...Behaviourists regard all behaviour as a response to a stimulus. They assume that what we do is determined by the environment we are in, and the environment we have been in the past which has caused us to learn how we act and respond to certain things. Behaviourists believe that it is unnecessary to consider the persons; thoughts, memories etc. when explaining behaviour. It is enough to know what causes a person to respond in a certain manner. Behaviourists also believe that people are born with small knowledge of reflexes and that all of a person’s more difficult behaviours are the result of learning through being in a certain environment and the people you are with. Behaviourists use two processes to explain how people learn, these are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, people learn to associate one action to another action when they occur together, such that the response originally caused from one action is then transferred to another. The person learns to produce an existing response to a new action. For example, Watson & Rayner (1920) conditioned a young boy to respond with anxiety to the stimulus of a white rat. They achieved this by pairing the rat with a loud noise that already made Albert anxious. The anxiety response was transferred to the rat because it was presented together with the noise. The response also generalized to other things that resembled the rat, including a rabbit and a fur coat. In operant conditioning,...
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...The Behaviourist Approach 1a) Outline two assumptions of the Behaviourist Approach (4 marks) One assumption of the Behaviourist Approach is that they believe the environment influences behaviour. An example of this behaviour would be social learning theory were it is believed that we learn through observing and imitating models such as parents this is known as environmental determinism. Another assumption of the Behaviourist Approach is that they believe scientific methods should be used only to study behaviour which is observable. They believe mental behaviour cannot be objectively measured, so choose to only study actions that can be observed, e.g. the learning of aggression via lab experiments by ‘Bandura’. 1b) Describe the Social Learning Theory of Aggression (8 marks) The Social Learning Theory (SLT) is learning through observing and imitating models such as parents or people in the media. It is a behaviourist theory because it can be tested in a controlled environment (laboratory) and conclusions from observations can be drawn, and behaviourists say we learn from our environment. Bandura (1977) also claimed that for social learning to take place individuals must undergo four stages. The first one being attention, individuals will learn the Aggressive Behaviour if they observe the model’s behaviour. Secondly, retention, the behaviour must be remembered in order for the individual to apply it. The third stage is reproduction: individuals must be able to reproduce the...
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...Exam Essentials The Behaviourist Approach. Q1 a) State two assumptions of the behaviourist approach The behaviourists believe that all behaviour comes from learning as a result of interactions in the environment. One assumption of the behaviourist approach is that behaviour is affected by operant conditioning or learning by consequence. This means that if a person engages in a particular behaviour and is then rewarded (positively reinforced) in some way (the consequence is a good one or a pleasant one) then it is likely it will be repeated. Continuing to positively reinforce it will make it more permanent and it becomes learned. Punishment or negative reinforcement is likely to make behaviour less likely to be repeated and so it will not be continued. There are many examples of this in real life. For example giving house points or stars or sweets to a pupil who completes their m homework means they will be more likely to complete their homework because they are being rewarded for doing it. Another assumption of the behaviourist approach is that behaviour is learned through social modelling or imitation. This means that people learn how to behave in particular ways by observing and copying the behaviour of others. They particularly copy the behaviour of people who they admire (eg pop stars or footballers) or people who are close to them (brothers, sisters and parents). An example of this is small children copying their parents when learning to use a knife and fork...
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...The behaviourist approach was a dominant perspective in psychology from the 1920s to 1950. Behaviourists focus on the influence of the environment and study how humans are shaped through interactions with their environment. Behaviourism is a scientific approach in psychology that advocates the use of strict experimental methods in order to study only observable behaviour in relation to the environment. Internal processes that the brain is capable of such as thoughts, emotions and rationalisation are overlooked. This contrasts with the cognitive approach which looks at thought processes and other unobservable activities that occur in the brain such as memory, thinking, problem solving. This also conflicts with the psychodynamic approach, as by only focusing on external observational behaviour, the unconscious mind’s influence on behaviour is not taken into account. However behaviouristic psychologists consider inner experiences to be too subjective and difficult to measure, therefore they will only use objective, scientific procedures such as laboratory experiments. This is to allow researchers to control very precisely the conditions and establish empirical evidence, thus making behaviourism a very scientific approach to psychology. This is a strength to behaviourism, as experiments are measurable and can be replicated, producing reliable and consistent results. However a limitation of this aspect of behaviourism is that the methods and settings used in behaviourist research...
