...This essay attempts to analyse, using appropriate illustrations, the extent to which gender stereotyping conforms to Jean Piaget’s four stages of development, which he elaborated in his Theory of Cognitive Development. It will first begin by clearly defining the terms; ‘gender,’ ‘stereotype,’ and hence the term ‘gender stereotyping.’ It will thereafter define cognitive development and will furthermore discuss in depth the stages of cognitive development, which are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational respectively. A critical assessment will then be made on the extent to which gender stereotyping acts in accordance to Piaget’s stages of development, to aid one have a final opinion of his Theory of Cognitive Development. Gender was a word used by Ann Oakley and others in the 1970s to describe the characteristics of men and women that are socially determined, in contrast to the ones that are biologically determined. Gender is therefore a term referring to the social and cultural construction of men and women. The word stereotype is defined as an organised set of beliefs concerning the characteristics of all members of a defined group (Golombok, 1995). Therefore, gender stereotyping is the overgeneralisation about the characteristics of an entire group of people based on their gender. It is the perception of people on how others should behave. According to Piaget (1952), cognitive development was a progressive reorganisation of mental processes...
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...Introduction: Advertising & Gender The adverts are carefully crafted bundles of images, frequently designed to associate the product with feelings of pleasure stemming from fantasies and anxieties (Craig 1997). Advertising can also be defined as a paid for mass-media communication, and a means of managing and controlling the consumer markets at the least cost (Brierley 1995). It is clear that advertisers seem quite willing to manipulate these fantasies and exploit our gender identities to sell products. Gender is a social construct, a dichotomy that exists in all societies (Costa, 1994). It is used to describe the socially constructed differences between men and women, referring not only to individual identity and personality, but also at the symbolic level, to cultural ideals and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity and, at the structural level, to the sexual division of labour in institutions and organisations (Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences). The definition of gender encompasses a great deal. Temperament, abilities and skills, activities and behaviours, ideal types and accepted and unacceptable deviations from the ideal, sensuality and culture based essence of what it means to be male or female, are all part of the gender constructs of a given society. Therefore, marketers perform their activities differently when their targets are male than they do when the targets are female, and consumers’ responses often differ on the basis of gender. Sales...
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...selection of fluent and coherent writing which develops, sustains and structures ideas.Create and deliver a fluent and coherent oral textRespond critically to significant connections across texts | ExternalInternalInternalInternal | 46 (part of portfolio)3 4 (part of portfolio) | Key Content Areas | Learning intentions and outcomes | In studying visual texts, students will cover: * Director’s intentions and purposes * Stylistic conventions and their impact on meaning * Contextualization of literature * Key literary aspects such as characterization, setting, structure, film techniques and cinematography * Analytical and creative writing | By the end of this unit, students will be able to: * Develop ideas in a coherent and sophisticated manner * Critically analyse a visual text * Appreciate the different understandings that viewers can bring to a text * Understand and appreciate the director’s craft and its impact upon readers. * Collect and use evidence to support ideas * Write creatively in response to a text * Write log entries about a text with regard to an overarching theme | Key Competencies | Thinking | * Think deeply about concepts such as morality, ethics, societal expectations, social hierarchy, human behaviour and the human condition in relation to texts studied. * Think how the viewer is positioned and manipulated to consider...
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...Disparities in Educational Attainment Introduction History is inherently dominated by men. Women, however, have played major roles in the world as well. Society had always accepted a lifestyle of the man bringing home the money and the woman cooking, cleaning and raising the children. This is not entirely true because women started their movement for equality when Africa was colonized by Europe. Women were more negatively affected than positively influenced during colonialism in Africa. Discussion Women's status and power receded mainly due to the fact colonialism affected each part of their lives, consisting of, but not limited to, education, economic status and ancestry. Colonial proprietors thought men should have power over the crop growing and manufacturing of crops because the European powers thought men would be better suited in this area to be successful than women (unescostat.unesco.org ). Males, in comparison, were taught regularly the newest ideas that were used to aid their production and agricultural proficiency. The men were given the ability to use plows and types of transportation such as bikes and automobiles (White 2003), while the women were forced to work by hand and carry everything to and fro. Women prepared themselves for acts to show what was wanted including rural opposition, cultural self-rule, work movements, and spiritual and political demonstrations (Rosenstone 2006). In fairly non-violent actions in Ghana and Nigeria, women wrote letters...
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...concrete functions at each stage of development and that contribute to the overall level of intelligence, such as cognitive, language, motor, and socialization functions; in this anomaly, adaptation to the environment is always affected. For ID, the scores for intellectual development levels must be determined based on all the available information, including clinical signs, adaptive behavior in the cultural medium of the individual and psychometric findings (Katz, 2008) There are many causes of intellectual disability, but doctors find a specific reason in only 25% of cases (Mental retardation, 2010). Intellectual disability affects approximately 1-3% of the population. Persons with intellectual disability can expect to live 50 years and beyond depending on the severity of their health problems (Staff, 2009). With early intervention and improved health care, life span continues to increase. Prior to researching mental retardation, my personal awareness was very limited. I have not had much experience or interaction with persons with intellectual disabilities. On occasion, if I shop at a particular grocery store within my community, there is a young grocery bagger with Down syndrome, but I rarely shop at that store. My parents taught me to be respectful and to not tease anyone who appears or acts differently. Having little exposure to persons with intellectual disabilities my opinions and biases were that...
