...Fall BIOS – Instructor: Mrs. Nicholas – NT1110 – 1 May 2014 Lavon Hawkins BIOS SUMMARY Lavon Hawkins BIOS SUMMARY BIOS BIOS: The BIOS is software which is stored on the motherboard. It tells the computer how to perform a number of basic functions such as booting and keyboard control. It is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a computer such as hard drive, floppy drive, optical drive, CPU, memory and so on. CMOS: The complementary metal oxide semiconductor is the type of semiconductor chip on the motherboard which stores the system information and computer settings such as date, time, hard drive settings, boot sequence, parallel part settings, on-base audio and video etc. Firmware: Firmware is a combination of software and hardware. Computer chips that have data or programs recorded on them are firmware. POST: The POST or power on self-test is a test the computer does when it first boots up. It’s to verify all the hardware is working. If all checks out it usually gives a single beep. If not a beep code could come up. Beep Code: A beep code is an audible code which is generated during the POST (Power On Self Test) when the BIOS has an issue but has not made it all the way up the boot sequence that it can give you the error as a message on the monitor BIOS update: Updating the BIOS can fix or enhance aspects of a computers performance. Or it may provide support for newly installed hardware. 1 Flash BIOS update: A BIOS chip...
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...Introduction To sum of the differences between ROM RAM BIOS and Post I will simply define the basis of each component while defining what they do. ROM is short for (Read-only Memory) Memory which data is prerecorded on a computer. ROM is simply data that cannot be eliminated even when the computer is off. When working in ROM it is difficult or nearly impossible to change. BIOS is short for the acronym (Basic Input Output System) it is a program which stores detailed information and enable the computer to boot. In addition a ROM chip located on the motherboard, it lets you access the basic setup and ensures that the BIOS will readily be available and will not de damaged by disk failures. RAM is (Random Access Memory) Memory that can be access randomly memory that can be access without touching preceding bytes. RAM is the typical memory found in most computers or printers. In addition, RAM is a volatile memory that requires power to keep information accessible. If power is lost, then memory can be lost. Lastly Post is the self-test which is activated by Bios. The post is designed to run checks on the motherboard. It necessary to use ROM for the BIOS because the ROM retains information on the computer even while shut down whereas RAM does not. Whenever a computer is being use the information is being stored on the RAM if the is ever a power shortage or the computer lose power the information is lost. RAM does not store memory when there is no power. POST beep codes make...
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...CMOS A complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is a type of integrated circuit technology. The term is often used to refer to a battery-powered chip found in many personal computers that holds some basic information, including the date and time and system configuration settings, needed by the basic input/output system (BIOS) to start the computer. This name is somewhat misleading, however, as most modern computers no longer use CMOS chips for this function, but instead depend on other forms of non-volatile memory. CMOS chips are still found in many other electronic devices, including digital cameras. In a computer, the CMOS controls a variety of functions, including the Power On Self Test (POST). When the computer’s power supply fires up, CMOS runs a series of checks to make sure the system is functioning properly. One of these checks includes counting up random access memory (RAM). This delays boot time, so some people disable this feature in the CMOS settings, opting for a quick boot. If installing new RAM it is better to enable the feature until the RAM has been checked. Ad Once POST has completed, CMOS runs through its other settings. Hard disks and formats are detected, along with Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) configurations, boot preferences, the presence of peripherals, and overclocking tweaks. Many settings can be manually changed within the CMOS configuration screen to improve performance; however, changes should be made by experienced users...
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...BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM [BIOS] Seminar Presented by Milind Chile - 2591 Dipti Borkar - 2778 Freddy Gandhi - 2787 Raghav Shreyas Murthi - 2804 Introduction The BIOS, short for BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM is a set of built-in software routines that give a PC its personality. Although, less than 32 kilobytes of code, the BIOS controls many of the most important functions of the PC: how it interprets keystrokes (Ctrl + Alt + Delete), how it puts characters on the screen, and how and at what speed it communicates through its ports. The BIOS also determines the compatibility of the computer and its flexibility in use. Although all BIOSs have the same function; all are not the same. The BIOS governs the inner complexities arising out of the odd mixing of hardware and software. It acts as a link between the material hardware of the PC and its circuits, and the transcendent realm of software ideas and instructions. More than a link, the BIOS is both hardware and software. Like software, the BIOS is a set of instructions to the computer’s microprocessor. Like hardware, however, these instructions are not evanescent; rather they are coded into the hard, worldly silicon of PROM, EPROM chips. Due to the twilight state of programs like the BIOS, existing in the netherworld between hardware and software, such PROM-based programs are often termed firmware. The personality comes from the firmware code. This code determines how the computer will carry out the basic functions needed to make...