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...Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology. Refer to evidence in the answer. [10 Marks] The behaviorist approach works on the assumption that behaviour is learned through experience and that we are born with no experience. The approach suggests that behaviours are learned through reinforcement that strengthens a behaviour and that all learning links to responding to a stimulus. It also assumes that the environment is the sole determining factor in behaviour. There are two main theories that fall under the behaviourist approach: classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was developed by psychologist, Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov adopted the idea of stimulus response and learning through association. Pavlov used a dog to show his theory. He noticed when the dog saw food it would salivate. He began giving the dog food ,the unconditioned stimulus, with a ringing bell, the conditioned stimulus. Eventually Pavlov was able to get a response from the dog when only ringing the bell which shows how the dog learnt to associate the bell with food. Operant conditioning was adopted by Fredric Skinner. His theory worked on the basis of reinforcing behaviors. The 3 main types of reinforcement are positive and negative reinforcement and punishment. Skinner used his ‘Skinner Box’ to show this theory. The Box consisted of a hungry rat and a lever.In positive reinforcement the rat is given food when it presses the lever. In negative reinforcement the rat is given an...
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...tone and making sure to use a reader-centered perspective that utilizes a "you" approach and positive wording. In addition to a reader-centered perspective, however, you also should consider the difference between what is called a direct and an indirect approach when organizing letters, memos, and e-mail messages, especially ones that convey bad news. DIRECT APPROACH The direct approach anticipates no resistance to its message--for instance, "you've been hired," "your order is being shipped today," or even "the project will be done in one week." In this case, organizing your message is simple. Searle’s mentions that memos and letters should have some kind of brief introduction, sometimes as its own paragraph. If you're using the direct approach, this introduction is simply a straightforward statement of the main point of the message. For instance, if you are writing a letter to confirm an order, simply begin by stating, "We have received your order for part #23-B-4439 and are shipping it today." Then the rest of the letter can provide details like shipping time, cost, etc. Whenever possible, use the direct approach. Most readers are in a hurry and want the main point up front. And if there's no reason for them to respond negatively, there's no reason to delay that main point.Keep in mind that the direct approach applies equally to letters, memos, and e-mail messages. INDIRECT APPROACH Sometimes, your letter, memo, or e-mail message contains "bad news" of some type--a...
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...of what they might think. | In the table below, categorize different leadership approaches that could be used in the work environment you have described. Provide different suggestions for each of the four approaches to leadership. Directive approach | Supportive approach | By using a directive approach, you are providing guidance and training. This can be anything from work scheduling to maintaining clear work performance standards. Linking incentives directly to performance is also an approach worth trying to boost employee morale. Developing clear work rules and procedures can be essential for making any work environment successful. | Being friendly and approachable can be a hard thing to do on an everyday basis. There can be problems that affect a person attitude on a particular day. Showing concern for well being and needs of employees will show that you empathize with their situation and you will strive to better whatever situation that is troubling them. Treating workers as equals and acting in a nonthreatening way can show that you are in the same situation and no one person is more valuable because of their position. | Participative approach | Achievement-oriented approach | By giving a participative approach you can show your employees that you understand...
