...Birth defects, also known as congenital disorders, are conditions that exist before or at birth. 20% of these defects originate from heredity, but most of these disorders are caused by the poor life choices expecting mothers make. There are things moms may not consider that could put an infant in danger of congenital disorders. Some everyday activities contain underlying risks that can be detrimental over time. With that being said, most birth defects happen because of the carelessness of pregnant mothers by means of smoking, drinking, not eating correctly, and not taking care of themselves in various ways. Cigarettes There are many commercials on TV showing the negative effects cigarettes have on unborn babies. All cigarettes contain toxins,...
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...credit, he had become chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at the University of Virginia in 1957. The following year, the American Society for Psychical Research announced a contest in honor of William James for the best essay on‘‘the topic of paranormal mental phenomena and their relationship to the problem of survival of the human personality after bodily death.’’ Ian, who had said when he interviewed for the chairman position that he had an interest in parapsychology, had been intrigued by the concept of reincarnation and in his readings had come across reports of individuals claiming to have memories of previous lives, or‘‘apparent memories of former incarnations,’’ as he called them. The reports came from a number of sources, such as books, magazines, and newspapers. Ian analyzed 44 of them as a group in a paper that won the contest and was subsequently published in 1960 (Stevenson, 1960a,b). He was impressed with the similarities in cases from different countries and different kinds of sources. As he told Tom Shroder years later,‘‘these forty-four cases, when you put them together, it just seemed inescapable to me that there must be something there.... I couldn’t see how they could all be faked or they could all be a deception’’(Shroder, 1999: 103). At the end of the paper, he wrote that more study of the...
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...Defend your answer against those who would not agree with you. By: Martin Pierce Student Number: 1057404 In cloning for medical-research purposes the development of the embryo is halted as soon as a cluster of stem cells develops. The stem cells are then harvested for research purposes. Due to the fact that no infant is born (in fact the embryo never even gets past the blastocyst stage), it is argued that this type of cloning has nothing to do with human cloning. (Hatch Backs Limited Cloning, 2002). For this reason this paper shall take the statement “to clone a human being” as meaning cloning that results in a fully formed human and not on the cloning of embryos for the purposes of research. The issues around cloning are in the main more ethical than theological and yet most of the objections to cloning come from religious sources, even if those objections are not religious in nature. The first objection is that cloning leaves God out of the process of human creation. This only makes sense though if your definition of God is of a being that plays a role in the birth of each member of our species. Even holding to this view it does not necessarily follow that cloning is comparable to playing God (Brannigan, 2001). How can science prevent a supposedly omnipotent and omnipresent being from doing anything, and if it is possible this raises...
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...Stem cell research and therapy Stephanie Reeves Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on August 3, 2014, for Ellen Doyles’ Human Biology course. Stem cell research and therapy Stem cell research has great significance for medical use. They have the ability to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. They can also serve as a repair system to many tissues, by dividing without limitation to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. Stem cells are the body’s raw materials. Stem cell research has created quite the controversy and has been a topic of debate for over a decade. There are 3 types of stem cells that are currently being used in stem cell research and therapies; Embryotic, Adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. There are a few characteristics that differ between these types of stem cells Embryotic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent, and can be grown relatively easy in culture. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue origin, and are rare in mature tissues which makes it difficult to isolate these cells in adult tissue, and methods to expand their numbers in cell culture has not been worked out as of today. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that have been genetically altered to have properties of embryonic stem cells. ...
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...Edwards Syndrome: Trisomy Eighteen Congenital abnormalities constitute for many genetic defects during conception. During the process of Meiosis, cell division of a diploid cell occurs, which results in a four haploid progeny cells. These cells have half of the genetic information from the original parental diploid cell (Pearson School 2011). Twenty-three chromosomes are present in each cell. Once the sperm and the egg meet, Meiosis begins. This process of splitting cells and DNA replication can result in genetic information to be transferred, deleted, or relocated on accident. Twenty-three chromosomes from the father and twenty-three chromosomes from the mother combined, resulting in forty-six chromosomes in each cell. A congenital abnormality that results from an extra copy of chromosome eighteen is called Edwards’ disease or Trisomy eighteen. During Meiosis, chromosome eighteen is duplicated three times, causing developmental issues that are life threatening. This genetic defect in most cases causes the fetus to be stillborn at birth (Trisomy 18 foundation, 2010). According to Thomas Weiss, “Edwards' syndrome is associated with a broad spectrum of abnormalities which consist of greater than one-hundred and thirty discrete defects involving the brain, heart, craniofacial structure, kidneys and stomach.” The purpose of this paper is to examine what Edward’s syndrome is: diagnosing, symptoms, treatment/management and prognosis. Diagnosing Diagnosing a Trisomy Eighteen infant...
