...Course: Bio 102 Instructor: Marina Yoffe Assignment: Lab report (Introduction and discussion) Introduction The way in which different organisms acquire oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide has truly evolved. The exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen is essential for the survival of organisms that need to produce the energy molecule ATP through the process of cellular respiration. Respiration (breathing) is the way organisms exchange gases with their environment (White and Campo 2004). During cellular respiration organisms break down energy rich macromolecules such as starch to make ATP in a chemical reaction where oxygen and water is involved (Ege R. and A. Krogh 1914).The use of oxygen is very important; therefore the efficient acquisition of oxygen is very necessary for an animal’s survival. Depending on what type of organism is involved, our sources of oxygen are different and occur through diffusion. Terrestrial animals obtain oxygen through the air while organisms living in water depend on the oxygen from the water. Unlike terrestrial animals, the amount of oxygen for animals living in water is limited based on the amount of oxygen that has dissolved in the water. Since an adequate amount of oxygen is necessary, animals developed respiratory organs to help them ventilate and obtain as much oxygen from their respected sources as possible (W.C and R. Oesting 1934). One organism that has developed an efficient way of acquiring oxygen is fish. Fish use a counter-current exchange...
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...stated that microbes were a life’s smallest structural units were cells. Then in 1670s, decades after, Dutch merchant named Anton van Leeuwenhoek made careful observations of microscopic organisms. Leeuwenhoek’s microscope that was created by him are composed of one lens. On 1674, Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria, and he called them animalcules. Until his death in 1723, Leeuwenhoek revealed the microscopic world to scientist of the day and is regarded as one of the first to provide accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi and bacteria. After he died, the microbiology did not develop rapidly because microscopes were rare, but on those years Francesco Redi disputed the theory of spontaneous generation, that microorganism arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth....
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...References Biotech quick-fixes will not end hunger in China. (2005). The Lancet, 365(9473), 1746-1746. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/199024846?accountid=27655. Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms www.ornl.gov/hgmis/elsi/gmfood.shtml. Panasevich, C.L. (2004). Risk assessment urged for genetically modified foods. The Nation’s Health, 34(7), 25-25. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/198428644?accountid=27655. Premanandh, J. (2011). Global consensus-need of the hour for genetically modified organisms (GMO) labeling. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 17(1), 37-44. doi: htt:dx.doi.org/1057/jcb.2010.24. Genetically Modified (GM) Foods In 2006, countries that grew 97% of the global transgenic crops were the United States (53%), Argentina (17%), Brazil (11%), Canada (6%), India (4%), China (3%), Paraguay (2%) and South Africa (1%). Although growth is expected to plateau in industrialized nations, it is increasing in developing countries. The next decade will see exponential progress in GM product development as researchers gain increasing an unprecedented access to genomic resources that are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of individual projects. Technologies for genetically modifying foods offer dramatic promise for meeting some of the 21st Century's greatest challenges. Like all new technologies, they also pose some risks, both known and unknown. Controversies surrounding GM foods and crops commonly focus on human...
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...INTRODUCTION Biotechnology is one of the innovative branches of science. Biotechnology has created new revolutions in this era by contributing industries, medical sciences, food technologies and genetics. "Biotechnology is basically defined as the use of living organisms, their parts and their biochemical processes for the creation of beneficial products." Bio-technology has its roots in the distant past and has a large, highly profitable, modern industrial outlets of great value to society for e.g. the fermentation, bio-pharmaceutical and food industries. The main reasons must be associated with the rapid advances in molecular biology, in particular, recombinant DNA technology, which is now giving bio-scientists a remarkable understanding and control over biological processes. Some Technologies used in Biotechnology: 1. Bioprocessing technology * The use of bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells and/or enzymes to manufacture products * Large scale fermentation and cell cultures, carried out in huge bioreactors, manufacture useful products * Products: Insulin, vaccines, vitamins, antibiotics, amino acids, etc. 2. Monoclonal antibodies (MCAb) * Definition: Producing antibodies for medicine by cloning a single cell * MCAb are used for Home Pregnancy tests * Used to detect cancer (they bind to tumor cells) * Used to detect diseases in plants and animals and environmental pollutants 3. CELL...
