...1 Task 5 Biochemistry June 7, 2015 2 Energy can be stored as fat in the liver or in adipose tissue. We also get fatty acids from our diets. Fat is stored in the form of a Triglyceride (TG) or as a Triacylglycerol (TAG) which is made up of a glycerol molecule, a carboxyl group and three fatty chains attached together. Through a process called Beta oxidation, the TAG or TG molecule has its bonds broken and the glycerol separates from the three fatty chains. The chains are broken down into two carbon fragments. Those fragments become Acetyl CoA. Electrons and hydrogen are released from the fatty acid during Beta oxidation and carried by NADH and FADH2 to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Acetyl CoA enters the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC). While in the CAC, more electrons and hydrogens are released and are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the ETC. After the completing the CAC, a lot of NADH and FADH2 have been made and this enters the ETC where they are made into ADP and Pi which through the process of oxidative phosphorylation becomes ATP. (O’Malley, M., 2014) A saturated fatty acid is made up of a chain of carbons saturated with a maximum number of hydrogens and a carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid end of the chain is made up of a carbon double bonded with an oxygen molecule. The carboxylic end is hydrophilic and the tail that is saturated with hydrogens is hydrophobic...
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...Biochemistry Task 5 Lipids A. Adipose tissue stores fat in the body. The fat storage molecule is called a triglyceride. Triglycerides are composed of a glycerol attached to three fatty acids. In order to use a triglyceride for energy, the fatty acids are broken away from the glycerol. These fatty acids are considered free fatty acids. Free fatty acids are broken down, two carbons at a time by beta oxidation. Each two carbon unit becomes Acetyl CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle. Also, during beta oxidation there are electrons and hydrogens that are removed from fatty acid. They are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain. They are used to form ATP from ADP and a phosphate. B. There are two types of fatty acids, saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid. Saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogen, meaning all the carbons in the chain are filled with hydrogen. Saturated fatty acid chains all look similar which makes it easy for them to build on one another. The force that holds them together is known as hydrophobic interactions. This allows fatty acids to be solid at room temperature. Saturated fatty acids are mainly from animal food sources. Unsaturated fatty acids will not be saturated with hydrogen, instead there is a double bond that lessens the amount of hydrogen in a chain. This double bond bends the tail and the structure becomes irregular. This irregularity doesn’t allow them to stack well, therefore unsaturated fatty acids...
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...1. Lipids to ATP * Hydrolysis is the first step in the breakdown of lipids. This happens in the cytoplasm, to produce fatty acids and glycerol. The glycerol is then metabolized into dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This hydroxyacetone is further metabolized into one of two compounds: pyruvic acid (for energy) or glucose-6-phosphate (during gluconeogenesis). * Fatty acids are catabolized into Acetyl Coenzyme-A, during something called the fatty acid spiral, which is then transformed into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water using the electron transport chain and the citric acid cycle. * ATP is created from both the citric acid cycle and the fatty acid spiral (Brandt, n.d.). 2. Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids * Saturated fatty acids: carbons are single bonded, solid at room temperature * Unsaturated fatty acids: carbons are double bonded, liquid at room temperature (Fatty Acid, 2015) 1. Saturated Fatty Acid 2. Unsaturated Fatty Acid 3. 4. No-Fat Diets * Non-fat diets are detrimental to the body, because vitamin-D, an essential vitamin, cannot be absorbed without lipids (fats). Vitamin D is essential to the absorption of vitamin C and phosphate. Vitamin C and phosphate are necessary for bone structure, neuromuscular function, and immune function. * Lipids are also necessary for the absorption of estrogen, one of the hormones responsible for reproduction, related to fetal growth and uterine changes during pregnancy. Without fat in the diet...
