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Birch

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PROGRAMA DE CONTROL DE GESTION

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|“Birch Paper Company” |
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|Profesor:: Luis García Ghezzi |

C-166 Birch Paper Company

Hoja para la preparación de la sesión

Como puedes ver, el sistema de control de la Birch es sencillo y ha operado con resultados satisfactorios desde hace años.

Sin embargo, ahora, con una situación de mercado más dura, resulta que Kenton y Brunner discuten -no parece que negocien- una operación que, aunque en sí misma no signifique ni un 5 por ciento de las ventas de cualquiera de ellas, puede establecer un precedente……Y Smith, en medio….

¿Qué harías, si tú fueras Smith? ¿Por qué?

BIRCH PAPER COMPANY (1)

“Admitir un precio de venta inferior a 480 dólares por millar de estas cajas”, manifestó Mr. Brunner, director de la división Thompson de la Birch Paper Co., “supondría revocar la orden que el mes pasado di a mis vendedores para que dejaran de recortar precios y ofertaran precios calculados sobre nuestros costes completos. Llevo semanas tratando de mejorar la rentabilidad de nuestro negocio, y si ahora doy marcha atrás y acepto este pedido en 430 dólares o en un precio cualquiera inferior a 480 dólares, estaría desmontando el programa que tanto trabajo me ha costado establecer. Es imposible que mi división alcance un beneficio satisfactorio si aceptamos pedidos que ni siquiera cubren un parte adecuada de nuestros gastos generales”.

La Birch Paper Company era una empresa mediana, parcialmente integrada, que fabrican papel blanco, papel kraft y cartón. La división Thompson transformaba parte de la producción de cartón en cajas onduladas, e imprimía y coloreaba su superficie exterior. La Birch Paper Company constaba de cuatro divisiones de fabricación (incluyendo la Thompson) y de una división de madera, que suministraba parte de la pulpa que la compañía necesitaba.

Desde varios años atrás la actuación de cada una de las divisiones había sido valorada independientemente utilizando para ello como índices sus beneficios y la rentabilidad alcanzada sobre sus inversiones. La dirección general se había esforzado en seguir una política de descentralización en la toma de decisiones y estaba convencida de que la posición competitiva y los beneficios de la empresa habían mejorado sensiblemente en los últimos años como consecuencia de esta política.

A principios de 1957 la división Norte diseñó una caja especial para uno de sus papeles trabajando en colaboración con la división Thompson, que contaba con el equipo necesario para la fabricación de la caja. La división Thompson había trabajado a lo largo de varios meses poniendo a punto el diseño, los métodos de producción, y los materiales que habían de usarse, debido a que la caja, por su forma y por su color, era diferente de los modelos corrientes de la Birch. Según el acuerdo establecido entre las dos divisiones, la división Norte pagó a la división Thompson los costes de este trabajo.

_____________________ 1) Birch Paper Company. Copyright © 1957, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Traducido con permiso, clasificado y archivado en el IESE de Barcelona. Harvard no sume la responsabilidad de la exactitud de la traducción. Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial sin autorización escrita del IESE.

Definidas las especificaciones de las cajas, la división Norte solicitó precios a la división Thompson y a otras dos empresas del exterior, la West Paper Company y la Erie Papers Company. Normalmente los directores de las divisiones tenían libertad para comprar al proveedor que consideraran más adecuado; e incluso en las ventas que tenían lugar entre las distintas divisiones de la empresa se esperaba que la división vendedora se ajustara al precio del mercado si deseaba realizar la operación.

En 1957 los beneficios de empresa transformadora tales como la división Thompson presentaban una clara tendencia a disminuir. La Thompson, como otras muchas empresas parecidas, compraba el cartón o el papel y su trabajo consistía en imprimirlo, cortarlo y moldearlo en cajas. La Thompson compraba la mayor parte de sus materiales a otras divisiones de la Birch, pero vendía la mayor parte de su producción a clientes exteriores. Si la Thompson conseguía el pedido de la división Norte, muy probablemente compraría los materiales necesarios a la división Sur de la Birch. Las cajas consistían en dos láminas, una exterior y otra inferior, que forraban el cartón ondulado intermedio.

La fabricación de un millar de estas cajas supondría a la Thompson un desembolso (1) de 400 dólares, de los que 280 dólares correspondían a materiales.

Aunque la división Sur estaba trabajando por debajo de su capacidad ofertó para estos materiales el precio del mercado de 280 dólares indicado. Los desembolsos necesarios a la división Sur para fabricar los materiales suponían 168 dólares.

La división Norte recibió las siguientes ofertas para la fabricación de un millar de cajas: 480 dólares de la división Thompson, 430 dólares de la West Company; 432 dólares de la Erie Papers. La Erie Papers ofreció comprar a la Birch la lámina exterior ya impresa, pero suministraría la lámina interior, y el cartón intermedio ondulado. La lámina exterior sería vendida a la Erie por la división Sur a un precio de 90 dólares por mil cajas (suponiendo un desembolso de 54 dólares) y sería impresa por la división Thompson a un precio de 30 dólares por millar. La impresión de un millar de estas láminas exteriores supondría a la división Thompson un desembolso de 25 dólares.

Mr. Kenton, director de la división Norte, discutió la gran diferencia que aparecía en las ofertas, con Mr. Smith, director general de Birch manifestando: “Estamos vendiendo en un mercado muy competitivo, en el que podemos permitirnos el lujo de unos costes elevados. ¿Cómo puede esperarse que alcancemos un beneficio y una rentabilidad decentes si hemos de comprar nuestros materiales a precios superiores en un 10 por ciento a los del mercado?”.

_________________ 1) En el texto de este caso se llama desembolso a los costes variables asociados con la decisión correspondiente: es decir; aquellos en los que se incurre si se toma decisión de fabricar.

Mr. Smith, sabiendo que la división Thompson llevaba meses trabajando por debajo de su plena capacidad, consideró muy extraño que Mr. Brunner para determinar un precio de venta añadiera la totalidad del 20 por ciento de sus costes variables en concepto de gastos de estructura y beneficio. Cuando por teléfono interrogó a Mr. Brunner sobre este punto, éste le contestó con las palabras que se recogen en el primer párrafo del caso. Mr. Brunner añadió que habiendo realizado el trabajo de poner a punto el producto, tenía derecho a un margen de beneficio adecuado en la fabricación de las cajas.

Mr. Smith estudió más a fondo la estructura de costes de las distintas divisiones. Recordó el comentario que el controller había realizado en una reunión la semana anterior afirmando que los costes que para una división eran variables podían ser prácticamente fijos para la empresa. Pensaba que, de no recibir órdenes concretas en contrario de la dirección general, Mr. Kenton aceptaría la oferta más baja, es decir, la de 430 dólares de la West Paper Company. Reflexionaba por ello sobre la conveniencia de ordenar a Mr. Kenton la aceptación de otra oferta distinta de la de la West Paper. Aunque la operación en discusión suponía menos del 5 por ciento del volumen de ventas de cualquiera de las divisiones implicadas en al situación, Mr. Smith preveía que otras operaciones parecidas plantearían con frecuencia en el futuro problemas similares. Por ello decidió reunir a Kenton y a Brunner en su despacho para discutir la situación.

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