...till date: 09 9. Experiment on Biogas production for Lovely University Hostel mess using food wastage (starch and sugar) along with Algi from nearby marshy area. 2 ABSTRACT There has been many successful efforts in the past to produce biogas from cow dung slurry. Thousands of biogas plants have been installed in India and possibly abroad to say no to conventional energy resources. Afterwards there were experiments to mix cow slurry with food waste, paper waste and leaves poultry farm waste. We are going to use existing knowledge to make hostel messes energy efficient and moreover check the performance of the plant adding Algi from nearby marshy lands(easily located in village areas in India). This will help save lot LPG needed and also reduce environment hazards of land filling organic waste available in huge quantity in LPU. INTRODUCTION All over the world efforts are at their maximum level to decrease the dependency on conventional fuels giving way to green energy based upon renewable energy resources. Though LPG is used in all the hostels in Lovely Professional University (LPU) but we thought of utilizing the huge quantity of food waste coming out of hostel mess on daily basis. There are around more than 12,000 students staying in the hostels and every hostel have their own mess. Making biogas out of this would not make the messes energy efficient but also reduce the environment hazards as a result of decomposition of organic waste. Biogas production requires anaerobic digestion...
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...Biogas production in Pakistani rural areas Introduction and Background Energy in the form of gas or electricity has become an essential part of global world. The economic growth will be simulated due to the presence of sufficient quality and quantity of electricity at affordable prices. The history about biogas plants goes us back to ancient China and Persia. Millions of bio energy plants have been installed in developing countries like India, china, Nepal etc. In the era of 1950’s small biogas plants have also been installed in India, now these plants are also installing in poor rural areas. In the 19th centenary, the covered sewage tanks were being used by china to generate power energy. The 1st plant of biogas was built in 1859 at the Bombay in the India by Panhwar. 30million rural households in china that have biogas digesters, these rural areas have many benefits such as saving fossil fuels, saving time, protecting forests, saving money, saving cooking time, improve hygienic conditions, improving the rural quality of life, reducing water and air pollution(Prabhu et al.). Biogas is a kind of bio-fuel and it is derived from biogenic. Biologically break down of organic materials in the absence of oxygen is referred to as Biogas. Organic wastes include kitchen-wastes, dead-plants, animal-dung etc, these organic wastes are converted into biogas. Pakistan has one of the biggest unexploited coal and biogas resources. Greater than 70% population of Pakistan is living in rural...
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...What is bio gas--Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from regionally available raw materials such as recycled waste. It is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure,sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops.[1] It is primarily methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H 2S), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.[2] Biogas can be compressed, the same way natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. In the UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel.[3] It qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world. Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards when it becomes bio methane. Biogas is a biofuel and it generally refers to the gas produced from organic matter as it is broken down by biological means. You can build a biogas plant for your home, community...
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...digestion of energy crop residues and wastes is of increasing interest in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to facilitate a sustainable development of energy supply. Production of biogas provides a versatile carrier of renewable energy, as methane can be used for replacement of fossil fuels in both heat and power generation as vehicle fuel. Biogas fuel production from blends of biological wastes such as Cow rumen liquor (CL), Poultry droppings (PD), and Goat Faeces (GF) with Maize cobs (M) were studied. 20 g of each inoculum was mixed with 100g of degraded maize cobs in the first three digesters while the fourth contained CL 10g, PD 10 g, and M 100 g. 100 g of M alone in the fifth digester served as the control. The blends were subjected to anaerobic digestion for 10 days on the prevailing atmospheric ambient temperature and pressure conditions. Physiochemical properties of the blends such as moisture content, crude protein, ash, fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate content, C/N ratio, and pH were also determined. Results of the daily performances of each system showed that maize cobs (M) alone had cumulative biogas yield of 1.50 cm3 while those of the blends (MCL, MPD, MGF and MCLPD) were 6.11 cm3, 3.05 cm3, 2.50 cm3, and 63.00 cm3 respectively, pH and C/N ratio affected the biogas yield of the systems significantly. These results indicate that...
