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Benin

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Expansão territorial e de diálogo entre os estados poderosos da região da costa da Guiné da África Ocidental resultou em trocas que eram não só económica, mas também artística e cultural na natureza. Como resultado, Owo, Ijebu e Benin, um trio de reinos localizados no atual sul da Nigéria, compartilhou aspectos da cultura cortês, incluindo títulos, parafernália cerimoniais, e formas de arte. Essas semelhanças são especialmente interessantes e notáveis, dadas as disparidades étnicas que existiam entre essas comunidades políticas distintas. Enquanto os estados de Owo e Ijebu eram compostas principalmente de povos iorubás, as populações do núcleo do reino de Benin foram etnicamente Edo.

Em suas respectivas tradições orais, Ijebu, Owo, e Benin todos traçar suas origens até a antiga cidade de Ile-Ife , o berço da cultura iorubá, e afirmam que seus fundadores foram os filhos da divindade ioruba Odudua, que foi o primeiro governante daquela cidade. Especialmente em Owo e Benin, os primeiros registros da história da arte e arqueológicos reforçar essas filiações fortes com a cultura Ife. Histórias reais Benim dizem que rodinhas da corte de latão aprenderam a arte de um mestre chamado Iguegha Ife, que haviam sido enviados a partir de Ife por volta de 1400, a pedido do Benim oba Oguola. De fato, os primeiros datados cabeças de latão fundido, memoriais de Benin ( 1979.206.86 ) replicar o naturalismo refinado de Ife escultura; cedo Owo escultura terracota parece ter sido fortemente influenciado pelas artes de Ife também. laços históricos Cada reino de Ife contribuiu ao seu senso de identidade, e sem dúvida encorajou e justificou sua apropriação de certos aspectos das práticas políticas e religiosas de Ife. Foi finalmente suas relações uns com os outros em curso, no entanto, que produziu grandes semelhanças em suas formas de arte e estruturas da corte. As tendências de aparência externa desses estados se manifestaram em amplo comércio, diplomacia e guerra. Portas de Ijebu lagoa e rotas bem estabelecidas para o comércio menor do Delta do Níger, bem como as rotas terrestres através do Ondo e iorubá Owo estados, asseguraram intercâmbio econômico e cultural com Benin. Owo, cujos territórios se confinava as de Benin, também envolvidos no comércio extensivo com este estado. Benin em si era um estado expansivo cuja superioridade militar lhe permitiu dominar territórios muito além do seu coração. A natureza exata dos compromissos políticos e militares entre estes estados não é claro; histórias orais recolhidos junto dos tribunais de Owo, Ijebu, Benin e fornecer comentários divergentes sobre este assunto. Enquanto Benin afirma ter colocado Ijebu sob o seu domínio durante os séculos XVI e XVII, as tradições próprias de Ijebu disputar esta. Por volta do século XVII, Benin controlava a costa do sul do Delta do Níger, pelo menos, borda leste do território Ijebu, mas não está claro que a influência política do tribunal Edo tinha sobre o coração Ijebu no interior. Owo, vizinho Benin para o noroeste, parece ter intermitente encontrava-se sob a suserania dos obás . Dadas as origens Edo de muitos aspectos da cultura cortês Owo, é claro que a relação diplomática entre os dois reinos era íntimo, e não inteiramente justa: histórias reais de Edo falar de Osogboye, o governante do século XVI de Owo que visitou a corte Benin adotar formas altamente prestigiadas de Edo cultura cortês. Não surpreendentemente, esta versão dos acontecimentos é contestada por historiadores Owo, que afirmam que Osogboye viajou ao Benin para aprender técnicas de militares que protejam melhor o seu reino da agressão Edo. Ao todo, essas perspectivas conflitantes históricos sugerem que as semelhanças que existem entre os estados iorubá e sua contraparte Edo pode ser atribuído a uma combinação de fatores: a influência forçada de Benin, a afirmação de origens comuns em Ife, eo desejo dos reinos menos poderosos se fortalecer e enriquecer o seu estado, incorporando as tradições de seu adversário.