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...I believe all persuasive approaches will be different depending on who I will be approaching in the audience. I order to have an effective approach I must know who I am approaching and how I will approach them. Considering that a message can be directed to a boss, a peer, a challenging person, or an open-minded person I must be able to construct or tailor my approach according to each person in order to get to the see my point of view and gain their support. Each person will develop their opinions differently not only because each person has their own mind but because each plays a different role. For example, if I am approaching my boss in discussion I must consider the fact that he or she has worked extremely hard to obtain a position where they can lead others and is person who is respected because of their position who goals are in line with that of company’s vision. Therefore, my approach would be to follow the same order of directing my approach to line up with the company’s goals. If I were speaking with a peer, this approach would be probably be the easiest considering that we have established grounds of comfort and our views and goals would be easier. When approaching a peer there is no or very little preparation involved. Usually, peers see things eye to eye and very rarely does someone have to work hard in order to make a good impression or get them to see my point of view. In the case of the challenging person, this would be the complete opposite of a peer...
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...message? We still wish to continue business with them and appreciate the business we’ve had already. • Who is your primary audience? Marble Rivera • What is the audience’s background? Former speaker/ technology company. • What are the audience’s reactions likely to be to your message? Disappointment • Gather Information • What information does your audience need to receive? The email explaining why she won’t be key speaker. • What facts must you gather in order to create an effective message? Our reasons behind why we’re going with Dr. Binter. • Organize the Information • What is your main idea? Keeping her happy and evolving our company at the same time. • Will you use the direct or indirect approach? indirect • Why are you using the approach you chose? I feel she will appreciate us being honest right up front. • Write • Adapt to Your Audience • How will you show sensitivity to your audience's needs? Explaining how we love what she brings to our company and its more of a friendship then a business transaction. • How much credibility...
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...and the task force members needs to determined followed by predictions on how the first week of the task force went. The meeting with Dixon is crucial for Larry to establish clear and concise goals for himself and his future team. Through this meeting, Larry must also determine Dixon's position on the manner and assess to what extent she will be involved with the team. From the information provided in the case, it is clear that Dixon is essentially "dumping" this task on Larry and that she will not even be present for the first two weeks of the task force. From this, Larry has limited options on how to approach Dixon. Larry needs to identify from Dixon what the possible rewards are for success and consequences for failure are. From the additional information provided, Larry correctly approached Dixon in a manner that lead to the ability for Larry to use the upward appeal approach in influence tactics [Ch....
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...meetings he could have been more prepared and feel more relaxed before every single meetings. 2) How will your proposal solve the problems you have defined? My proposal about postponing the meetings would solve problems that will come your way when you are not focused enough. Since his morning started pretty stressful because of the traffic situation, that stressful feeling will most likely follow you during the day. When you feel stressful you are most likely to forget more things for example things you had to do or say during a meeting. Postponing his meetings would give him time to get everything together and feel comfortable going into the meetings. 3) How can you defend your solution from budgetary concerns? In what way is your approach both a solution to the problems of the expatriates at Tex-Mark and a good economic investment? The reason why my solution to postpone the meetings is a good solution because it can keep you away from any budgetary mistakes. I know that those meetings are very important because money is involved. The way I look at the solution for the expatriates is because I think that more time the expatriates get to prepare to go abroad the better they are going to do their work there....
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...Required Textbooks and Equipment Instrument Commercial Manual, Jeppesen (current edition). ICM Airman’s Information Manual, FAA (current edition). AIM Federal Aviation Regulations, FAA (current edition). FAR Airport Facilities Directory, NOAA (current edition). AFD FAA Instrument Pilot Exam Questions/Answers (Gleim). FAA IFR ENROUTE LOW ALTITUDE charts – U.S. L-23/24 US Terminal Procedures (Approach plate) – SE-3 Optional- Jeppesen Chart Subscription, (current Florida coverage). Aviation Weather Services, NOAA, AC 00-45C (current edition). AWS Course Description This course develops aeronautical knowledge required for addition of an Instrument Airplane rating to a Private Pilot certificate. Topics include instrument flying regulations, safety, operations, navigation systems, chart use, weather, flight planning, decision-making, and crew resource management. Prerequisites AS 121. Course Goals This course provides the aeronautical knowledge to continue the development of a professional pilot through practical application of basic aerodynamics, aircraft performance, regulations, and flight planning in a single-pilot, IFR environment. This course also continues to build the understanding of those essential elements of crew resource management, such as crew communication, crew coordination, and teamwork required by the aviation industry. Performance Objectives During this course the student will, to the...