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...Yeast Culture Lab BIO/315 April 22, 2014 Annissa Furr Yeast Lab Yeast, is a microscopic one celled organism that belongs to the group of organisms that is called fungi. They are single celled organisms that have a scientific name of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast can have many purposes but the main purpose of yeast is to help the fermentation process. Yeast is a living organism known as a fungus and it gets its energy source from sugar. Yeast can also be used in creating certain medical intentions that heal wounds and reduce inflammation because of the large amount of hormones and enzymes. In reference to yeast reproduction depends on the type of species because they can be either asexual by mitosis or sexual by budding. Consumption talked about the use and rate of use of a primary consumer that needs photosynthesis in order to create energy from CO2. Death is in reference to a population and refers to the toll of death in a population. Hypothesis This labs main objective is to test cultures referring to yeast. The hypothesis is that the yeast will grow in all the environments that it is placed in but it will thrive in the environment that has sugar that is because yeast uses sugar as an energy sources naturally which will make the yeast generate more. The yeast could be identical in all the environments but most likely the situation will be that the yeast grows rapidly in the sugar. This hypothesis needs to be tested and in order to do that their...
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...Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 gen 1 Chapter 1 GENERAL BACKGROUND The process by which organic waste materials are converted into biogas and carbon dioxide is referred to as anaerobic digestion (AD). It involves the breakdown of organic matter by the concerted actions of a wide range of microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. The process consists of a complex series of reactions. The sum of these being a fermentation which converts a wide array of substrate materials, having carbon atoms at various oxidation/reduction states, to molecules containing one carbon in its most oxidized (CO2) and the most reduced (CH4) state. Minor quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide (usually less than 1% of the total gas volume) are also generated. Anaerobic conversions are among the oldest biological technologies utilised by mankind, initially for food and beverage production. They have been applied and developed over centuries, although the most dramatic advances have been achieved in the last few decades with the introduction of various form of high‐rate treatment processes, particularly for industrial wastewater. There are many ways to treat municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial wastewater, sewage sludge or waste materials from food production industry including biological operations. High organic loading rates and low sludge production are among the many advantages anaerobic processes exhibit over other biological unit operations. Initially AD was looked...
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...Plankton Depletion and Environmental Effects Plankton is a term generally used for microorganisms or “floaters” that simply drift along wherever water currents take them. This includes zooplankton, algae, phytoplankton, and bacteria (G. Karleskint Jr. et al, 2010, p.464). But while it is common to see them as food for fish, they have other roles in nature what make them essential organisms in the delicate balance of our ecosystem. This paper will highlight the critical role of plankton as the organisms that make life on earth possible by describing the foundational role it plays in the food chain and in significant bio-chemical processes and discussing the negative effects it will give to the environment. I. Main Functions of Plankton in the Environment There are two main roles played by plankton in the environment. The first important role of plankton is in the food chain. Because of their microscopic size, they serve as food for other microorganisms, fishes and seal animals, which make-up 30% percent of the world’s entire intake of animal protein (J.H. Steele et al, 2009, p.8). Thus, we find plankton at the bottom of the food chain: zooplanktons eat other planktons for food, which in turn, along with phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, are food for fish and sea mammals, most of which eventually become food for human beings. Secondly, plankton plays an important role in the earth’s biochemical processes. Phytoplankton, for one, is responsible for the primary production...
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...1. Providing the Definition: - Deferred costs: costs that are not recognized immediately, but must be paid later - External costs: the transfer of the costs to society - Pollution costs: expenses to correct pollution when it is occurred - Pollution prevention costs: costs to prevent pollutions from happening. 2. What is cost benefit analysis (CBA)? What are the key steps for CBA? - Cost benefit analysis is a formal quantitative method for assessing the costs and benefits of competing uses of a resource or solutions to a problem and deciding which is the most effective. There are four key steps for CBA : - Identification of the project to be evaluated. - Determination of all impacts, favorable and unfavorable present and future on all society - Determination of all value impacts, either directly through market value or indirectly through price estimate - Calculation of the net benefit, which is the total value of positive impacts less the total value of negative impacts. 3. What are the key steps in Scientific Methods? Explain each of them. => Observation: we use our senses or an extension of our senses to analysis an event. => Questioning and exploring: we ask ourselves what will happen. Some questions may be simple speculation, but others may inspire you to further investigation => constructing hypotheses: we try to provide a possible answer to a question or an explanation for an observation that can be tested => testing hypotheses:...