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...v ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 FROM GRUDGING ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO MANAGING DIVERSITY .............. 3 IMPACT OF DIVERSITY ON INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS.................... 9 Diversity Climate Factors.......................................................................................... 12 Identity Structures................................................................................................ 12 Prejudice and Discrimination ................................................................................ 13 Stereotyping......................................................................................................... 16 Ethnocentrism ...................................................................................................... 18 Informal Integration...
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...However, the fact that Professor Lane co-authored the textbook intrigued me so much (I have never had a Professor who actually wrote the textbook for the course) that I decided to give it a chance and sign-up for the course. The Cultural aspects of international business course has helped me to discover new perspectives and taught me to look at things through multiple sets of eyes which I find to be an extremely effective tool while working in different cultural environments and with people from other cultures. As I value all topics covered in this course, this paper will mainly focus on select topics and theories and their practical application at my workplace. Specifically, I will discuss how learnings about Cultural dimensions and stereotyping, the MBI model, the Organizational alignment model and Global virtual teams have re-shaped my perspective and attitude towards cultural aspects of international business and what benefits my newly acquired knowledge will bring to my team and company. Company, team and personal cultural characteristics As it was previously mentioned, this paper will discuss how the Cultural aspects of international business course knowledge can be transferred to real life business situations. My company is a global management consulting firm with more than 75 offices around the world and its employees representing more than 120 countries. I am a Financial Analyst whose daily duties among other things involve decision support to over 30 offices in...
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...Communicating across Cultural Barriers Nancy J. Adler If we seek to understand a people, we have to try to put ourselves, as far as we can, in that particular historical and cultural background. ... It is not easy for a person of one country to enter into the background of another country. So there is great irritation, because one fact that seems obvious to us is not immediately accepted by the other party or does not seem obvious to him at all. ... But that extreme irritation will go when we think ... that he is just differently conditioned and simply can't get out of that condition. One has to recognize that whatever the future may hold, countries and people differ ... in their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. In order to understand them, we have to understand their way of life and approach. If we wish to convince them, we have to use their language as far as we can, not language in the narrow sense of the word, but the language of the mind. That is one necessity. Something that goes even much further than that is not the appeal to logic and reason, but some kind of emotional awareness of other people. ... Jawaharlal Nehru, Visit to America All international business activity involves communication. Within the international and global business environment, activities such as exchanging information and ideas, decision making, negotiating, motivating, and leading are all based on the ability of managers from one culture to communicate...
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...Student Name: Lu Jin Section: A01 Instructor: Jeff Bennet Paper No.2 Can a popular television show make a difference in how people think about gay men? As the issue of representation is central to this essay, the most obvious issue surrounding this is the stereotyping of gay characters on television. These types of programmes are no longer written by the homosexual for the homosexual, but have become integrated within “mainstream” mass media (Battles and Hilton-Morrow,2002). This paper will explore the extent of enabling and constraining effects that gay visibility and its accompanying representations have on the popular TV show “Will & Grace.” I will also examine how visibility has produced disciplinary discourses as well in the show as how it has created opportunities for resisting dominant ideologies. And then the paper will also explore how the media text shaped the societal and cultural attitudes towards LGBT individuals. Finally, the paper will address how the increasing visibility of’ LGBT’ individuals in the media tells us about our broader social, sexual, cultural world. The Season 3, Episode 1, the title is “Will New City”, I was amazed by the first 12 minutes of the show which represents sophisticated relationships among the three main characters: homosexual Will Truman, heterosexual Grace Adler and “very gay” friend Jack. The overall theme of this scene is Will spent three months on the island, and finally returns only to learn that Jack and Grace have bonded...
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...A Report on Women Cosmetics Products in Marketing A report submitted to the Department of Marketing, AIUB, in part-fulfillment of the requirements of the final examination in Global Marketing, Spring semester 2012 Prepared & submitted by (Section B) Kundu Linkon Course teacher: Mr. Zaman Department of Marketing Business Administration Discipline American International University-Bangladesh Date of submission 07 May 2012 American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) May 07, 2012 Mr. Zaman Rah man Course Instructor Global Marketing American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) Subject: Submission of a report Dear Sir: With due regards and respect I state that I am very thankful to you as you assigned me this report on ‘‘Women Cosmetics Products in Marketing” It is a great opportunity for me to acquire theoretical and practical knowledge about the entire marketing aspects regarding women cosmetics products. I have tried out best to gather what I believe to be the most complete information available. Your kind acceptance and any type of appreciation would surely inspire me. I would always be available and ready to explain further any of the context of the whenever asked. Yours sincerely, ………………………………………….. Kundu Linkon Id: 09-15010-3 Preface In today’s world marketplace women have greater empower and they have more credibility for making a purchase decision. They are also more financially empowered than any previous...