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...development approach is from the theory of Sen which says that development comes about only when capabilities expand. The idea generated from the theory is that the core reason for development is to ensure that human lives are improved. This can only be achieved if there is expansion in what they can be or do. It could include things such as the being well nourished and healthy, participating in the activities of the community and being knowledgeable. Hence, development can only occur once the obstacles that were present preventing an individual from doing something are removed. The obstacles might be in the form of ill health, illiteracy, lack of resources or lack of freedom- both political and civil. When these obstacles are removed one is said to be capable; hence the origin of the concept of capability Sen, 160). Purpose Statement The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of capabilities approach that was developed by Amartya Sen, a Nobel Prize winner, and M. Nussban. Amartya has enabled the measurement of human development by the United Development Program (UNDP). He helped invent the capabilities approach, which is the foundation of indices used by UNDP in their measurements. Through these indices the achievement in education and health can be measured in addition to income (Nussbaum, 67). Objectives The main aim of this paper is to establish whether the Human Development Reports (HDRs) have their base relying on the concept of capabilities approach and establish...
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...INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Bioinsp. Biomim. 1 (2006) P1–P12 BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS doi:10.1088/1748-3182/1/1/P01 PERSPECTIVE Biomimetics—using nature to inspire human innovation Yoseph Bar-Cohen Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA E-mail: yosi@jpl.nasa.gov Received 7 November 2005 Accepted for publication 7 March 2006 Published 27 April 2006 Online at stacks.iop.org/BB/1/P1 Abstract Evolution has resolved many of nature’s challenges leading to lasting solutions. Nature has always inspired human achievements and has led to effective materials, structures, tools, mechanisms, processes, algorithms, methods, systems, and many other benefits (Bar-Cohen Y (ed) 2005 Biomimetics—Biologically Inspired Technologies (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) pp 1–552). This field, which is known as biomimetics, offers enormous potential for inspiring new capabilities for exciting future technologies. There are numerous examples of biomimetic successes that involve making simple copies, such as the use of fins for swimming. Others examples involved greater mimicking complexity including the mastery of flying that became possible only after the principles of aerodynamics were better understood. Some commercial implementations of biomimetics, including robotic toys and movie subjects, are increasingly appearing and behaving like living creatures. More substantial benefits of biomimetics include the development of prosthetics...
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...MMGT 205: Human Behavior in Organization Name: Maria Louella C. Tambis Date: February 15, 2014 Questions: 1. THE PROBLEM Given the situation above, the disaster response team was not able to fulfill its duty to provide efficient, fast and immediate relief assistance and social welfare services to the affected families of the typhoon Ondoy. 2. ROOT CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM * Lack of manpower - the absence of Ms. Cruz and other members of the disaster response team cause the delayed in providing immediate social welfare services to the affected families. * Lack of communication, coordination and support from the members of the disaster response team. 3. ANALYSIS AND RECCOMMENDATION The disaster event is a good opportunity for Ms. Cruz, as a public servant and a social worker in particular to show to the management her passion and dedication about her work. Ms. Cruz should have exerted more effort to prove to the management of her capabilities as a social worker. Considering that Ms. Cruz is new in the department, maybe the reason why she acted or behave that way because she did not feel the urgency or importance of her role as a social worker especially in times of disaster response. Based on the above situation, it is improper for Mr. Santos to compare Ms. Cruz with the rest of employees who were able to perform their job well. He should better understand that individuals differ with each other in many aspects i.e capabilities, attitudes...
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