Benin Império, A House Divided: 1100 - 1299
O primeiro reino de Benin Acredita-se que se desenvolveu no século 12 ou 13. Ele foi localizado na atual sul da Nigéria, a leste da terra iorubá e ao oeste do rio Níger. Os habitantes de Benin falou um grupo de línguas aparentadas de perto conhecida como Edo. Na verdade, o Império Benim pode também ser referido como o Império Edo. Durante este período inicial, os historiadores acreditam que a área florestal em torno de Benin City alojados até várias dezenas de pequenas tribos brigões.
Benin Unidos: 1300 - 1350
Por volta de 1300 [alguns se 100 anos antes], as tribos em torno de Benin City unida. Benin tradição nos diz que quando os chefes concordaram em se unir, eles convidaram Oranyan (também conhecido como Oranmiyan) de Ife perto de vir e será o seu líder. Oranyan casou com uma mulher Benin, e seu filho, Eweka, é considerado o primeiro rei, ou oba, de Benin. No entanto, alguns historiadores afirmam que a história de Oranyan sendo "convidados" para governar Benin e se casar com a filha de um chefe de Benin foi inventado para encobrir o fato de que o Benin, naquela época ocupado por invasores. Foi durante este período de tempo (e, possivelmente como resultado de Oranyan chegando ao Benin) que as pessoas Benin supostamente aprendeu com pessoas Ife como expressos latão e bronze.
Oba Ewuare faz reformas: 1400 - 1486
Durante o século 15, Oba Ewuare de Benin fez muitas reformas importantes. Um de seus principais objetivos era diminuir a influência do uzama, um corpo de chefes hereditários que participaram da seleção do oba. Ele fez isso em parte através da implementação de primogenitura, a regra de que um pai deve ser sucedido por seu filho. Ele também criou novos tipos de chefes - "palácio dos chefes" e "cidade chefes" - para competir com o uzama. Os chefes palácio e cidade chefes foram nomeados pelo oba e foram responsáveis por recolher o tributo que as aldeias e distritos oferecidos ao tribunal duas vezes por ano.Com estas reformas, Ewuare estabeleceu um sistema de freios e contrapesos, no qual "palácio" e "cidade" chefes competiam com o uzama de influência. Além disso, os plebeus livres masculinos foram capazes de melhorar sua posição na sociedade, competindo principalmente para os títulos emitidos pelo oba.Créditos tradição Benin Ewuare com a construção de um gigantesco sistema de muralhas e fossos em torno da capital, Benin City. Ewuare também aumentou o domínio do Império Benin. Ele e seu filho, Ozolua, expandiu o território sob Benin regra a partir do rio Níger, a leste para as partes orientais do iorubá terra no oeste.
Entre os europeus (e Esigie): 1486-1550
Em 1486, os marinheiros portugueses se tornaram os primeiros europeus a chegar à área da África Ocidental em que o Império Benin foi localizado. Ao contrário da China naquela época, os obás de Benin viu os benefícios do comércio com os europeus. Filho de Ozolua, Esigie, que reinou de 1504 até cerca de 1550, estabeleceu relações estreitas com o Português. Alguns relatos dizem que ele até aprendeu a falar e ler Português. Quatro das exportações primárias Benin eram pimenta, marfim, óleo de palma, e de pano.Os obás controlado o comércio de pimenta e marfim através de um monopólio do governo.
Artes também floresceu durante o tempo de Esigie. Esigie avô, o Ewuare, tinha dividido Benin City em duas alas - uma para o palácio e um para artistas e craftsworkers. Comércio com a Europa durante o reinado de Esigie trouxe cobre e latão em Benin, permitindo que os artistas Benin para refinar as técnicas de bronze e fundição em bronze que tinham sido conhecidas por eles durante séculos. Artistas produziu uma incrível variedade de placas de metal e esculturas de bronze e baixos-relevos que adornavam as paredes do palácio do Obá.
O Tráfico de Escravos: 1486 - 1807
Durante grande parte da história do Benim, o tráfico de escravos teve um papel - às vezes grande, às vezes menor - na economia do Benin. Há um par de possíveis conflitos entre as fontes sobre o comércio de escravos. Conforme

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