...Genetic engineering via selection has been an intricately woven debate over a vast array of cultures. Within via selection, is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnology. This medical technology is an intriguing yet very debatable topic. It includes various different selections such as autism, down syndrome, eye color, memory, and so many more. This medical technology makes it possible for parents to choose what traits their child will bear the rest of their lives. When ultimately thinking about making your child exactly what you have always wanted, it sounds just amazing. Is that what we want our world to come to, though? Julian Savulescu’s Principle of Procreative Beneficence implies for all adults to be heavily...
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...Eugenics and Beneficence Eugenics and Beneficence On October 27, 2014, the North Carolina state legislature became the first in the country to officially begin compensating citizens and their families who were subjected the state’s forced sterilization program. Ninety years after the legalization of forced sterilization in the United States and forty-one years after the first lawsuit was brought by sterilized North Carolinian Nial Ramirez, it would seem as though the country is now ready to do penance in financial terms for its past actions via reparations to Mrs. Ramirez and others. (Burns, 2014) The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of eugenics, specifically to view it through lens of beneficence, to try and view the issue from the points of view of all involved, and finally to explore some future implications about the nature of beneficence from this episode in the history of American health-care. Eugenics is the study of ways to influence (usually to improve) a population by selective breeding. ("Mosby’s Dictionary," 2009) The idea of influencing the quality of animal populations has existed since the beginning of domestication by humans, but the idea of subjecting the human race to systematic selective breeding is a more recent phenomenon. Western thought about the nature of living creatures until the 19th century had been shaped by Judeo-Christian traditions in which a creator god made and sustained all the diversity of life, and further had created...
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...Beneficence Beneficence refers to actions that promote the wellbeing of others. In the medical context, this means taking actions that serve the best interests of patients. Social care professionals have a duty to act in an individual’s best interest at all times. This can involve balancing the benefits of medical treatment against the risks and costs. Health care professionals quite often have to weigh up arguments over cost, the effectiveness of treatment and the benefit that patients gain from the proposed course of action Justice All individuals should have equal access to medical treatment and be fully aware of their legal rights. Practitioners have to make sure that relevant legislation is put into practice. The Children Act 1989, for instance, states that local authorities must act in the ‘best interests’ of all children, and that each child has a fundamental right to housing, health care and education. Autonomy Care should be person-centred, meaning that care is focused on the individual to ensure that independence and autonomy are promoted. When planning support the social care practitioner should use a variety of different methods to collect information about an individual’s unique qualities, abilities, interests and preferences as well as their needs. This means asking the individual what support or service they would like to meet their needs. The social care worker should not make any decisions or start delivering a service without discussion and consultation...
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...Virtue ethics is defined as “an action is right if and only if (and because) it is what a virtuous agent (acting in character) might choose to do in the circumstances under consideration.” According to Peter Singer, there is no question, a person would save a child’s life from drowning if that person is able to, despite if it will cause clothes to be wet and ruined and the possibility of being late for work. Beneficence fits the virtue ethics theory because it is a commonly recognized virtue; and, I believe it is a circumstance that should be demonstrated under consideration. According to Timmons, beneficence is described as “charity, which is roughly the duty to help those in dire need.” When it comes to beneficence, I believe we do have a duty. Not only is it morally right, but from a religious standpoint, it is an excellent practice to help those who are in need. Beneficence does not have to be monetary; beneficence...
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...The Declaration of Helsinki and the Nuremberg code state that in order to obtain for participation in an experiment or research study we have to provide sufficient information in understandable language in order for patients to make an informed judgement about participation. The main goal is to ensure the key components of the informed consent are delivered appropriately, but most importantly that the basic ethical principles of Autonomy, Beneficence and Justice are consistently applied. Robert Veacth presents in his article important questions about the circumstances in which we consider unacceptable the fact that in some cases all three principles will not be fully executed simultaneously and if we can be satisfied if the research proposal...
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...choices and decisions. The best part about Autonomy in medical ethics is the fact that, it provides protection to those individuals or groups, that are not deemed capable of making their own decisions. An example of this would be a person who is deemed mentally unfit and suffers from seizures. In this situation, the patient would be handled in a manner where the best available option of treatment is given to him, despite of what he might say. A person's life and the way he chooses to live it, should be a matter of his choice and should be free of interference of others unless he is clearly detrimental to others. Now, one must consider that autonomy may not always be right and may also clash with the doctor’s duty of beneficence. For example, a person whose religion forbids him from accepting a blood transfusion may require one in the situation of an accident. In a situation as such, the patient must be duly informed. The doctor has a duty to strongly advise the patient the risk of not accepting the transfusion but once the risks have been relayed to the patient, his decision must be respected as a final one. Once properly informed, the patient is free to chose whether to accept it in keeping with a strong willingness to live, or whether to decline to give priority to his religious beliefs, even to the point of accepting death. In a world that speaks for human rights and individual freedom, autonomy goes hand in hand with such...
