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Beta Company

In: Business and Management

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I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Beta Company produces two products, A and B, Each of which uses materials X and Y.

The Following unit Standard cost apply:

Material X Material Y Direct Labor
Product A 4 lbs @ $15 1 lb @ $9.50 1/5 hr @ $18
Product B 6 lbs @ $15 2 lbs @ $9.50 1/3 hr @ $18

During November 4,200 units of A and 3,600 units of B were produced. Also, 39,000 pounds of X were purchased at $14.40, and 11,000 pounds of Y were purchased at $9.70; all of these materials (but no other materials) were used for the month’s production. This production required 2,025 direct labor-hours at $17.50.

Questions:

1. Calculate the material price and usage variance for the month.

2. Calculate the labor rate and efficiency variances for the month.

3. How would your answer to Questions 1 and 2 change if you have been told that November’s planned production activity was 4,000 units of A and 4,000 units of B?

4. How would your answers to Questions 1 and 2 change if you had been told that November’s sales were 4,000 units of A and 3,500 units of B?

II. DECISION CRITERIA

The following criteria are considered in answering the problem and the questions that are required to be answered:

• Standard Costs of Materials X and Y
• Standard Labor Rate
• Standard Requirements of Products A and B
• Actual Materials Usage of X and Y
• Actual Cost of Materials
• Actual Labor Rate
• Actual Working Hours

III. ANSWERS/SOLUTIONS

A. Question # 1
• Materials Price Variance

Formula:
MPV = (Actual Price – Standard Price) x Actual Materials Used
MPV for X = ($14.40 - $15.00) x 39,000 = $ 0.60 x 39,000
MPV for X = $23,400 favorable
A favourable materials price variance is not always a positive thing. A lower actual cost from the standard set by the company may be caused by a high volume of supply of the said material, a lower quality of material, bulk discounts, or even a mistake in the standard price calculation, etc (Garrison, 2012).
The management should see to it that the procurement system of the company and its procurement personnel are efficient in their jobs and that the company has sufficient materials in storage to reduce the impact of the instability of prices in the market. MPV for Y = ($9.70 - $9.50) x 11,000 = $ 0.20 x 11,000
MPV for Y = $2,200 unfavorable

An unfavourable MPV may also be attributed to the scarce supply of the materials in the market, the timing of the purchase of the materials, high quality of materials, etc. Total MPV = $21,200 favorable

• Materials Usage Variance

Formula:
MUV = (Actual Usage – Standard Usage for Output) x Std. Price
MUV for X = {39,000 - [(4x 4,200) + (6x 3,600)} x $15.00 = [39,000 - (16,800 + 21,600)] x $15.00 = (39,000 – 38,400) x $15.00
MUV for X = $9,000 unfavorable

An unfavourable MUV shows that the production team has encountered problems which resulted to the use of more materials. This may be caused by machine malfunctions, poor material quality, untrained workers, poor production supervision, etc (Garrison, 2012).
The manufacturing team cannot be solely blamed for this variance as some factors are only carried over from other departments (ex. Procurement, Warehouse, etc.)

MUV for Y = {11,000 – [(1x 4,200) + (2x 3,600)} x $9.50 = [11,000 – (4,200 + 7,200)] x $15.00 = (11,000 – 11,400) x $15.00
MUV for Y = $3,800 favorable

A favourable usage variance indicates that all materials that are put into production are being used efficiently and/or the machines used in production are in good condition. This may also be attributed to high quality of raw materials purchased and the excellent storage condition of the company facility.

Total MUV = $5,200 unfavorable

B. Question # 2
• Labor Rate Variance

Formula:
LRV = (Actual Rate – Standard Rate) x Actual Direct Labor Hours = ($17.5- $18.00) x 2,025
LRV = $1,012.50 favorable

A favourable LRV may be caused by low-skilled workers doing tasks requiring specialized skills but this may be sacrificing the quality of the job. In contrast an unfavourable LRV may be caused by overtime work done or highly-skilled workers doing ordinary tasks.
Production supervisors are tasked to ensure that the compensation of the workers is justified to the work that they are assigned to.

• Labor Efficiency Variance

Formula:
LEV = (Actual DL Hours – Standard DL on Output) x Std. DL Rate = {2,025 – [(1/5x 4,200) + (1/3 x 3,600)]} x $18.00 = [2,025 – (840+1,200)] x $18.00 = 15 x $18.00 LEV = $270.00 favorable

A favourable LEV may be attributable to well-trained/highly motivated workers, high quality materials requiring less time, conditioned equipment, adequate supervision, etc. The exact opposite is the possible causes of an unfavourable LEV.

C. Question # 3
The answers for questions 1 and 2 will not change even when planned production activity for the said month will be given. This is because the analysis for materials variance and labor variance only considers three factors: o Actual inputs at actual price/rate o Actual inputs at standard price/rate, and o Standard inputs for the given output at standard price/rate
Planned production activity, when given, will affect the result of variance analysis for overhead expenses.

D. Question # 4
The answer for questions 1 and 2 will not change even when sales volume for the month will be given. The reason is the same as the one stated on item C. However the actual sales volume for the month will affect the sales variance of the company when compared with the targeted sales volume.