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...A. Explain how lipids, in the form of triglycerides, are broken down to produce ATP, including each of the following: Triglycerides are first broken down to fatty acids and glycerol by separating the bond between the glycerol and the fatty acid. The fatty acids undergo beta oxidation and are broken into two carbon units. The carbon subunits generate AcetylCoA. (O’Malley 2014) During beta oxidation hydrogen and electrons are removed from the fatty acids and are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain to generate ATP. AcetylCoA enters the citric acid cycle which removes electrons and hydrogen. NADH and FADH2 is used to carry the ions to the electron transport chain to form ATP. B. Explain two differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (not fats). A saturated fatty acids has hydrogen on all points of its chemical chain. Unsaturated fatty acids will have a pair of hydrogen missing on its chain. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature vs liquid for unsaturated. 1. Create one original 3D model to demonstrate the chemical structure of a saturated fatty acid. 2. Create one original 3D model to demonstrate the chemical structure of an unsaturated fatty acid. C. Create an original diagram, with clear labels, to demonstrate the fluid mosaic structure of cell membranes. D. Explain how nofat diets can affect the body (e.g., nutrient absorption, essential fatty acids), including each of...
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...Biochemistry Task 5- Lipids Student ID# Western Governors University 05/21/2015 Biochemistry Task 5- Lipids A. Fat is stored in the body and used as an energy source when not enough energy is available from food. This process involves dismantling the stored fat in fat cells and releasing the components into the bloodstream. The major storage form of fats in our body are triglycerides, which are made up of three fatty acids bound to glycerol. Adipocytes are primary cells that store fat in the triglyceride form. White adipose cells are used to store energy (O’Malley, M. 2014). 1. Triglycerides are the storage molecules that are broken down and used to produce ATP. The triglycerides break down into two different items, glycerol and fatty acids. The triglycerides are formed when glycerol binds to three fatty acid molecules. The fatty acids each break down into 2 carbon parts. Each part of the carbon makes Acetyl CoA. The Acetyl CoA molecule then enters the Citric Acid Cycle before it moves on to the next step, the electron transport chain. The end result of each of these steps is the production of 12 ATP (Hudon-Miller, 2012). B. 1. Saturated fats do not contain a carbon-carbon double bond. Unsaturated fats contain at least on carbon-carbon double bond. The saturated fatty acid chains can stack while the unsaturated fatty acid chains are kinked by the double bond. 2. Saturated fats have a high melting point and are solid at room temperature...
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...BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 2 Running head: BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 2 1 A. BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 2 2 B. BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 2 3 C. BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 2 4 D. BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 2 5 E. The four forces that stabilize a protein’s structure at the tertiary level are as followed: Hydrophobic is the interaction between nonpolar amino acids (Borges, 2014). These amino acids are not capable of hydrogen bonding, however their hydrocarbon regions interact closely by pulling together tightly tucking away from the exterior of the cell (Borges, 2014). This is the weakest of bonds (Borges, 2014). Next, Hydrogen bonds are polar or charged amino acids (Borges, 2014). This is where one amino acid is sharing its hydrogen atom with another oxygen atom (Borges, 2014). This is a stronger bond than hydrophobic interaction but still weak (Borges, 2014). The third bond is called Ionic Bond...
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...BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 4 Western Governors University September 14, 2015 Running head: BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 4 1 A1. Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered in the process of the reaction (HudonMiller, 2013). Enzymes also lower activation energy without altering the chemical reaction or products (HudonMiller, 2013). A2. BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 4 2 A3. A4. Fructose metabolism has two steps different steps in the liver, the substrate of fructose breaks down to fructose1phosphate by an enzyme called fructokinase; fructose1phosphate is turned into DHAP + glyceraldehyde by an enzyme known as aldolase B, DHAP +glyceraldehyde BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 4 3 A4 continue then enters glycolysis, glycolysis turns into pyruvate goes through citric acid cycle and produces ATP (HudonMiller, 2013). BIOCHEMISTRY TASK 4 5 A5. In hereditary fructose intolerance there is an aldolase B (which is the enzyme for the substrate fructose1phosphate) can no longer take its substrate fructose1phosphate and turn it ...
