...policies and programmes. Estimates of infant and child mortality rates can be used to develop population projections. Information on childhood mortality also serves the need of the health sector to identify population groups that are at high risk. One of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to reduce the under-5 mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. Results from the 2011 UDHS can be used to monitor the impact of major interventions, strategies, and policies at the national level. Policies that affect the under 5 mortality rate are the National Health Policy (NHP II 2010/19) and the Health Sector Strategic and Investment Plan (HSSIP 2010/11-2014/15). The data used to estimate mortality were collected in the birth history section of the Woman’s Questionnaire. The birth history section begins with questions about the respondent’s experience with childbearing (i.e., the number of sons and daughters who live with the mother, the number who live elsewhere, and the number who have died). These questions are followed by a retrospective birth history, in which each respondent is asked to list each of her births, starting with the first birth. For each birth, data are obtained on sex, month and year of birth, survivorship status, and current age or, if the child is dead, age at death. This information is used to directly estimate mortality rates. In this report age-specific mortality rates are categorised and defined as follows: • Neonatal mortality...
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...and mortality rates in UK and in Nigeria with the focus on analysing why health is socially determined. For example in Nigeria the life expectancy at birth is 51years whereas in UK is 80 (UNICEF 2010). Infant mortality (death) rate refer to number of children who died before they reaches the age of 1 years per 1000 birth live. Globally, infant mortality has decreased by 35 per cent from 88 per cent death per 1000 live birth to 57 per cent in 2010, The number of children under five of age who died yearly, has declined from more than 12 million death in 1990 to 7.6 million death in 2010, which shown that fewer children who are dying each day are closely to 12,000 than in 1990 according to the figure released by UNICEF and World Health Organisation in September 2011. The major causes of infant mortality rate in the world are respiration distress syndrome this leads to low oxygen absorption, collapsed lungs. Congenital disorder associated to immaturity (premature births), low birth weight ( child weighting less than the average gram) and lack of importance of life I.e. malnutrition, shelter, clear water, poor hospital infrastructure, sanitation, and HIV/AIDS contribute to child mortality (death) in typical population. W.H.O and UNICEF 2010. Malnutrition contribute to under five mortality rate with an estimate of more than one third, every 5 second a child die related to hunger, every hour 700 lost their life, 16.000 die per day, 6 million death every year, an...
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...Crude birth rate | Number of live births during the year ---------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year population | Age-specific fertility | Number of live births in a particular age-group ---------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year female population of the same age-group | General fertility rate (GFR) | Number of live births in a year ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year female population in the age-group (15-49) years | Total fertility rate (TFR) | 45-49 5 x ASFR 15-19 ----------------------- 1000 | Gross reproduction rate (GRR) | 45-49 5 x ASFR for female live births 15-19 --------------------------------------- 1000 | Age-specific marital ertility rate (ASMFR) | Number of live births in a particular age-group ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year married female population of the same age-group | General marital fertility Fertility rate (GMFR) | Number of live births in a year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year married female population in the age group (15-49) year | Total marital fertility rate (TMFR) | 45-49 5 x ASMFR 15-19 ------------------------------ 1000 | Crude death rate (CDR) | Number...
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...TOPIC: POPULATION GROWTH RATE: INTRODUCTION: Population growth rate: Population growth rate is the Rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in each time period. Population Growth Rate can be Calculated by the given formula (birth-rate+immigration) - (death-rate+emigration) Population growth rate has three types pyramids: Expansive population pyramid. This type of population pyramid has usually high fertility rates and lower life expectancies. And many third world countries have this type of population pyramid. e.g.: Afghanistan, Ethiopia. Constrictive population pyramid. In this type of population pyramid ratio of the younger people are comparatively less. This pyramid...
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...Examine the main trends in birth and deaths since 1900(24 marks) Sociologists use the idea of birth rates to measure how many births have been occurring. It is usually described as the number of live births per 1000 of the population per year. The trend highlights that the birth rate since 1900 has been fluctuating. In addition the fertility rates have decreased as well. From 1918 to 1946 birth rates in the U.K. fell significantly. An explanation to support why this occurred is because of World War 1 and 2. During this time period, many men had left their wives to join the war. This lead to a decrease in births as males were not present in their home country. This occurred in many countries not just Britain. Britain became more female orientated. This especially occurred in the more urban areas. The reason birth rates started to increased after 1950 was through the introduction of the NHS. This service, because it was free helped to save many lives. Births increased as more men were being treated and also the wars had ended therefore decreased the death rates heavily. Furthermore the TB vaccination was also brought in 1953. Tuberculosis was a very dreadful disease to catch, killing 2,200,500 people approximately before the 1950's. After that the deaths reduced dramatically to 600,000 since the vaccination. In the 60's the death rates increased. This was because of the diseases of affluence. This term describes diseases and health conditions thought to be a result of increasing...