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...OS Class – Toms Hardware Essay – 02-15-14 BIOS For Beginners “BIOS for Beginners” explains just how essential the BIOS is for any standard personal computer built today. The BIOS which stands for the Basic Input Output System is a chip installed directly on the motherboard and acts as the middle man that gives commands between the hardware and the operating system. Having incorrect settings on the BIOS can slow your computer down nearly in half which is why it is so important as a technician to understand how it works and the importance of each function it provides. As processors advance, the more complex the BIOS becomes as well often leaving even experienced computer technicians scratching their heads. Any wrong move when altering settings can lead to your computer malfunctioning. If this happens, you may need to completely reset the BIOS to the factory settings using the jumpers built in on the motherboard. “It is recommended that you reboot after each individual BIOS setting change to ensure that your system functions normally. If you make numerous changes before rebooting, and your system will no longer boot, you won't know which change is responsible for the failure,” http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/bios-beginners,1126.html. To enter the BIOS in most computers, you will be using the F1, F2 or DEL button to enter the system. However, there are sometimes a couple other options as well given from a list of options when accessing damages and repairing the computer...
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...these busses not be replaced with a single bus? • With 64-bit busses available, why should 32-bit busses be provided as well? The motherboard of a computer is also known as the System Board. The circuit board is the platform on which all the hardware of the computer is connected. It is said to be the most important part of the computer. The expansion cards, and slots, BIOS chip, CMOS battery, jumpers and DIP switches, heat sink, PCI, Power connector, on board disk drive connectors, memory slots, keyboard connectors, Peripheral ports and connectors are all the things that one may find on the motherboard. The expansion cards are a typical part of nonintegrated system board. An example of this is a graphic card. Memory slots are one of the most important part of the system board. The number of memory chips on a motherboard depends on the type of CPU and its capacity. The slots are usually white and black and close in proximity to one another. The BIOS chip is also a very important part of the system board. It directs the CPU to other parts of the computer. BIOS and its manufacturers name are usually written on the chip. The CMOS battery or (complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) is a small battery on the system...
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...William Rivas 02-09-2014 MR. Jones NT1110 A History of BIOS and CMOS The relationship between the BIOS and CMOS is important to the proper functionality of any computer. The BIOS is an integrated circuit which tells the CPU or Processor how to act. BIOS is neither hardware or software and is called firmware. Firmware is essentially software on a “chip” or integrated circuit, “chip” being the slang term. The BIOS is the “network administrator of each individual computer”, in other words, it is the reason all the physical parts i.e. motherboard, keyboard , cd drive, monitor, etcetera are able to communicate with each other. The CMOS chip or Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor chip is a different integrated circuit in which the BIOS is dependent upon for storage of computer configuration settings. CMOS memory is attached to the motherboard upon assembly at the factory and uses DC power, from a battery to store BIOS settings. It is not the same as RAM (Random Access Memory) which is used by the Operating System to access instructions from different software added by the end user to perform whatever function desired. This type of memory is lost when power is shut down on the computer. The history of the CMOS appears to begin somewhere around 1963 in a conference paper by C.T. Sah and Frank Wanlass. In 1965 RCA and Somerville Manufacturing pioneered the production of CMOS technology. IN 1968 they created what would prove to be the forerunner of engine control processors...
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...Video Summary BIOS One of the most common uses of Flash memory is for the basic input/out put system of you computer, commonly known as the BIOS. The BIOS makes sure all other chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together. BIOS is the first program that is activated during the boot, running on ROM, ready only memory. Start up BIOS activates the POST bootstrap loader which runs POST. POST checks the basic system hardware testing memory and assigning system resources. Startup BIOS also check the CMOS, comparing them to the hardware found during POST. CMOS setting are stored in the RAM ( Random Access Memory) and are not permanent as BIOS setting are and can be changed by the user. BOIS and CMOS are different they are stored on different chips. BIOS are stored in ROM and CMOS are stored in RAM. BIOS are permanent, while CMOS are volatile, it can be erased if the power goes off. BIOS cannot be edited by users. CMOS can be edited by users, configuration can be saved. CMOS setting are not lost because of the CMOS battery, providing power during shutdown. Preserves CMOS configuration stored in RAM. If the battery dies the symptoms would be low battery= slow clock, dead battery which means checksum error during boot. The system will reboot once you clear the checksum error. After POST is complete and the CMOS are checked, the BIOS check the MBR (Master Boot Record), which is located on the first sector on the hard drive. MBR finds the activate partition and loads the 1st...