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...Leila Halaby Biochemistry 208.5.1 09/11/14 The Process of DNA Replication Western Governors University The Process Of DNA Replication The process of DNA replication at the biochemistry level starts with DNA to RNA and RNA to protein. DNA is “The Master” molecule of every cell. It contains vital information that is passed onto every generation. It has information on how to make itself as well as other molecules. DNA is the key to life. RNA leaves the nucleus of the cell and makes proteins. (Sally Seller December 2013) http:/ /www.cytochemistry.net/cell-biology/ ribosome.htm The process by which both strands are replicated starts with the strands being separated and unwound by DNA Helicase. DNA polymerases, an enzymes which catalyze the synthesis of new complementary strands will add nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing nucleotide strand. An RNA primer is needed to start the synthesis of a new strand to make the first 3’ end the enzyme needs. After that, the RNA is taken out and replace with DNA. The synthesis of both complementary strands start in the 5’ to 3’ direction. The leading strand will then grow continuously in the direction of the replication fork. On the leading strand, RNA primase comes in and add RNA primer. ! ! (thinkwell biochemistry 6.4.2) Newly synthesized DNA The lagging strand will point away from the opening of the fork. RNA primase will constantly add RNA primer as the strand opens up On the leading strand, DNA polymerase III...
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...of Vietnam. My time in Kontum was not easy: sleeping on the bare, cold floor, waking up at 5:00 a.m., cooking with wood, and taking care of a group of twelve children. The task was an unbelievably difficult, challenging work. I wore out a couple of sweaters and two pair of jeans because of collecting and stacking wood in the forest. Likewise, the kids varying from children to youth requiring a great effort to take care of them. Nevertheless, I loved every minute of my time in Kontum. I met wonderful nuns dedicating their whole lives for the orphans, spent time with astonishing children, and became fascinated with the their ability to find strength within themselves regardless the tough, unfortunate situations. Especially, during the trip, I met a visually impaired girl, Tam, who inspired me to become an optometrist....
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...and to be an educator while continuing research in drug development. As said by Rumi, the Persian poet and philosopher,"let yourself be silently drawn by the strange pull of what you really love. It will not lead you astray." I have therefore decided to follow my passion and change my career and become a pharmacist. My passion for pharmacy has, in fact, developed over my lifetime; I have developed a strong desire to become a pharmacist after all the academic and hands-on pharmacy experiences I have acquired. Upon completion of my undergraduate program in biological sciences with honors, I entered a very competitive entrance examination, and ranked in the top 5 percent of all examinees. Achieving such a high rank inspired me to expand my knowledge in...
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...GRT task 2: Biochemistry (V. Undergrad-0814) Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids. Hundreds or thousands of amino acids in long chains form a protein molecule. There are 20 different types of amino acids that combine to make a protein. Amino acids are classified into three groups: essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids, and conditional amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must come from food. Non-essential amino acids can be produced by the body even if not obtained through food ingested (Wolfe,2000). Conditional amino acids are needed at times of stress, like an illness. Proteins can be described as polar and non-polar depending on how they interact in the environment. Polar and non-polar chemical trait allows for the amino acid to direct themselves toward water (hydrophilic) or away from water (hydrophobic). Valine is an essential amino acid that enables chemical messages to be transmitted from the brain. Valine’s chemical structure is C5H11NO2 and is a branched chain amino acid. Valine is non-polar in nature so it is not a charged molecule. Valine is hydrophobic and if found deep inside the structure for this reason. Valine is important to muscle function as the muscle recovers from strenuous activity. The amino acids sequencing of a protein decides its structure and function. Protein function is also dependent on its structure but some changes can disrupt the structure. When a protein loses function it...
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...Task 5: Lipids A. Fatty acids come from various sources within the body. The three primary fat sources are adipose tissue (which is where fat is stored), the liver from glycolysis and fats from the food we eat. Fats are stored in the form of lipids. This covers a multitude of compounds also including hormones and other substances that tend to be hydrophobic. Triglycerides are a type of lipid composed of three bonds between a glycerol and three fatty acids (these can be saturated or unsaturated). When triglycerides are broken down they are first simplified to the singular glycerol and three independent fatty acids. The fatty acids then enter beta-oxidation where they are further broken down into acetyl-CoA which consists of two carbon and one oxygen molecule, amongst other molecules. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle where it generates ATP. ATP production happens during electron transport phosphorylation where NADH and FADH2 from TCA pump hydrogen protons to the intermembrane space then they follow the proton gradient back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase generating ATP from ADP B. Two key differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are the chemical structure as well as shape. All fatty acids maintain four bonds to all carbon atoms. Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogen atoms, these tend to come from animal sources but also include cheese and the occasional plant source such as coconut. Each carbon atom has a hydrogen or...