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...Genetic engineering is the biological technique developed for changing the genetic code permanently by manipulating the gene.The use of genetic engineering is very controversial.In the debate of genetic engineering, it is sometimes hard differentiating fact from fiction.This is because the debate has been confused by the influence of rigid absolutist views (both supportive of and opposed to genetical engineering) about the role of science in society combined with a general ignorance of science. This essay will evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering. A major advantage of genetic engineering is the important role that it plays in sustainable agriculture. The world's population is growing and with that comes the demand for more food. The use of new varieties of crop plants produced by genetic engineering which can survive and give good yields in poor soils, dry conditions and without the need for expensive pesticides and fertilisers will be essential in preventing food shortages in areas where crop cultivation is difficult. It has been applied for example in the green revolution which Norman Borlaug initiated. This helped prevent famine in at risk countries such as Mexico, India and Parkistan by increasing their wheat production. The potential is also there in Africa for producing 'Roundup Ready' ( Round up is a pesticide) crops so that the gene for herbicide tolerance is already built into the crops. Furthermore, using conventional farming methods...
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...BIOSECURITY AND BIOTERRORISM HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT ONE PROF. EDWARDS INSTRUCTIONS: Please answer the following in a complete, yet concise, manner using APA format for your citations and references. Single or double-spacing for your four or less page response (excluding references) may be used. A traditional font (e.g. Calibri, Arial, or Times Roman) in an 10 or 11 font size is preferred. Remember to clearly delineate quotations and paraphrasing through the use of quotation marks or other conventional methods. I. Based on the readings, the greatest deterrent in finding a universal definition of terrorism deals with each countries subjective views of legitimacy. The definition of terrorism seems to be culturally biased with some groups related the legitimacy of terrorism to the person who is carrying out the act and not the act itself. The interesting part is that the idea of moral is questionable to some countries. Prior to the attacks of 9/11, the major difference between the Us’s definition of terrorism was the absence of the term “weapons of mass destruction” which is now prvelant in our anti terror agenda. In the years following the attack on September 11 the idea of terrorism, primarily in the US, has been seen as based on a political agenda. I choose to look a the United States’ definition or terrorism as well as the Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism’s definition of terrorism. In 1998, the Arab Convention for the Suppression...
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...Bio Lab Practical #1 Solute- dissolved in solvent Solvent- a substance in which another substance is dissolved Solution- a liquid mixture in which the solute and solvent are uniformly distribute Molecular weight- average mass of a molecule Mole- a measurement of quantity or numbers pH- the measurement of acidity or basicity in an aqueous solution Prokaryotic- single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotic- has true nucleus, nuclear pores, and organelles Organelles- a specialized part of a cell having specific fucntions, cell organ Diffusion- means of passive transport, three types: facilitated, simple, and channel Osmosis- the movement of water from high potential to low potential Brownian movement- random movement of microscopic particles in liquid Dialysis- the separation of particles in a liquid on the basis of differences in their ability to pass through a membrane Dialysis tubing- semi-permeable membrane tubing Biologically Important Molecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids – most organic compounds in living organisms Dehydration- removal of water molecule and covalently bonding two subunits Hydrolysis- breaking bonds in subunits by adding water Positive control- contains the variable for which you are test. It reacts positively and demonstrates the test’s ability to detect what you expect Negative control- does not contain...