IV. CONCLUSION

Variance analysis is one way to aid the management in its decision-making functions. Though all types of variance analysis provide useful information, it doesn’t mean that they should all be utilized.
Management should be wary which among this information they should use in making crucial decisions as one false interpretation of an analysis may result in unwanted outcomes.

REFERENCES

Garrison, R., Noreen, E., & Brewer, P. (2012). Standard Costs and Variances: Managing Materials and Labor. Managerial Accounting (pp. 418-432). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Coombs, H., Hobbs, D., & Jenkins, E. (2005). Management Accounting and the Control Process – 1. Management Accounting: Principles and Applications (pp. 147-167). London: Sage Publications Ltd.

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...GENERIC NAME:LABETALOL - ORAL (luh-BET-uh-lol) BRAND NAMES: Normodyne, Trandate DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Labetalol is a drug that is used for treating high blood pressure. Nerves from the adrenergic nervous system travel from the spinal cord to arteries where they release norepinephrine. Norepinephrine attaches to adrenergic receptors on arteries and causes the arteries to contract, narrowing the arteries, and increasing blood pressure. Labetalol blocks receptors of the adrenergic nervous system. When labetalol attaches to and blocks the receptors, arteries expand, resulting in a fall in blood pressure. GENERIC AVAILABLE: Yes PRESCRIPTION: Yes PREPARATION: Tablets: of 100, 200 and 300 mg; Injection: 5 mg/ml STORAGE: Tablets should be stored between 2-30 C (36-86 F). PRESCRIBED FOR: Labetalol is used alone or in combination with other drugs to reduce blood pressure. DOSING: The recommended starting oral dose of labetalol is 100 mg twice daily and the dose can be increased by 100 mg twice daily every 2-3 days based on the response of the blood pressure. Usual maintenance doses are 200-400 mg twice daily. Patients with severely high blood pressure may require 1.2 to 2.4 g daily. Stopping or changing the dose of the drug should be directed by a physician because serious side effects may occur. The initial intravenous dose of labetalol is 20 mg injected over 2 minutes. Additional injections of 40 or 80 mg may be administered every 10 minutes as needed up to a total dose...

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Distribuciones Continuas, Discretas Y Empiricas

...Selección de distribuciones de probabilidad Para llevar a cabo una simulación usando variables aleatorias como tiempos entre llegadas o tiempos de servicio, es necesario especificar su distribución de probabilidad. Una vez que las distribuciones de probabilidad han sido especificadas, la simulación a través del tiempo generará variables aleatorias a partir de estas distribuciones. Las distribuciones de probabilidad más usadas en simulación pueden ser divididas de la siguiente manera: 1. Distribuciones Continuas. 2. Distribuciones Discretas. 3. Distribuciones Empíricas. Distribuciones continuas 1. Uniforme. Usada como un primer modelo para una cantidad que oscila aleatoriamente entre “a” y “b” y de la que se conoce muy poco. La distribución U(0,1) es esencial para generar variables aleatorias de las otras distribuciones. La figura 1 muestra dicha gráfica. Parámetros: a,b en donde a<b Rango: [a,b] Fig. 1 GRÁFICA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN UNIFORME 2. Exponencial. Tiempos entre llegadas de “clientes” a un sistema que ocurren a un tasa constante. Parámetros: en donde >0 Rango: [0, ] Fig. 2 GRÁFICA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN EXPONENCIAL 3. Gamma. Tiempo para cumplir alguna tarea. Por ejemplo, tiempo de servicio de clientes o reparación de una máquina. Parámetros: , en donde > 0 Rango: [0, ] Fig. 3 GRÁFICA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN GAMMA 4. Weibull. Tiempo para completar alguna tarea (la función densidad es muy parecida a...

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...Antiarrhythmics Antiarrhythmia drugs are used to treat abnormal heart rhythms resulting from irregular electrical activity of the heart. There are many different types of antiarrhythmic drugs. Examples include: * Tambocor (flecainide) * Procanbid (procainamide) * Cordarone (amiodarone) * Betapace (sotalol) In addition, there are other types of heart drugs that can be used to treat arrhythmias, including: Read the Do You Know Which Symptoms Signal a Heart Attack in Women? article > > * Beta-blockers such as metoprolol or Toprol XL, which reduce the heart's workload and heart rate. * Calcium channel blockers such as Calan, which also reduces the heart rate. There are also a variety of drugs used by the doctor in an emergency situation to control or convert an abnormal heart rhythm. Why Do I Need to Take an Antiarrhythmia Drug? Your doctor has determined that you have an abnormal heart rhythm that would be best treated with drugs alone or in addition to a procedure, such as putting in an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Because these drugs only control abnormal heart rhythms, not cure them, you may have to take them for life. Can I Take Other Drugs While Taking Antiarrhythmics? If you are taking an antiarrhythmic, talk to your doctor before taking any other drugs (prescription or over-the-counter), herbal remedies, or supplements. Are There Side Effects Associated With Antiarrhythmics? Yes, antiarrhythmics do have side effects...

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