of the battery with a soft bristle brush and a solution of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and water. When washing the top of the battery, avoid getting any baking soda in the cells since it neutralizes the electrolyte. After the battery and box are clean, rinse them with clean water and dry thoroughly. Coat the battery terminals with petroleum jelly or general purpose grease, and touch up any paint damage to the battery box or adjacent area with an acid-resistant paint. A lead acid battery goes through three life phases, called formatting, peak and decline are shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1. Cycle life of a battery In the formatting phase try to imagine sponge-like lead plates that are being exposed to a liquid. Exercising...
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..."Assault and Battery" Assault and battery are two separate crimes. Assault is when a person tries to injure another person. Battery is when the criminal actually injures another person. These terms are usually coupled together and used as one offense. A person can commit assault and not commit battery. Furthermore, a person cannot commit battery without assaulting the victim. The Virginia law code states that when a "simple" assault and battery occurs, the criminal will be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. But when a person intentionally picks out another person because of his "race, religious conviction, color, or national origin," the penalty will be a minimum term of six (6) months and thirty (30) days in prison. There are different types of assault. One form of assault is, "Assault with a Deadly or Dangerous Weapon." When a criminal is charged with such a crime, the penalty received is a felony. A felony is defined as any sentence in which the criminal serves a minimum of a year in jail. A question that might arise is, "What is considered a 'Deadly or Dangerous Weapon'?" To this question, the response would be absolutely everything, if applied in any way that could be deadly to a person. A sock can be used as a deadly when if it is placed in a person's mouth and forces them to choke or cause other fatal wounds. Another form of assault is sexual assault. This term, again, is coupled with the term sexual battery. In the Commonwealth of Virginia, the prosecutor must...
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...ASSIGNMENT 1 DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERIONIC GLASS FOR BATTERY MOHD RAFEEZ BIN RAZI A11SC0120 MOHD SYAKIR BIN MOHD NASIR A11SC0220 MUHAMMAD MUHSIN BIN TAHIR A11SC0008 PROF DR RAHIM BIN SAHAR Abstract Development of rechargeable batteries can be effectively store renewable energy, wind power and solar power. It is important to developed to reduce the greenhouse emissions. Rechargeable sodium batteries are more suitable compare to lithium-ion batteries because they use abundant and ubiquitous sodium sources. Introduction Sodium-ion rechargeable batteries, using abundant sodium sources, are suitable for use in distributed power systems that store renewable energy at individual houses [1]. Currently, sodium−sulphur (NAS) batteries [2] are used for large-scale storage, because they have high energy densities of up to 760 Wh kg−1. However, NAS batteries need to be operated at temperatures up to 300 °C to use liquid-state sulphur-positive electrodes and sodium-negative electrodes and to enhance the conductivity of β-alumina solid electrolyte, a well-known Na+ ion conductor. Research regarding Li+ ion conducting electrolytes and found that solid sulphide electrolytes made from the system Li2S–P2S5 have a high conductivity and a wide electrochemical window [5] ,making them suitable for all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries that have excellent cycling and rate performances [6]. In this study, we developed a sulphide glass-ceramic electrolyte by crystallization...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer Fruit Batteries Science Fair Project tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas Project Guidebook dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc © 2009 Supercharged Science By Aurora Lipper © 2009 Supercharged Science www.AwesomeScienceProjects.com Page 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................2 How to Use This Book: ................................................................................................................3 Materials List...............................................................................................................................5 Create a Science Fair Project with Fruit & Veggies .......................................................................6 Sample Data Sheet ....................................................................................................................10 Sample Report ................................................................
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...for cooking. Most people are not aware that it actually has other uses at home like lighting small LED bulbs. Thus, when the researchers came across this project on the internet, we grabbed the opportunity of proving whether or not this is a possibility. With the cheap and readily-available materials, this project can provide households with an alternative source of light that can easily be done and replicated. Although this may seem as a step back for advancements in technology because it makes use of household materials instead of more complicated ones, this is one step ahead towards innovation. b. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Can Vinegar be used as a battery for lighting small LED bulbs? c. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The researchers chose this investigatory project of vinegar being used as a battery for lighting LED lights for two of its possible contributions to the community: first, it can be used as a safe, better and cheaper alternative to sources of lights in case of blackouts, and second, people can use it as an alternative source of light at home to lower their power consumption. The Philippines is an archipelago surrounded by large bodies of water making it susceptible to typhoons. The last devastating typhoon, Yolanda, had left Leyte and other parts of the country in turmoil with no food, water, and electricity for not just days but for months, and this will not be the last time that a huge typhoon will hit the country and leave another part of our...
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... According to Battery University, the global battery market is about $50 billion U.S. of which %5.5 billion is allocated to secondary batteries. Global primary and secondary battery markets are expected to grow due to industrialization, gross domestic product (GDP), and economic growth. Because of the recent economic slowdown, many nations have set recovery plans in place, which would increase the demand for batteries across the global market. Because of China and India’s GDP rates, they have a greater opportunity to have higher growth rates within the battery industry. With the assurgency of digital cameras, phones, portable entertainment devices, computing devices, electronic automobiles, along with the consumer’s ability to buy, the demand for secondary batteries is expect to outperform the primary battery as the world moves forward towards rechargeable devices. Therefore, any new company looking to get into the battery monitoring industry have their work cut out for them. They must come up with new and innovative products/services that will keep up with the ever changing technology. For example, simply inventing a prototype similar to other products within the industry won’t cut it. The company entering the market has to make sure that whatever product that they have must enhance the other products in the market or be something completely different than what has already been seen. The automotive industry also shows potential for secondary batteries as the industry...
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...Highly-Efficient Battery Chargers with ParallelLoaded Resonant Converters Ying-Chun Chuang e-mail:chuang@mail.ksu.edu.tw Yu-Lung Ke e-mail:yulungke@ms25.hinet.net Shun-Yi Chang e-mail:nickelayu@hotmail.com Department of Electrical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan Hsien 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract—The well established advantages of resonant converters for battery chargers, including fast response, low switching losses, easy of the control scheme, simplicity of circuit configuration, and low electromagnetic interference (EMI), among others, have led to their increasing attraction. This work develops a highly efficient battery charger with a parallel-loaded resonant converter for battery charging applications to improve the performance of traditional switching-mode charger circuits. The charging voltage can be regulated by varying the switching frequency. The switching frequency of the parallel-loaded resonant battery charger was set at continuous conduction mode (CCM). Circuit operation modes are determined from the conduction profiles. Operating equations and operating theory are also developed. This study utilizes the fundamental wave approximation with a battery equivalent circuit to simplify the charger circuit analyses and presents an efficient, small-sized, and cost-effective switched-mode converter for battery chargers. A prototype charger with parallel-loaded resonant converter designed for a 12V-48Ah battery is built and tested to verify the analytical...
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