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...Nepal Biogas Plant -- Construction Manual Construction Manual for GGC 2047 Model Biogas Plant Biogas Support Programme (BSP) P.O. Box No.: 1966, Kathmandu, Nepal September, 1994 Sundar Bajgain Programme Manager Biogas Support Programme Tel. 5521742, 5534035 Email snvbsp@wlink.com.np Scanned by Biofuel Mailing List member Olivier Morf (with thanks) Introduction The success or failure of any biogas plant mainly depends upon the quality of construction works. To come to a successfully constructed biogas plant, the mason should not only respect the dimensions as indicated on the drawing but also follow the correct construction method. Hereunder, in a step-by-step fashion, the right construction method of the 2047 design GGC model biogas plant is given. 1. Different Sizes of Plant To become eligible to receive the investment subsidy provided by His Majesty's Government of Nepal under the Biogas Support Programme (BSP), only the 2047 design GGC model plants of 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 cubic meters capacity should be constructed. If the design and size of the plant other than mentioned above is chosen, the subsidy is not allowed. The table below gives some relevant data about these six different sizes of biogas plants. Table 1 S.N. Size of Plant Daily Fresh Dung (Kg) Daily Water Liters Approx. No. Cattle Required 1. 4 24 24 2 - 3 2. 6 36 36 3 – 4 3. 8 48 48 4 – 6 4. 10 60 60 6 – 9 5. 15 90 90 9 – 14 6. 20 120 120 14 and more * Plant size is the sum of digester...
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...Experience of Biogas Technology in China Biogas has a long history in China. China is one of those countries, which pioneered in the research, development and utilization of biogas. Mr. Lo Guo-rui initiated his own research work on biogas in early 1920s with the aim to reduce import of kerosene and meet fuel crisis. He built the first biogas plant in his own house in Swatow city in Kuanglong province. The plant worked well and could meet the cooking need of his 6 family members. Subsequently he constructed about a dozen of digesters. Their performance was good. In 1929 Mr. Lo established a company named ‘Guo-Rui Gas Light Col’ for the marketing of his products. In 1930 his model received patent right from the Ministry of Industries. Soon after, he shifted to Shanghai and renamed his company as ‘China Guo Rui Gas General Cooperation’. With the construction of digesters, he started developing appliances like burner, lamp, valve etc. Gradually, he expanded his activities in 13 provinces. At his initiative more than one hundred plants have been built. In some cities biogas is used for lighting in stores. Some rich people used biogas for lighting and cooking. Even after 50 years, some of his digesters were found functioning. These are mainly rectangular. Only a few are cylindrical. The sizes vary from 6m3-108m3. These are made of cement and bricks/rocks. From technical point of view, the plants were successful. But, high construction cost hindered popularization of the technology...
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...Bioresource Technology xxx (2004) xxx–xxx Review paper Enhancement of biogas production from solid substrates using different techniques––a review Yadvika a, Santosh a b a,* , T.R. Sreekrishnan b, Sangeeta Kohli c, Vineet Rana a Centre for Rural Development & Technology, I.I.T., Delhi 1100016, India Department for Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, I.I.T., Delhi 1100016, India c Department of Mechanical Engineering, I.I.T., Delhi 1100016, India Received 31 July 2003; received in revised form 18 August 2003 Abstract Biogas, a clean and renewable form of energy could very well substitute (especially in the rural sector) for conventional sources of energy (fossil fuels, oil, etc.) which are causing ecological–environmental problems and at the same time depleting at a faster rate. Despite its numerous advantages, the potential of biogas technology could not be fully harnessed or tapped as certain constraints are also associated with it. Most common among these are: the large hydraulic retention time of 30–50 days, low gas production in winter, etc. Therefore, efforts are needed to remove its various limitations so as to popularize this technology in the rural areas. Researchers have tried different techniques to enhance gas production. This paper reviews the various techniques, which could be used to enhance the gas production rate from solid substrates. Ó 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Biogas production rate; Additives; Anaerobic filters; HRT 1. Introduction In...
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...Analysis of Cross-sectoral Networks in Local Sustainable Development Projects in Japan Noriko Sakamoto Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the International Masters in Environmental Sciences, Lund University, Sweden November 2005 Submitted by: Noriko Sakamoto 4-41-4-805 Arakawa, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 116-0002 Phone: 81-3-3893-5171 Email: noriko.sakamoto.755@student.lu.se Supervisor: Dr. Tomas Kåberger TallOil Phone: 0853524723 Email: tomas.kaberger@talloil.se Mr. Kes McCormick International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE) at Lund University Phone: 0462220256 Email: kes.mccormick@iiiee.lu.se Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Tomas Kåberger and Kes McCormick, for their continuous advice, support and encouragement throughout this thesis work. Without their support, I could not finish writing this paper. Next, I would particularly like to thank my interviewees, Ayako Fujii, Minoru Yamada, Yasuhito Endo, and Hiroshi Shimotenma for warm hospitality. They gave me inspirations for this thesis, and their energy gave me courage to finish this work. I would like to express my gratitude to LUMES program for offering me an opportunity to study environmental sciences, continuous support, and wonderful classmates. Special thanks to all of my classmates, Becky, Cynthia, Eda, Leah, everyone, for sharing laughs and tears, from hard time of thesis writing to wonderful party time. To Kerstin...