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...Organism Physiology Paper BIO101 April 15, 2014 Organism Physiology Paper The Sea Lion is the Organism that I want to discuss in this paper today. It has a highly controversial on weather this animal was a land walker only and when it actually acclimated to water, and why. After spending numerous hours researching this organism, it is still unclear to me when and why this animal changed its environment to include water. It is believed by many in the scientific world that the Sea Lion was a land dweller and became a water creature due to not have enough food in its land environment. “It's long been assumed that marine mammals in the pinniped group – seals, sea lions and walrus – evolved from a land-based common ancestor, but until now, no definitive fossil evidence had materialized” (Harmon, 2009). The animal would have had four legs that would have become webbed after its transfer to water. Its adaptation would have allowed it to survive under water for longer periods as well. The creature would have more than likely looked like the picture below if this is an accurate depiction of its ancestry. [pic] Its evolution would have included, being able to walk on land with paws that grip the earth, breathe air always to changing itself allowing it to breathe underwater and swim like a fish. Its paws slowly formed to fin like water movers however it...
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...Organism Physiology Paper Sarah Szafranski BIO / 101 6/26/2013 Alena Aviles There are many organisms that have survived throughout the history of the earth by adapting to ever-changing environments. One of these, dating back over 220 million years, is the turtle. With over 250 different species still around, this reptile has established a legacy of perseverance and resiliency. They have overcome numerous adversities such as earthquakes, floods, fire, droughts, predators, disease, and urban sprawl. Turtles can be found in every ecosystem spanning the globe from the tropics, the desert, to the ocean. While turtles have been known to predominantly live in the water, they have adapted to conditions on land. Their species have evolved over the years through breeding and acclimation to their environment. This evolution includes changes to their physical characteristics such as shells, shapes, and color, but also incorporates psychological changes such as breeding habits, defensive tactics and migration patterns. My favorite of these would be the majestic sea turtle. Sea turtles can be found in just about every sea throughout the world regardless of fresh water, salt water, light water, or brackish water. As seaworthy as they are, sea turtles still have a strong tie to land and coastal habitats. As seen in the diagram below, the sea turtle has many of the same organs and functions of other mammals however; their bodies are shaped hydrodynamic, meaning...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The world population is living, working, vacationing, increasingly mixing along the coasts, and standing on the front row of the greatest, most extraordinary, plastic waste tide ever faced. Washed out on the coasts in obvious and clearly visible form, the plastic pollution display obviously seen on the beaches is only the preface of the greater story that unfolded further away in the world’s oceans, yet mostly originating from where people stand: the land. In 2008, our global plastic consumption worldwide has been estimated at 260 million tons, and, according to a 2012 report by Global Industry Analysts, plastic consumption is to reach 297.5 million tons by 2015. Plastic is versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture resistant, strong, and relatively inexpensive. Those are the attractive qualities that lead us, around the world, to such a voracious appetite and over-consumption of plastic goods. However, durable and very slow to degrade, plastic materials that are used in the production of so many products all, ultimately, become waste with staying power. Our tremendous attraction to plastic, coupled with an undeniable behavioral propensity of increasingly over-consuming, discarding, littering and thus polluting, has become a combination of lethal nature. Plastic bags are in use by consumers worldwide since the 1960’s, (Mc Kinley, 2010). These bags are sometimes called single-use bags, referring to carrying items from a store to a home. Open bags with...
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...small to be seen with the naked eye 2. bio – life 3. ology - study of 4. study of microorganisms (simple forms of life visible only with a microscope MICROORGANISMS * Minute living things * Too small to be seen with the unaided eye * Members of several different groups * Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS * Bacteria Bacteriology * Fungi Mycology * Protozoa Protozoology * Microscopic Algae Phycology * Viruses Virology ALGAE * photosynthetic unicellular or simple multicellular * mostly aquatic * organisms with cell walls of cellulose * produce their own food through photosynthesis FUNGI * Eukaryotic organisms with rigid cell wall * Yeasts * Single-celled * Reproduce by budding * Molds * Large, fuzzy, multicelled organisms * Produce spore * Superficial infections * Athlete’s foot * Ringworm * Thrush Can cause systemic infections PROTOZOA * Single-celled eukaryotic organisms, larger than bacteria * Found in soil and water * Illnesses * Malaria * Amebic dysentery * Trichomoniasis vaginitis * Leading cause of death in developing countries * VIRUS * Smallest known infectious agents * Subcellular microorganism * Have only nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat * Must live and grow in living cells of other organisms * Illnesses caused by viruses ...
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