...PEST AND DISEASES OF PLANTATION CROPS PLP 5003 TITLE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL PALM AS THE MAJOR PLANTATION CROP IN MALAYSIA GROUP 7: MOHD HARLIZAN BIN MOHAMAD DARUS GS32853 ADIBAH NOOR BINTI KHAIRUDDIN GS36223 SHAHFAHZIELAH BINTI SHAMRAN GS36066 SITI NOR ANIZAM BINTI ZAMRI GS38320 1.0 INTRODUCTION The oil palm, Elaeis guineensis was brought over to the Bogor Botanic Garden in the Island of Jawa, Indonesia from West Africa in 1848 (Polunin, 2004). It has been planted in almost 43 countries in tropical regions of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. It was planted in Malaysia in 1896 much later after Indonesia (Yacob, 2005). Now, this crop has become major plantation crop in Malaysia contribute to palm oil industry. Palm oil industry is one of the most traded agriculture commodities in the world. In Malaysia, this industry has been an important agriculture in the economy for the past three decades. Malaysia is one of the major producer of palm oil in the world which contribute17.6 million tonnes respectively in 2009. Recently, concern over the environment impact people around the world keeps on talking about global warming, greenhouses effect, deforestation and other environment impact caused by human activities or improper development. Government and private sectors are being urged to commence all agriculture activities include oil palm within the concept of sustainable development. Therefore, sustainability becomes the main word uses...
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...(8) Many experts today believe that bio-fuel production causes more problems than it solves. Describe the main reasoning behind this view. · Bio-fuel production causes loss of tropical forest and other natural habitats, depletes oil, accelerates climate change, and exacerbates world hunger. · To grow biofuel crops, there needs to be cutting and burning of forests · You need burning of oil based fuel and use of petroleum based fertilizers to grow biofuel crops which leads to less oil which leads to a new for more biofuel so you burn all the forests and you need the oil to regrow them again · Deforestation – especially in South America and Indonesia accounts for 20% of all carbon emissions · Farming biofuels produces nitrous oxide which is bad for climate change · Large scale burning and cutting to grow crops –including biofuel crops- also causes adjacent forest decline: it causes reduced transpiration and hence reduced rainfall in adjacent forest areas result in drought cycle which accelerated death of trees which further reduces transpiration and rainfall. The accelerated death of trees results in warming of forest floor and accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter and explosion of termite population son dead tree trunks and branches. Both of this releases huge quantities of methane and carbon dioxide · The use of biodiesel from algae is not as green as it seems. It can generate four times the greenhouse emissions from regular...
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...Bio-fuels: a debatable topic A warm welcome to respected dignitaries and all the participants who are present here today, My name is Swaroop. I’m pursuing M.Sc (ag) extension. I remember that my grandfather used to quote “well done is better than well said” a statement given by Benjamin franklin. Biofuels are they as green as they claim to be? It is well said -yes this fuel has a component of BIO, but is biofuel well doing in meeting all its requirements? Hmm…a debatable topic. As context of my argument, I strongly argue that they are not eco-friendly-when completely relied upon. So what are Biofuels? A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion (biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three different ways: thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion. Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security. This biofuels are 1St and 2nd generation. 1st generation conatins ethanol, biodiesel, vegetable oil mostly. The second generation biofuels are mostly made from the lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste. Taking a brisk turn towards my argument, There are various...
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...11 March 2011 Food Producers Palm Oil – Extracting Value Rachel Galvez +44 20 7444 0679 rachel.galvez@religarecm.com Palm Tree Nursery Palm Oil Sector – Extracting Value We launch coverage on the London listed Palm Oil sector with a positive view as we believe the industry will continue to grow and current production will struggle to meet global demand. In our view, companies (such as the ones under our coverage) that have; agricultural land rights in equatorial regions (where oil palms thrive), industry expertise, experienced management teams, and access to capital, have defensible competitive advantages and are likely to experience earnings growth and margin expansion going forward. New Britain Palm Oil (NBPO LN, BUY, 1,197p price target, 23% upside) NBPO produces sustainable and traceable Palm Oil in Papua New Guinea (PNG), which it sells to European markets. We believe the company’s competitive advantages, (the traceability and sustainability of its oil, above industry average yields, land and other assets, management team and industry relationships) will enable it to increase sales, expand margins and maintain a market leading position going forward. Asian Plantations (PALM LN, BUY, 345p price target, 29% upside) Source: MP Evans Palm Tree Plantation Asian Plantations is involved in the acquisition and development of Palm Oil plantation land in Sarawak, Malaysia. We believe the company will be able to execute on its strategy (acquiring undeveloped land...