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...intent Principles * A principles may be defined as a basic truth or general law or doctrine that is used as a basis of reasoning or a guide to action or behavior. Principlism * The Belmont report * Beauchamp and childress’ text The Georgetown mantra * The principles Beneficence * Doing the best of someone well being * It’s going to benefit the patient the some way * An obligations to help others further their important and legitimate interests * Paternalism- consists in the judgment that beneficence trumps autonomy Non-maleficence * Do no harm * We need to make sure were not doing harm to the patients, make the patient understand what treatment they are getting. That the harm is out weighted for benefits. * Respect for autonomy * Respect the choice of the patients, and protect the people who can’t make choices themselves Justice * We need to solve the end results and providing the patient with justice Types of paternalism * Weak paternalism * Where an agent intervenes on ground of beneficence to prevent substantially nonautonomous conduct * Strong Paternalism * Where an agent intervenes on ground of beneficence to prevent substantially autonomous conduct...
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...Exam Questions for History and Ethical Principles - SBE View the text of this module | Download exam questions as an XLS file # Questions Questions on Exam Question Format Cluster 16 questions available 5 on exam Sequential Cluster Name: Question Cluster 1 Exam Text: None Question Order Question Stem, Answers, Feedback for Correct and Incorrect Answers Question Type Active? 1 (ID: 17285) Question Stem: Which of the following studies is linked most directly to the establishment of the National Research Act of 1974 and ultimately to the Belmont Report and updated federal regulations for protecting research subjects? Answers: The "Public Health Service study of untreated syphilis in the Negro male" (Correct) The Tearoom Trade study The Wichita jury study Obedience to authority study (Milgram study) Feedback for correct answer: Although the other studies are clear instances of human subjects abuse, it was the publicizing of the Public Health Service study that triggered congressional action. Feedback for incorrect answer: Although the other studies are clear instances of human subjects abuse, it was the publicizing of the Public Health Service study that triggered congressional action. Multiple Choice/Single Answer Inactive 2 (ID: 51762) Question Stem: According to the Belmont Report, implementing the principle of respect for persons involves Answers: Providing compensation that is commensurate with time requirements. Ensuring that subject...
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...The two principles that are in focus are beneficence and non-maleficence. Both beneficence and non-maleficence have played a fundamental historical role in medical ethics (Beauchamp &ump; Childress, 2009). Non-maleficence is often paired with beneficence, but there is a difference between these two principles (Rich, 2008). According to Beauchamp and Childress (2009) conflating beneficence and non-maleficence into a single principle obscures important distinctions. In addition, both of these ethical principles beneficence and non-maleficence are strengthened by state nursing practice acts, which mandate that nurses are legally obligated to safeguard patients and the profession (Bjarnason &ump; LaSala, 2011). Furthermore, it is with great purpose that we discuss the two principles beneficence and non-maleficence and their importance to the nursing profession. The principle of beneficence is concerned with a moral obligation to act for the benefits of others (Kennedy, 2004). Additionally, beneficence is the principle consisting of deeds such as mercy, kindness, and charity (Rich, 2008). There are other forms of beneficence including altruism, love, and humanity (Beauchamp &ump; Childress, 2009). We use beneficence in order to cover beneficent actions more broadly, so that it includes all forms of action to benefit other persons (Beauchamp &ump; Childress, 2009). Overall, beneficence implies that an individual takes action to do good by benefiting others and facilitating...
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...Beneficence is a duty Beneficence, according to Merriam Webster Dictionary, it’s the quality or state of being beneficent or producing or doing something good. Beneficence is a duty, according to Wikipedia, He who often practices this, and sees his beneficent purpose succeed, comes at last really to love him whom he has benefited. When, therefore, it is said, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself," this does not mean, "Thou shalt first of all love, and by means of love (in the next place) do him good"; but: "Do good to thy neighbour, and this beneficence will produce in thee the love of men (as a settled habit of inclination to beneficence)." There are four elements of beneficence which a; One should not practice evil or do harm; one should prevent evil or harm; one should remove evil or harm; and one should practice good. As for me, I think I did something good when I was a child until now. Every day of my life I at least did one good to other person. I also did good to my neighbor, friends, family, classmates and other peers whom I had interactions for example I did good to the person because I just want to or he/she did good to me in the first place. I didn’t practice evil yet I commit sins and also didn’t harm others for I don’t want others harm me. I did evil things and harm others but I prevented doing it to others by thinking it twice before doing what’s on my mind. For what evil I’ve done, I remove it by praying to God and beg for His mercy to forgive. As to the...