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...An assignment on Behaviors of managers with their workers in Apple Inc. Submitted by: Submitted to: Date of submission: TABLE OF CONTENT Contents Page no. Executive summary 02 Introduction 03 Comparison of organizational structure and culture 03 Impact of organizational structure and culture 04 Factors influencing individual behavior 05 Comparison of the effectiveness of different leadership styles 05 “Organizational theory underpins the practice of management” 07 Different approaches to management 08 Impact of different leadership styles on motivation 09 Comparison of the application of different motivational theories 09 Evaluation of the usefulness of a motivation theory 10 The nature of groups and group behavior 11 Factors promoting or inhibiting the development of effective teamwork 12 Impact of technology on team functioning 13 References 15 Executive Summary This assignment basically discusses the behavior of managers to the employees to a particular business organization. Explaining and discussing the aforementioned issue, the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations is compared. Apart from that the different...
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...Scientific criticism to Geert Hofstede’s research Cross-cultural issues in European Human Resource Management Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 2 Hofstede’s findings 2 Hofstede’s Framework of Cultures 3 Power Distance (PD) 3 Individualism - Collectivism (IC) 3 Masculinity - Femininity (MF) 4 Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) 4 Long/short term orientation (LTO) 5 Some aspects of Hofstede’s model having provoked scientific criticism 5 Methodological issues 6 Cultural Homogeneity 7 National Divisions 7 Number and bipolarity of dimensions 7 Out-dated concept 8 Political Influences 9 Conclusion 9 References 10 Abstract The high level of multiculturalism in the field of business indicates to raise awareness about cultural understanding. Researches in that line major refer to Greert Hofstede, who analyzes dynamics of cross-cultural groups and organizations. Undoubtedly, his model is as widely cited as criticized, because it is well-known pioneering research of national culture differences and their consequences. In this short paper, I am going to examine Hofstede’s findings and the reason why his work faces criticism. Introduction Culture in business has been of utmost interest for the last two decades, and with increasing national diversity in nowadays business environment, culture itself is regarded as an important dimension. The beginning of a pilot study in that sphere refers to the Dutch social psychologist Greert Hofstede and his...
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...http://justgotdiagnosed.com/resources/professionals-acknowledging-emotional-reactions-newly-diagnosed-patients/ Healthcare Professionals: Acknowledging Emotional Reactions in Newly-Diagnosed Patients Acknowledging Emotional Reactions in Newly-Diagnosed Patients Gary R. McClain, PhD www.JustGotDiagnosed.com Patients react to a medical diagnosis with a range of emotions, including anger, fear, sadness… and a multitude of other emotions, including in some cases, relief. Patients are individuals, with their own unique set of life experiences and their own ways of coping emotionally with stressful situations. Information plays a role in that having an understanding of one’s medical condition, and a sense of the prognosis as well as how treatment and ongoing life management implications. Healthcare professionals are not expected to be psychotherapists or counselors, nor to deliver direct mental health services to their patients. On the contrary, attempting to counsel patients without the benefit of being a trained mental health professional can be harmful to the patient and risky for the untrained professional. However, it is important for healthcare professionals to be able to recognize the emotional reactions of their patients for a variety of reasons. First, patients who are preoccupied with their emotions cannot listen and process information. For example, they can’t hear (they hear but they are not listening) to...
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...dependent care and family and parental leave (Bardoel, 1998). Importance Many Human Resource Professionals, employers associations, government departments, trade unions, academics and voluntary organizations around the world are currently debating and often enacting, policies and practices designed to promote work life balance (Fleetwood, S., 2007). The effective management of WLB is an issue increasingly recognized as of strategic importance to organizations and of significance to employees (Cieri, H., Holmes, B., Abbott, J., Pettit, T., 2005). In more recent years there has been an exponential growth in WLB practices (Chandra, V., 2012) due to globalization, organizational reorganization and efficiency drives, increasingly sophisticated technology responsible for bringing about 24/7 workplaces; blurring the distinction between work and home...
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...media arena. In most cases, the information environment outside the organization is changing far more rapidly than the information environment internally. Customers, partners, prospects, and employees can find, access, and share information in a way that corporate infrastructure, security, culture, and policies inhibit. Organizations are having a difficult time responding to or taking advantage of – these new environments. The path of information regarding the organization is no longer just the role of the marketing department. Employees talk to customers, colleagues, and suppliers. They share their experiences, impressions and expectations regarding their jobs, the organization and management. The speed at which the information travels is beyond the control of the organization. Every employee, customer and supplier has become a reflection on how the organization functions and operates. The power has shifted from what the company wants to relay to the public, to what employees, customers and suppliers say about the company—for better or worse. This transfer of power has affected organizations tremendously on all levels. Early...
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