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...Summary A malicious program that secretly integrates itself into program or data files. It spreads by integrating itself into more files each time the host program is run. Disinfection & Removal Automatic Disinfection Allow F-Secure Anti-Virus to disinfect the relevant files. For more general information on disinfection, please see Removal Instructions. Technical Details The CIH virus was first located in Taiwan in early June 1998. After that, it has been confirmed to be in the wild worldwide. It has been among the ten most common viruses for several months. CIH has been spreading very quickly as it has been distributed through pirated software. History It seems that at least four underground pirate software groups got infected with the CIH virus during summer 1998. They inadvertently spread the virus globally in new pirated softwares they released through their own channels. These releases include some new games which will spread world-wide very quickly. There's also a persistent rumor about a 'PWA-cracked copy' of Windows 98 which would be infected by the CIH virus but F-Secure has been unable to confirm this. Later on, CIH was distributed by accident from several commercial sources, such as: • Origin Systems website where a download related to the popular Wing Commander game was infected • At least three European PC gaming magazines shipped magazines where the cover CD-ROM was infected - one of them even included a note inside advising users to disinfect their...
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...Motherboard Answer the following questions 5 April 2015 Tanweer Haroon DeJong May The major components of the motherboard are as follows: memory and their slots which is the computer’s memory (RAM) and is one of the most important parts of the system board. The number of chips depends on the type of computer and its capacity. Expansion cards are a typical component of non-integrated system boards a graphic card is a perfect example, but this can be integrated into the motherboard. CPU and slots is the central processing unit and it’s a highly prolific part of the computer and is located on the right of a motherboard and can be identified as a result of the heat sink or cooling fan directly on it. BIOS chip directs the CPU with respect to how it relates with other parts of the computer. Its basic input and output system chip or integrated circuit is fixed on the board and is easily identifiable. CMOS battery, the complementary metal oxide semiconductor is a small battery on the system board that powers the CMOS memory. Power supply and connectors is the electrical unit of the system and if it’s bad the system will not work. Keyboard connector are located on the motherboard and there are two main types. The AT has a round connecting interface into the motherboard and the PS/2 connector is rectangular in shape and smaller. Modern motherboards come with both. Mouse connector its connecting port is located on the motherboard and its interface is usually round. Floppy...
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...Ransomware Discuss the threat When infected restricts you to access to a computer system. This will become more refined in its targets and methods. Experts predict that the variants of ransomware that hurt the security software that are installed within a computer may particularly target the endpoints which sign up with cloud-based storage solutions like Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive and many more. On detecting the endpoint, ransomware will exploit the stored personal credentials of the logged-in user and will even infect the cloud storage that is backed up. McAfee has warned that ransomware attackers will try out as many ways possible to shell out ransom payments from their victims. Degree of damage The most advanced and most damaging ransomware in the wild at the moment, specifically targeting U.S. businesses and individuals. It's a $70 million per year criminal enterprise. Its magnitude is now confirmed by law enforcement. Some quick math shows $18,145 in costs per victim, caused by network mitigation, network countermeasures, loss of productivity, legal fees, IT services, and/or the purchase of credit monitoring services for employees or customers. As you can see, the total costs of a ransomware infection goes well above just the ransom fee itself, which is usually around $500 but can go up to $10,000. What it attacked Ransomware is a type of malware that infects a computer and restricts a user’s access to the infected computer. This type of malware...