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...Energy 34 (2009) 1225–1235 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy Oil palm biomass as a sustainable energy source: A Malaysian case study S.H. Shuit, K.T. Tan, K.T. Lee*, A.H. Kamaruddin School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 24 October 2008 Received in revised form 13 May 2009 Accepted 14 May 2009 Available online 13 June 2009 It has been widely accepted worldwide that global warming is by far the greatest threat and challenge in the new millennium. In order to stop global warming and to promote sustainable development, renewable energy is a perfect solution to achieve both targets. Presently million hectares of land in Malaysia is occupied with oil palm plantation generating huge quantities of biomass. In this context, biomass from oil palm industries appears to be a very promising alternative as a source of raw materials including renewable energy in Malaysia. Thus, this paper aims to present current scenario of biomass in Malaysia covering issues on availability and sustainability of feedstock as well as current and possible utilization of oil palm biomass. This paper will also discuss feasibility of some biomass conversion technologies and some ongoing projects in Malaysia related to utilization of oil palm biomass as...
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...Table of Contents Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol 2 ASEAN and Copenhagen Conference 3 Climate Change as an Issue 4 Sustainable Development 5 Impact of Kyoto Protocol on ASEAN 7 Challenges faced by ASEAN under Kyoto Protocol 9 Conclusion 11 Referencing 12 Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol In 1992, countries coupled together for an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. However, by 1995, countries realized that provisions of emission reductions in the Convention were insufficient. Due to this reason, they launched negotiations to reinforce the global response to climate change. These negotiations lead to the adoption of an agreement known as Kyoto Protocol (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2013). The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference held in Denmark raised climate change policy to the highest political level. 115 world leaders attended this high-level segment, building it one of the major gatherings of world leaders ever outside UN headquarters in New York. More than 40,000 people that represent governments, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, media, faith-based organizations UN agencies applied for accreditation (UNFCCC, 2013) The Copenhagen Accord enclosed numerous key elements on which there was strong union of the views of governments. This incorporated the long-term goal of limiting the maximum global average temperature...
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...World Food Prices: Causes and Consequences Alex F. McCalla Professor Emeritus, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA 95616 (phone: 530-752-1529; fax 530-752-5614; e-mail: alex@primal.ucdavis.edu) INTRODUCTION It is a great honor to be invited to give the CAES Fellow’s Address in my home country, to give it on the 400th Anniversary of the founding of Quebec and to do it in Quebec City. The topic given me is current, topical and emotional. Food prices are always controversial, either too high for consumers or too low for farmers and often unstable. The paper is divided into four parts: the first places the current situation in historical context; the second identifies some competing explanations for high food prices; the third analyzes in more detail the Structural Change/Shock story; and the fourth notes the consequences, especially for Developing Countries. The paper closes with the big question - When the bubble breaks, will long run real prices be on a higher level with a stable or increasing trend or will we back to “Business as Usual” with real prices dropping down to the previous level and continuing their 150 year downward trend? THE CURRENT SITUATION IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT FAO’s price index of all foods in dollar terms has more than doubled since last three years of the 20th century, and the real food price index has increased by over sixty percent (Figure 1.). Between...
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...a two chamber microbial fuel cell”. The authors are Georgia Antonopoulou, Katerina Stamatelatou, Symeon Bebelis, and Gerasimos Lyberatos from the Department of Chemical Engineering in the University of Patras in Greece. The research paper is taken from pages 10 to 15 of the Biochemical Engineering Journal, Volume 50. In this study, the possibility of electricity generation from diluted cheese whey in a two-chamber mediator-less microbial fuel cell (MFC) was investigated. The research aims to generate electricity using glucose, lactose, and cheese whey wastewater as substrates. It also aims to compare the performance of a MFC using synthetic sugars, such as glucose and lactose, to that of the same MFC when using raw wastewater, such as cheese whey, as substrate. The title of the article is appropriate and clear in such a way that readers can grasp an idea of the research by just reading it. The abstract is specific and is a representative of the article, although it takes a second look to realize that the research would involve electricity generation from synthetic substrates such as glucose and fructose, and from cheese whey. The research problem is attention-grabbing and timely since there is recently an emerging interest focused on the energy recovery from wastes. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is gaining promising interest in the research fraternity and represents a promising approach for generating electricity from biomass using bacteria. MFC are bio-electrochemical systems which...