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...Western Governors University Biochemistry 10/16/2015 Task 1 Diagram 1: Showing the beginning of the DNA replication process Diagram 2: Showing the leading and lagging strand and the direction they replicate. Also showing Okazaki Fragments, and the 3” to 5” end of DNA. The arrows in the above diagram show the 3” to 5” direction that the DNA replicates; starting in the origin of replication and moving towards the 5 direction, using Okazaki fragments in the Lagging strand. Diagram 3: Showing a more detailed version of DNA replication. Showing the enzymes that assist in transcription. Diagram 4: Showing how mRNA assists in the transcription and translation process. Diagram 5: Showing the roles of tRNA and ribosomes during translation. Diagram 6: Showing how transcription takes place inside the nucleus and the translation takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Diagram 7: A detailed diagram showing protein translation. Showing how the DNA coding strand is matched by the mRNA. RNA is a multifaceted molecule. “RNA is an intermediary, carrying genetic information from the DNA to the machinery of protein synthesis” (Goodsell, 2003). The enzyme RNA polymerase creates different RNA molecules. RNA polymerase is made up of several proteins and they work together to surround DNA strands, unravel them and build an RNA strand based on the information inside the DNA. RNA polymerase needs to be accurate in its copying of genetic information and its production...
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...Title: Biochemistry Task 1 A. Insert your original diagram, or series of diagrams, with clear labels, that demonstrates the process of DNA replication at the biochemical level. Click here to learn how to insert images into a Google Document. Check to see that you described the function of the enzymes (enzyme names end in “-ase”) as part of the labels for the diagram(s) and that you labeled the following: • DNA • replication fork • helicase • single-stranded binding proteins • leading strand • lagging strand • 5’ and 3’ ends of all DNA • primase • RNA primer • DNA polymerase III • Okazaki fragments (Borges, 2014) B. Insert your original diagram, or series of diagrams, with clear labels, that show the role of the ligase enzyme in the replication of DNA. Check to see that you described the function of the enzymes (enzyme names end in “-ase”) as part of the labels for the diagram(s) and that you labeled the following: • DNA • Okazaki fragments • DNA polymerase I • DNA ligase (Borges, 2014) C. Insert your original diagram, or series of diagrams, with clear labels, that demonstrates the role of mRNA in transcription and translation. Check to see that you described the function of the enzymes (enzyme names end in “-ase”) as part of the labels for the diagram(s), that you labeled the cellular locations of each process, and that you labeled the following transcription...
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...! ! ! ! ! ! Western Governors University Biochemistry GRT Task 5: Lipids, The Importance of Fat in the Diet ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Melissa Robinson Student ID: 000389892 mrobi70@wgu.edu June 2015 Fat is often maligned in the media, and is often named “public enemy #1” because of the obesity epidemic that our country has been struggling against for several years. However, fat is an essential component in the human body. Fat must be taken in and used by the body to maintain health. That said, moderation is key. Too much of a good thing, can lead to other health issues, as seen by the obesity level in this country. It is important to strike a balance between healthy consumption of fats that the body needs to function, and the other end of the spectrum, too much fat or no fat at all in the diet. Below is a brief overview of how the body uses fats, known as lipids, in the body and why lipids are essential to the body’s health. A. Energy Stored as Fat Food is often shared with others socially and enjoyed for its taste and aroma. Fatty foods are often considered pleasurable to eat because they provide people with richness of flavor, texture and an overall feeling of satisfaction. However, fat in foods is not just there for pleasure. The body uses fat an energy source. The fat is stored in tissue called “adipose tissue.” A special type of molecule, called a triglyceride, is used by the body to store fat. Triglycerides are used as large, fat storage...
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