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...Resource Allocation The given case presents a problem in micro-allocation of resources. The case involves allocation of limited resources among individual patients in the hospital, more specifically among the patients in the emergency room department. Facts of the Case The case provides us with limited information and leaves us with multiple questions that answer and give us pertinent need-to-know facts. There was a traffic accident that was massive enough to strain the resources in the emergency room. There is a need to find out and know the scope of how massive the accident was; the number of victims involved and their ages; and the gravity of each of the victims’ cases (minor or major injuries, stable or unstable, life-threatening or not). It is essential to note what kinds of resources were strained and limited, was it human resources or materials resources or both. There is a need to find out and know how many ER doctors, nurses, nursing aides were on duty that time; the bed capacity in the ER; and what specific materials were limited (medications, IV lines, syringes, cardiac monitors, etc.). It is also vital to know the severity of the case of the 4-year old son of the hospital board member. There is a need to find out how high the fever was, its onset, duration and any associated symptoms. A complete history of the present illness and past medical history as well as a physical examination will aid in establishing the gravity of the ear infection and the need for...
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...Ethical Health Care Issues Paper Sylvia Clarkson HCS/545 December 17, 2014 Dr. Michael Grossman According to Emanuel Medical Center, Ethics in healthcare is defined as doing the right thing for the patient - providing care and treatment that deliver medical benefits, reflect what's important to the patient's well-being, and respect what the patient wants (Emanuel Medical Center, 2014). Health Care ethics is concerned with the implementation of well researched decisions while taking into cognizance the patients’ religious and cultural beliefs, and wellbeing in relation to the treatment that is rendered unto the patient. It is mandatory by healthcare professionals to abide by medical ethics principles, most especially when dealing directly with patients. Some professionals confront the ethical issues directly while others turn away (Colonel John S. Murray, PhD, RN, USAF, NC, 2014). How individuals respond to these ethical dilemmas depends on their previous experiences with unethical behavior, their individual personality traits, and their ethical values, as well as their knowledge of ethical principles (Clancy, 2003). In this modern era, there are certain ethical issues that might arise in relation to a patient’s clinical management. A prominent medical ethical issue is the refusal of a patient for treatment, such as receiving blood transfusion because of his or her belief. The most renowned international religious group of people that refuse...
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...application of the principle is not obvious. The involvement of prisoners as subjects of research provides an instructive example. On the one hand, it would seem that the principle of respect for persons requires that prisoners not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research. On the other hand, under prison conditions they may be subtly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in research activities for which they would not otherwise volunteer. Respect for persons would then dictate that prisoners be protected. Whether to allow prisoners to "volunteer" or to "protect" them presents a dilemma. Respecting persons, in most hard cases, is often a matter of balancing competing claims urged by the principle of respect itself. 2. Beneficence. -- Persons are treated in an ethical manner not only...
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...efforts to help are satisfactory if an unreasonable amount of money is not used. Bioethics is a prevelent and sensitive topic of debate in health care. A single mother with children who is particially dependent upon welfare takes it upon herself to pay privately for a single treatment of Invitro Fertilization (IVF). This mother is implanted with several embryos and chooses not to reduce the number of fetuses and successfully delivers multiple premature babies. We must take into account the cost of delivery, care in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and future cost to the Welfare system for all of this mother’s children. Reviewing this issue from a health care professional’s point of view, the four basic principles of ethics, beneficence, autonomy, nonmaleficence, and social justice, are part of this issue. The Four Basic Principals Autonomy Medicine Net (2011), defines autonomy as the right of a patient to make decisions about the care received without influence from a health care provider. Providing education to a patient is allowed as part of autonomy. Autonomy does not allow the provider to make decisions for the patient. Kapp states that “in addition to exercising the right to make choices about which diagnostic or...
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...Adam Smith and The Lego Movie Midterm Paper In the Warner Brother’s production, The Lego Movie, many of the characters, scenes, themes, and movie lines illustrate the ideas of the economist, Adam Smith. Smith expresses his ideas through two of his books, The Wealth of Nations and The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In The Wealth of Nations, Smith explains “what it means to be ‘wealthy’ in a commercial society,” and in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith explains “how deeply flawed humans learn to be civil, cooperative, happy, and free” (Garnett). In these two books, Smith writes about not only what he thinks is most beneficial for a growing economy, but also about what is most detrimental. The Lego Movie illustrates both of Smith’s views of the economy through the components and make-up of the movie. One Smithian idea appears in the lines of The Lego Movie’s theme song, “Everything is Awesome.” The lyrics are as follows: “We’re all working in harmony. Everything is awesome. Everything is cool when you’re a part of a team.” Smith’s example of the woolen coat from The Wealth of Nations is represented through these song lyrics. “The woollen coat… is the produce of the joint labour of a great multitude of workmen” (WNS). This definition from Smith’s work states that the “woolen coat,” which symbolizes wealth, is created through the cooperation and harmony of workmen who all hold different jobs and have different specialties (Garnett). The ‘woolen coat,’ and furthermore, the division...
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