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...is also used for bio-fuel. Indonesia is known as the largest producer of palm oil. President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono created a policy to develop palm oil plantation on degraded land. Palm oil is edible plant oil that is high in saturated fats. It is comes from the fruits of a palm tree. Palm oil is found in bread, biscuits, instant noodles and shampoo. The import of palm oil has increased 485% in the United States. Palm oil has caused rain forest destruction. The Indonesian government has a plan to use rain forest area as a palm oil plantation by 2020. Many people in Indonesia live in rain forests and depend on it for their everyday living. If the government continues to grow palm oil plants in the rain forest, it will cause destruction and poverty for the people. The rain forest is also the home of endangered species such as Orangutan, Sumatran tigers and rhinoceros. The palm oil plantation will destroy their habitat. Government data has shown that over 50,000 orangutans have already died as a result of deforestation due to palm oil. According to the UNEP report, deforestation will cause 98% of Indonesian forests to be destroyed by 2022. Forest removal causes carbon to release in the air. This is called environmental degradation. Burning fossil fuels causes Four percent of global greenhouse gas emission and eight percent of all global emission. Indonesia became the 3rd largest emitter of greenhouse gases. For example, in 1997, fires in Indonesia may have been one...
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...undergone a turbulent period since 2010. On March 14 2010, the Independent, a UK-based newspaper, stated that Nestle’s Kit Kat contained palm oil that results in deforestation and threatens the livelihood of the endangered Orang-utans. Environmental Group Greenpeace immediately requested Nestle to “give the rainforest a break” by ending its business partnership with Sinar Mas, its palm oil supplier in Indonesia, as soon as possible. The report spurred Nestle to cancel its contract with Sinar Mas—months after Sinar Mas was shown to be involved in illegal deforestation—but the corporation continues to purchase oil palm from Cargill, which is supplied in part by Sinar Mas. For its part, Cargill says it is investigating Greenpeace's allegations and if Sinar Mas is found to be committing illegal deforestation they will drop them. Nestle has said in a statement: "we share the deep concern about the serious environmental threat to rain forests and peat fields in South East Asia caused by the planting of palm oil plantations." Thousands of hectares of rainforests in Malaysia and Indonesia have been cleared to make way for palm oil plantations, depriving tribes of ancestral lands, increasing climate change emissions...
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...THE TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM WORLD WIDE SUSTAINBALE TOURISM – A PRELUDE: Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy. The developing countries are attempting to cash in on this expanding industry with the objective to boost their foreign investment and financial reserves. The uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems. Organizations like the United Nations contend that such negative effects can be controlled and reduced. With the basic tenet that ‘TOURISM NEEDS TO BE MORE SUSTAINABLE', the world body ( WTO- world trade organization) organized a meeting with the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. This meeting aimed at bringing together national and local governments, the tourism industry, trade unions and activist groups to articulate the principles and the road map for the goal of sustainable tourism, which is popularly known as Ecotourism. OPPORTUNITIES ON THE WALL: If we consider the International travel statistics, it is clear that in 1950, from a 25 million tourists, it grew to a billion by 2012. 1 billion international tourists traveling the world in a single year. Around 5 billion more traveled domestically within their own countries. These tourists generated over US$ 1 trillion in exports for the countries they visited, which is close to 6% of the world’s exports of goods and services, and 30% of exports if we consider services alone. One in every 12 jobs worldwide...
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...Successful Factors of Exporting The Coconut from Indonesia to Zaimin Industry, Malaysia http://atjehpost.co/articles/read/971/Malaysia-Siap-Tampung-1-Juta-Kelapa-Tiap-Bulan-dari-Aceh “Kita sepakat ekspor kelapa 1 juta butir setiap bulannya melalui Pelabuhan Krueng Geukueh dan Langsa,” kata Safwan. NEGARA Malaysia siap menampung satu juta butir kelapa tiap bulannya dari Provinsi Aceh. Kesepakatan ini tercapai dari kunjungan Menteri Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani Malaysia, Dato’ Sri Ismail Sabri bin Yakoob, Minggu 2 Maret 2014. Hal ini diungkapkan oleh Kepala Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan (Kadisperindag) Aceh, Safwan SE MSi. “Kita sepakat ekspor kelapa 1 juta butir setiap bulannya melalui Pelabuhan Krueng Geukueh dan Langsa,” kata Safwan. Sebenarnya, kata dia, ekspor kelapa dari Aceh ke Malaysia ini sudah berlangsung lama. “Banyak pengusaha yang mengambil kelapa dari Aceh, tetapi ekspor dari Batam.Ada yang melalui Krueng Geukueh, tapi hanya sedikit,” kata Safwan lagi. Namun kata Safwan, di bawah Pemerintahan Aceh saat ini, segala bentuk ekspor komoditas dari Aceh, juga akan difokuskan pada pelabuhan yang ada di Aceh. Salah satunya seperti Krueng Geukueh. Sebelumnya diberitakan, Dato’ Sri Ismail Sabri bin Yakoob, mengaku terkejut ketika mengetahui kalau kelapa yang mereka impor (Malaysia-red) selama ini ternyata berasal dari Provinsi Aceh. Padahal, kata dia, Malaysia menerima impor kelapa dari Indonesia melalui Pelabuhan Batam. “Saya heran, kelapa Aceh diimpor...