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...Bioenergy Technology Development in Nigeria – Pathway to Sustainable Development TERM PAPER SUBMITTED BY ATTABO, AMEH M.Engr Mechnical Engineering Covenant university ota Nigeria ABSTRACT A major factor affecting Nigeria’s economical progress is power. And this has been a major discuss in the country for a long time. A reliable and sustainable energy source is greatly desired to power the nation’s economy and this need cannot be overemphasized, due to the epileptic power supply to the national grid, it has become absolutely important to explore other cheap sources of power to meet our urban and rural energy need. This will in no small measure support our national grid and reduce rural-urban drift. The heavy dependence on gas generated by the Nigeria National Petroleum Co-operation (NNPC) to power our turbines at our gas plants often exposes the country to power outage due to high cost of maintenance and vandalism. Applying biomass technology to generate power can help the country develop its energy sector more rapidly as the raw material needed to feed the Bioenergy plants are almost everywhere in the country some are mere waste such as agricultural and domestic waste. The focus of this paper is on the use of bioenergy to alleviate the poverty rate in Nigeria especially in the rural areas where there is large amount of Lands and biomass material. Developing the bioenergy strength of the country also creates wealth and employment...
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...Alternative Source of Biogas” sought to find out if water hyacinth can be an alternative source of biogas and determine if water hyacinth could be an effective decomposing material in generating biogas by an improvised anaerobic digester constructed from inexpensive and local materials. Specifically, this study aimed to (i) assess biogas generation from decomposed water hyacinth in the digester; and (ii) find a solution of ways how to cultivate water hyacinth. Fifteen kilograms of water hyacinth were gathered and then the anaerobic apparatus for decomposing the dried water hyacinth have been made by the following materials: 20 liter water can, 1/4" plastic tubing, medium size tire tube, tub, PVC pipe 3/4" 2.5 ft. and pipe plug, T-valve Valve, black color paint. To make the mixture that will be fed into the anaerobic digester, the dried water hyacinth was first mixed thoroughly with water with 50% ratio. And after that, the mixture is already fed into the anaerobic digester and the production of biogas is waited for one complete week by storing the anaerobic digester in an area wherein there are no electrical items or no source of flames around. After the experimentation, data analysis revealed that the decomposed water hyacinth can be an alternative source of biogas because when an open fire was used to fire the piping pump of the digester, the piping pump produced fire. Likewise results showed that the more the days the water hyacinth was decomposed the greater biogas will produced...
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...Alternative Source of Biogas” sought to find out if water hyacinth can be an alternative source of biogas and determine if water hyacinth could be an effective decomposing material in generating biogas by an improvised anaerobic digester constructed from inexpensive and local materials. Specifically, this study aimed to (i) assess biogas generation from decomposed water hyacinth in the digester; and (ii) find a solution of ways how to cultivate water hyacinth. Fifteen kilograms of water hyacinth were gathered and then the anaerobic apparatus for decomposing the dried water hyacinth have been made by the following materials: 20 liter water can, 1/4" plastic tubing, medium size tire tube, tub, PVC pipe 3/4" 2.5 ft. and pipe plug, T-valve Valve, black color paint. To make the mixture that will be fed into the anaerobic digester, the dried water hyacinth was first mixed thoroughly with water with 50% ratio. And after that, the mixture is already fed into the anaerobic digester and the production of biogas is waited for one complete week by storing the anaerobic digester in an area wherein there are no electrical items or no source of flames around. After the experimentation, data analysis revealed that the decomposed water hyacinth can be an alternative source of biogas because when an open fire was used to fire the piping pump of the digester, the piping pump produced fire. Likewise results showed that the more the days the water hyacinth was decomposed the greater biogas will produced...
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...Clean Cooking Solutions through Clean Cooking Solutions through Biogas in Nepal Presented on First CCAAC Day 10 July 2014, Kathmandu Biogas •Biogas is odorless, colorless gas produced from any organic waste from any organic waste •It contains 60% methane gas and 40% of CO2 and others created by the bacteria in the d h created by the bacteria in the absence of oxygen. •The ideal temperature to generate biogas is •The ideal temperature to generate biogas is 30‐35° C Scenario without Biogas CO2 around ½ year Result = 0 t of CO2 CO2 Result = + 50 kg of CO R lt + 50 k f CO2 per bottle of LPG Scenario with Biogas CO2 around ½ year CH4 & CO2 Result = 0 t of CO2 Savings from Biogas Annual savings of: • Reduction of workload of women/children @ 3 hours/plant/day • Fuelwood @ 2 tonnes/plant/year • Agriculture residue @0.35 tonnes/plant/year • Dung cakes @ 0.60 tonnes/plant/year t / l t/ • Kerosene @6.4 liters/plant/year • Dry bio-slurry/bio compost@1.75 tonnes/plant/year p y • Annual reduction of GHGs emission CO2 equivalent @4.2 tonnes/plant/year bio slurry bio • Proper usages bio-slurry and biocompost@80% HHs • Average Plant size is 6 cum Key findings of biog technolo under BS gas ogy SP History of Biogas development in Nepal 1955 ‐Father B R Sauboll built a demonstration biogas plant at St 1955 ‐Father B.R. Sauboll built a demonstration biogas plant at St. Xavier's School, Godavari, Lalitpur. 1968 ‐ Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) of India built...