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...use rom for the bios and not rom? It is necessary to use ROM for the bios because the data in the RAM is cleared when the computer shuts down, but the data in the ROM is always there for the bios to use. Bios is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer. This ensures that the bios will not be damaged by disk failures. It also makes it possible for a computer to reboot itself. Read-only memory is computer memory on which data has prerecorded. Once data has been written onto ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read. How do the post beep codes make troubleshooting a computer start-up problem easier? The computer power-on self- test also known as (post). It tests that the computer has to make sure it meets necessary system requirements and that all hardware is working properly before starting the reminder of the boot process. If the computer passes post the computer gives a single beep (with some computer bios manufactures it may beep twice) as the computer starts and the computer will continue to start normally. However, if the computer fails the post the computer will either not beep at all or will generate a beep code, which tells the user the source of the problem. Why is the hard disk busy when performing a cold boot? The hard drive has to load the system files and kernels then the operating system. How can you recover your system from a failed bios update? It is two options: you can install a replacement bios chip (if the bios is located in...
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...and Logic Understanding The BIOS and POST Student Name Introduction Inside every PC is a BIOS, which stands for Basic Input Output System. In a nutshell, BIOS is software that interacts between a computer’s hardware and the operating system and software applications. There are several types of BIOS', ranging from the motherboard ROM BIOS to adapter BIOS' such as video BIOS, drive controller BIOS, network adapter BIOS, SCSI adapter BIOS, etc... These BIOS' are the lowest level of software in a computer providing a set of small programs or software routines that allow the hardware of a computer to interact with the operating system by a set standard. The Boot Process To get to the operating system, a computer must first boot from the BIOS. The BIOS performs a number of tasks when a computer is started. From initializing the microprocessor to initializing and testing hardware to starting the operating system. Starting a computer is not a simple task. It's a methodical process that is performed every time power is applied to a computer. This process will vary with different computers and different BIOS', but the overall goal is the same. When you first turn on a computer the very first operation performed by the CPU is to read the address space at FFFF:0000h. This address space is only 16 bytes, which is not nearly enough space to house the BIOS found on a motherboard. Instead, this location contains a special instruction...
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...commonly known as the BIOS. The BIOS makes sure all other chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together. BIOS is the first program that is activated during the boot, running on ROM, ready only memory. Startup BIOS activates the POST bootstrap loader which runs POST. POST checks the basic system hardware testing memory and assigning system resources. Startup BIOS also check the CMOS, comparing them to the hardware found during POST. CMOS setting are stored in the RAM ( Random Access Memory) and are not permanent as BIOS setting are and can be changed by the user. BOIS and CMOS are different they are stored on different chips. BIOS are stored in ROM and CMOS are stored in RAM. BIOS are permanent, while CMOS are volatile, it can be erased if the power goes off. BIOS cannot be edited by users. CMOS can be edited by users, configuration can be saved. CMOS setting are not lost because of the CMOS battery, providing power during shutdown. Preserves CMOS configuration stored in RAM. If the battery dies the symptoms would be low battery= slow clock, dead battery which means checksum error during boot. The system will reboot once you clear the checksum error. After POST is complete and the CMOS are checked, the BIOS check the MBR (Master Boot Record), which is located on the first sector on the hard drive. MBR finds the activate partition and loads the 1st operating system file. BIOS are referred to as firmware, which is a set if instructions that is in the BIOS chip. BIOS are either hardware...
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...BEEP CODES What is “Beep Code”- A beep code is an audible "code" generated during the Power On Self Test when the BIOS encounters an issue but hasn't booted far enough to display a POST error message on the monitor. Why are “Beep Codes” Necessary- Because it typically means that the system has encountered some kind of problem before it was able to display any kind of error information on the monitor. Examples of “Beep Codes”- Standard Original IBM POST Error Codes 1 short beep | Normal POST - system is ok | 2 short beeps | POST Error - error code shown on screen | No beep | Power supply or system board problem | Continuous beep | Power supply, system board, or keyboard problem | AMI BIOS Beep Codes 1 Short Beep | One beep is good! Everything is ok, that is if you see things on the screen. If you don't see anything, check your monitor and video card first. Is everything connected? If they seem fine, your motherboard has some bad chips on it. First reset the SIMM's and reboot. If it does the same thing, one of the memory chips on the motherboard are bad, and you most likely need to get another motherboard since these chips are soldered on. | Phoenix BIOS Beep Codes These audio codes are a little more detailed then the AMI codes. This BIOS emits three sets of beeps. For example, 1 -pause- 3 -pause 3 -pause. This is a 1-3-3 combo and each set of beeps is separated by a brief pause. Listen to this sequence of sounds, count them, and reboot and count again if...
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