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...competitive advantage. Analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation by Thembani Nkomo ANALYISIS OF TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 2 EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY 2.1 Industry Overview and Analysis 2.2 Industry Life Cycle 2.3 Industry Demand Determinants 2.4 Porter’s Five Forces 2.5 Industry Cost Structure Benchmark 2.6 Industry Competitive Landscape 2.7 Major Competitors 2.8 Key Success Factors in Industry 3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF TOYOTA 3.1 Core Competencies 3.2 Distinct Competency 3.3 SWOT Analysis 3.4 BCG Matrix: Internal Analysis of Toyota Portfolio 3.5 VRIO Framework Analysis 3.6 Toyota’s Efforts in Emerging Economies 3.7 Case Study: Toyota’s Successful Strategy in Indonesia 3.8 Strategic M&A, Partnerships, Joint Ventures, and Alliances 3.9 Analysis of Financial Performance 4 RECOMMENDATIONS 5 APPENDICES 6 REFERENCES Analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation by Thembani Nkomo 1. TOYOTA CORPORATE OVERVIEW: Founded in 1937, Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese company that engages in the design, manufacture, assembly, and sale of passenger cars, minivans, commercial vehicles, and related parts and accessories primarily in Japan, North America, Europe, and Asia. Current brands include Toyota, Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino. Toyota Motor Corporation is the leading auto manufacturer and the eighth largest company in the world. As of March 31, 2013, Toyota Motor Corporation’s annual revenue was $213...
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...competitive advantage. Analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation by Thembani Nkomo ANALYISIS OF TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 2 EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY 2.1 Industry Overview and Analysis 2.2 Industry Life Cycle 2.3 Industry Demand Determinants 2.4 Porter’s Five Forces 2.5 Industry Cost Structure Benchmark 2.6 Industry Competitive Landscape 2.7 Major Competitors 2.8 Key Success Factors in Industry 3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF TOYOTA 3.1 Core Competencies 3.2 Distinct Competency 3.3 SWOT Analysis 3.4 BCG Matrix: Internal Analysis of Toyota Portfolio 3.5 VRIO Framework Analysis 3.6 Toyota’s Efforts in Emerging Economies 3.7 Case Study: Toyota’s Successful Strategy in Indonesia 3.8 Strategic M&A, Partnerships, Joint Ventures, and Alliances 3.9 Analysis of Financial Performance 4 RECOMMENDATIONS 5 APPENDICES 6 REFERENCES Analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation by Thembani Nkomo 1. TOYOTA CORPORATE OVERVIEW: Founded in 1937, Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese company that engages in the design, manufacture, assembly, and sale of passenger cars, minivans, commercial vehicles, and related parts and accessories primarily in Japan, North America, Europe, and Asia. Current brands include Toyota, Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino. Toyota Motor Corporation is the leading auto manufacturer and the eighth largest company in the world. As of March 31, 2013, Toyota Motor Corporation’s annual revenue was $213...
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...Sarju Patel BC607 Assignment 7.1 Oil Producers vs. Oil Users Oil is a unique and finite commodity. Every person in the world is affected by oil and it plays a vital role within modern society. It has also been associated with conflict since the First World War. The importance of oil is such that nationals and ethnic groups are prepared to go to war for this commodity if necessary. As such, a unique set of economic circumstances and policy issues surround oil. These include oil’s links to industrialization, economic growth, the distribution of wealth, and global warming. Oil is vital to the functioning of the economy of individual countries as well as the global economy. It plays an essential role in transport systems (ground, air and sea), agriculture, chemicals, and the military. Thousands of products are made using oil including plastics, pesticides, paints, inks, synthetic fibers, solvents, medicines, and other vital everyday use products. The reality is that oil is all around us, even when it is not being used in vehicle or other transport engines. Since oil is a finite commodity, concerns about when the supply of oil will decline and run out is of paramount importance and concern. The world’s supply of readily accessible oil is declining simply because more oil is being extracted than being discovered. New technologies that gain access to reservoirs previously hard to access may extend the life of these reserves. However, demand for oil in developed...
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