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...Introduction The Coalescent The Birth–Death Process Our Work Results and Discussion Connections between the Coalescent and Birth–Death Sampling Processes Spencer Enesa University of Auckland Department of Statistics Project Presentation S. Enesa Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes Introduction The Coalescent The Birth–Death Process Our Work Results and Discussion Outline 1 Introduction 2 The Coalescent Standard coalescent Variable population size 3 The Birth–Death Process The birth–death-samplingm process Connection to the coalescent 4 Our Work 5 Results and Discussion Results Discussion Conclusion S. Enesa Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes Introduction The Coalescent The Birth–Death Process Our Work Results and Discussion Standard coalescent Variable population size The Coalescent The Wright–Fisher Model S. Enesa Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes Introduction The Coalescent The Birth–Death Process Our Work Results and Discussion Standard coalescent Variable population size The Coalescent The Wright–Fisher Model Consider two lineages from a population of size N and trace their ancestry backward in time. The probability that they have not coalesced t generations ago is P(T (2) > t) = 1− 1 N t i.e., the time for two lineages to coalesce is geometrically distributed. S. Enesa Connections between...
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...population Demographic transition refers to the transition from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. This is typically demonstrated through a demographic transition model. The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic history developed in 1919 by the American demographer Warren Thompson. Thompson observed changes (transitions) in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years. Most developed countries are in stage 4 of the model; the majority of developing countries have reached stage 3. The major (relative) exceptions are some poor countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern countries, which are poor or affected by government policy or civil strife, notably Pakistan, Palestinian Territories, Yemen and Afghanistan. The DTM was first observed in the two centuries preceding 1950 in what are today’s economically developed countries. Prior to this, these developed countries experienced high death rates matched by high birth rates, resulting in a stable population size. But then improving living standards and public health measures, such as the public health acts, caused death rates to drop, followed by a gradual drop in birth rates, which by the 1970s matched the death rates again. Between the decline in the death rates and drop in birth rates, population surged in developed countries, actually quadrupling the population...
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...on changes over time in the causes of mortality affecting certain populations, such as health conditions and disease patterns. Through history a decline in death rates and an increase of life expectancy has been observed, implying that societies go through a transition from one equilibrium (high birth and death rates) to another (low birth and death rates). This transition is associated with a rapid surge of the population as well as urbanization and can be divided in four phases: •Phase I. This phase of the demographic transition (high stationary) is characterized by high birth and death rates, implying that the total population is stable or grows slowly. Mortality is high with the prevalence of communicative diseases that have not yet been mitigated by modern medicine. Famine is also common with uncertain food supplies and poor diet, making people more susceptible to diseases. Poor hygiene, no clean water or sewage disposal also contribute. Fertility is high since there is no or little family planning (contraception) as parents have as many children as possible because few survive to become adults. Fertility is also encouraged by the dominant socioeconomic structure in rural societies with many children needed to work the land with religious beliefs and cultural traditions also inciting large families. Birth and death rates fluctuate with the ebb and flows of events such as wars, epidemics or droughts. This situation characterized Europe up to the 19th century and developing...
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...from high birth rate and high death rates to low birth and low death rates as the growth population in the interim (Weeks, 2005). Some of the nations that have gone through this transitions are; Canada, Germany, United States and England. The demographic transition to an industrialized society is harmful to the environment. Industrialized countries also have the largest ecological and carbon footprint comparative to developing/non-industrialized nations. Nevertheless, demographic transitions have some notable advantages. Countries that have gone through demographic transitions have low birth and death rates. Citizens in industrialized nations have fewer children thus it is easier to control the population size (Dyson, 2010). The following is the demographic and environmental timeline of Germany between 1800 to date. STAGE YEAR SITUATION IN THE COUNTRY Stage 1 1800 Major Historical Changes: The country is resisting Napoleon, who wants to take control of Germany and cities such as Austria. Prussia provides military education to its military before it defeats Austria and France in the war. The country is under Ottoman Bismarck who improves it by introducing Liberal measures and welfare policies such as insurance for workers against illness and accidents. Changing Population Size: There is a decrease in population due to such wars between Napoleon and other cities, Prussia and France, Prussia and Austria. Birth and Death Rates: There higher death rates than birth rates. The high...
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...The Demographic transition model is a model used to explain the transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic development of a country. It is based on the development of the UK. The DTM is based on a generalized picture of population change over time based on European studies assuming that all countries will go through the stages 1 to 4. As already stated, the DTM is based on the development of the UK; therefore it assumes that all the countries in the world will follow the same sequence of development as those countries in Europe which is not the case. In the UK, it took about 100 years to transition through the second stage as advances in technology and economy occurred over time, slowly lowering the death rate. However, in LEDCs death rates have fallen rapidly due to the introduction of advanced medical practices, even though birth rates have stayed high. An example of this rapid decrease and a country which does not fit the DTM is Algeria, as its birth rate is 21.0 yet its death rate is only 4.0. However the DTM says that it is in stage 4 of the model, yet its birth and death rates do not suggest this. Algeria’s GNI per capita is also only $6900 which is rather low for a country said to be in stage 4. A low GNI per capita also indicates a lower level of development than that of a country in stage 4 as the GNI per capita can suggest lower levels of education and in turn healthcare, again implying a country...