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...GRE3NKARMA | Technopreneurship | Food Waste – Renewable Energy | | Amos Tan Yi Wen, Eu Wei Yi Vivian, Abdul Azziz B Abd Talib & Andy Chua Kang Ren | 2/10/2014 | | Contents 1. Executive Summary 3 2. The Company and its Operations 4 Company Background 4 Our Mission 4 Company Ownership and Management 5 Business Form: 5 Company Location and Facilities 6 Manufacturing and Operations Plan 7 Labour 7 Equipment 8 Office Equipment 8 Suppliers 9 3. Products and Services 9 Description of the product and services 9 Biogas – An Eco-Friendly Renewable source of energy 9 Components of a Biogas Plant 10 Benefits that the product and services can bring to customers 11 Unique features of the product and service 11 4. Market Analysis 12 Global and industry overview 12 Global outlook 12 Local outlook 12 Porter Five Forces 13 PEST Analysis 14 Political 14 Economic 15 Social 16 Technological 16 Competition Analysis 16 SWOT Analysis 18 Market Trends 18 Segmentation Analysis 19 Target Market (size in terms of number of potential customers or potential dollar volume) 22 5. Marketing Strategy 22 Product Strategy 22 Operational Excellence 22 Product Leadership 22 Labeling 22 Pricing Strategy 23 Penetration Pricing Strategy 23 Sales Forecast Plan 24 Market Penetration Strategy and the cost involved 24 Focus strategy/Differentiation based strategy 24 Promotion Strategy 25 Advertising 25 Sales...
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...CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE FOR BIOGAS PLANTS Construction of fixed dome biogas plants is a specialised task that can be performed by artisans who have been trained as Biogas Technicians. A radius stick ensures uniform radius of block work around the central point, pivot, and support brick before they bind during construction, especially when the plant construction starts. 1.1 PLANT CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY The general methodology includes the following steps, in stages: • Clear site and demarcate the positions of major elements of the plant. • Prepare the site for construction. • Excavate the digester pit, the inlet and the outlet chambers. • Provide construction materials and organise qualified labourers. • Organise the construction site. Construction of the 1st phase of digesters: • Fixing of the Reference Line • Casting and reinforcement of digester foundation, • Construct digester walls up to outlet pipe level • Plastering of outlet wall • Back-filling and ramming • Casting of foundations for outlet chambers • Construction of outlet trench from digester to outlet chamber Construction of the 2nd phase of digesters • Cross-checking of the Reference Line • Digester construction up to inlet chamber level • Fixing of inlet pipe from digester to inlet chamber • Plastering of outside and inside walls • Back-filling and ramming • Casting of foundations for inlet chamber • Construction of inlet trench from digester to inlet chamber Construction of the 3rd phase ...
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...Investing in Methane Digesters on Pennsylvania Dairy Farms: Implications of Scale Economies and Environmental Programs Elizabeth R. Leuer, Jeffrey Hyde, and Tom L. Richard A stochastic capital budget was used to analyze the effect of net metering policies and carbon credits on profitability of anaerobic digesters on dairy farms in Pennsylvania. We analyzed three different farm sizes—500, 1,000, and 2,000 cows—and considered the addition of a solids separator to the project. Results indicate that net metering policies and carbon credits increase the expected net present value (NPV) of digesters. Moreover, the addition of a solids separator further increases the mean NPV of the venture. In general, the technology is profitable only for very large farms (1,000+ cows) that use the separated solids as bedding material. Key Words: anaerobic digester, stochastic capital budget model, dairy farm, alternative energy For a host of reasons, U.S. scientists, government leaders, and citizens are increasingly seeking alternative sources of energy. Green energy sources are those that do not emit harmful pollutants and/ or that are renewable. Anaerobic digesters (AD), found on dairy, hog, and poultry farms across the United States, represent potential sources of green energy. AgSTAR, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) program, whose goal is to increase the number of anaerobic digesters on farms in the United States, estimates there are 6,900 swine and dairy farms that could...
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