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...of the dynamics of a population within a specific area in a country. To put it in other words, it measures the stages from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates while a country is developing from a preindustrial economic system to an industrialized economic system (Montgomery). Four Phases of Demographic Transition Stage I -Within the first stage of a demographic transition, the birth rates and death rates are high. As you may know, within a developing country one of the reasons the birth rate is high is because of the fact that children are needed in order to keep up with farming and also to look after the elderly. The death rate is high mainly due to the different types of diseases in poor health. The death rate affects all ages. Stage II - In the second stage of the demographic transition, the birth rate will stay high while the death rate sees signs of that it are decreasing at a rapid pace. The birth rate is still high because of the children that are needed for farming and to still look after the elderly. The rapid pace of the death rate decreasing is due to the types of improvement in medical care and better supply of water and sanitation. In the second stage, fewer children are dying. Stage III - In this stage of the demographic transition, there has been a rapid decrease in birth rates while the death rate is slowly beginning to decrease. This is mainly due to the improvement of medical technology and the way people are eating and...
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...still considered a colonial settlement of England. Changing Population Size: The population size is low. Birth and Death Rates: The birth rates and death rates are high as women have many children and there is a high mortality rate. Environmental Impact: Environmental impact remains low due to the small number of people. Stage 2 1900 Major Historical Changes: There is increasing food availability through agricultural expansion, which eliminates starvation and also causes the death rate to decrease. Changing Population Size: The population size is increasing. Women are still having many children. Birth and Death Rates: There are high birth rates but decreasing death rates. Environmental Impact: Environmental impact is increasing as frontier land begins to be developed. Urbanization is increasing and people are beginning to move to cities. Stage 3  1960  Changing Population Size: The population size is increasing—also known as the baby boom. Birth and Death Rates: There are lower birth rates and lower death rates. Environmental Impact: There is increasing urbanization and industrialization. Pollution and toxic chemicals cause problems with the increasing industrialization and burning of fossil fuels.  Stage 4  1990  Changing Population Size: The size of population stabilizes. Birth and Death Rates: There are low birth rates and low death rates. Environmental Impact: The high standard of living causes a large carbon footprint and high levels of pollution...
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...reducing infant death rates from 20 or more weeks of gestation. Their goal for 2020 is improve the health and well-being of women, infants, children, and families. Health People 2020’s target is .84 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Healthy People 2020 discuss disparities by marital status, race and ethnicity, age group, and country of birth. The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions state the five leading causes of infant death: birth defects, preterm births/ low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), maternal pregnancy complications, and...
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...Examine the main trends in births and deaths since 1900 24 Marks The birth rate and death rate over the years has had a general trend of decrease. The birth rate is defined as the number of live births per 1000 per population per year. The death rate is defined as the number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year. The decrease in these rates has been due to a number of factors. One reason for the fall in the birth rate is as a result of the declining infant mortality rate (IMR). This has meant as a factor that because there are less infant deaths before their first birthday, there are a number of fewer children needing to be born as replacements for those that the parents have lost. The IMR in 1900 was 154 whereas this has fallen to just 4.4 in 2014. This decline in the IMR has been due to better awareness of nutrition and a vast improvement in the NHS care of post-natal mothers by setting up support clinics. But sociologists have argued that the trend to smaller families first happened in urbanised areas where the IMR remained quite high. Another main reason for the fall in the birth rate is the changes that have happened since 1900 to give a better position to women in society. The changing position of women has contributed to more women now choosing to have a career before children and with an easier access to divorce and family diversity being acknowledged Liberal Feminists have argued that now women have an increased choice and are a step closer to being free...
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...Examine the main trends in births and deaths in the United Kingdom since 1990. There has been a long-term decline in the number in the number of births since 1990. In that year, England and Wales had a birth rate of 28.7, but by 2007 it had fallen to an estimated 10.7. Similarly, the death rate has fallen since 1900. The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year. In 1900, the death rate stood at 19 000, whereas by 2007 it had almost halved, to 10 000. For the birth rate, there have been fluctuations in births, with three “baby booms” in the 20th century. The first two came after the two world wars (1914-18 and 1939-1945), as returning servicemen and their partners started families that they had postponed during the war years. There was a third baby boom in the 1960s, after which the birth rate fell sharply during the 1970s. The rate rose during the 1980s, before falling again after the early 1990s. One reason for the decline in the birth rate is the changes in the position of women. During the 20th century there were major changes for women. For example, women gained legal equality with men (including the right to vote), increased educational opportunities, laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination, access to abortion and reliable contraception and easier access to divorce. As a result of these changes, women now see other possibilities in life apart from the traditional role of housewife and mother. Many are choosing to delay childbearing...
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