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...Who wasn’t once dazzled by the beauty of the models and stars that someday he or she saw on TV or in a fashion magazine? Beauty is today standardized and people want to look more and more like them. Undergoing a liposuction, reconstructing the face or enlarging the breast made of the dream of many people especially women come true. Improving their physical appearance and looking prettier is no more a fiction with the worldwide spread of plastic surgery in the last decade until it became within reach in Morocco. At first, plastic surgery for esthetic purpose shouldn’t be confused with the reconstructive surgery that is used to get rid of serious imperfections caused by an accident or a birth defect. In our research paper, we are dealing with the plastic surgery also called cosmetic surgery. One of the team members’ relative who is surgeon has told her about a Moroccan woman who died because of a liposuction. Chocked by this story, we decided to learn more about the cosmetic surgery in Morocco which has lately raised many ethical issues. We believe that plastic surgery is unethical because it is against the Islamic principles and because it causes psychological and physical harm. We are trying to find out the opinion of Moroccans about it and we suppose that Moroccan people believe that plastic surgery is unethical and that they are aware of its danger. Competent plastic surgeons, reasonable prices, medical technology and infrastructure explain the rise of plastic surgery...
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...The Diaphragm and Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia The diaphragm is a commonly misunderstood body part. Those who sing appreciate it purely due to their ability to control the diaphragm to enhance their singing. However, its real purpose in the human body is more important than that. The diaphragm plays such a crucial role in everyday life to the extent that one cannot survive without it. In this paper we will consider the role of the diaphragm through its anatomy and physiology. We will then review a congenital birth defect known as Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) and how it changes the anatomy and physiology of the body. We will also look at current research and prognosis of the disease in an effort to gain a better understanding of this often-fatal defect. The diaphragm is located almost centrally in the body. It is a continuous sheet of muscle that spreads across the bottom of the rib cage creating a divide between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. As detailed in the text Gray’s Anatomy, the convex upper surface of the diaphragm faces the thorax and forms the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The concave inferior surface is pointed towards the abdomen and is mostly covered in peritoneum forming the superior part of the abdominal cavity. The right side of the diaphragm is superior to the right lobe of the liver, the right kidney, and the right adrenal gland. The left side of the diaphragm lays over the left lobe of the liver, the fundus of...
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...Module 3 Position Paper Jerry Wilkins ITT Technical Institute There are many risks both health and environmental that take place when using hormones to genetically engineer food. According to the American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM), several animal studies indicate serious health risks associated with genetically modified (GM) food. The AAEM has asked physicians to advise all patients to avoid GM foods. Numerous health problems increased after GMOs were introduced in 1996. The percentage of Americans with chronic illnesses and food allergies has gone up drastically. Reproductive disorders, autism, and digestive problems have steadily been on the rise as well. Although there is no sufficient research to confirm that genetically engineered foods are a contributing factor to these issues, there is still something about the process of genetically modifying the food that seems immoral and unhealthy. Between 1996 and 2008, US farmers sprayed an extra 383 million pounds of herbicide on GM food producing a "superweeds," which are resistant to the herbicide. This is causing farmers to use even more toxic herbicides every year. Not only does this create environmental harm, GM foods contain higher residues of toxic material. Roundup, for example, is linked with sterility, hormone disruption, birth defects, and cancer. GM crops and their associated herbicides can harm birds, insects, amphibians, marine ecosystems, and soil organisms. They reduce bio-diversity, pollute...
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...Gender Identity August 5, 2013 Gender Identity Paper Gender identity and sexual differentiation form a complex, interrelated paradigm involving genetic inheritance, internal and external physiology, endocrinology, neurological structure, sexual orientation, and socio-environmental factors. Before the 1950’s gender assignment at birth was a matter of ‘predominant sex’; in other words, dependent on external genitalia, structure of gonads, and sex chromosomes (Cohen-Kettenis, 2005). In the wake of the behavioral-cognitive movement that sprang up shortly thereafter, the ‘psychosexual neutrality’ theory was embraced, built upon the supposed, all-encompassing mechanism of experiential learning. More recently a policy of ‘optimal gender’ has been adopted, in which gender assignment is based on reproductive abilities, overall psychological functionality, and psychosexual efficacy. Regardless of which policy is used for gender assignment, an understanding of the underlying genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors involved in sexual differentiation is the key to elucidating the more complicated subjects of gender identity and sexual orientation. When the 23 single chromosomes of the male sperm and female ovum combine to create a genetically unique human zygote, complete with 23 pairs of chromosomes, it is the 23rd chromosome that determines genetic sex (Wickens, 2005). If the alleles of the 23rd chromosome are both an X, then the zygote is genetically female; if one X and one...
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...BACKGROUND The research paper addresses the diagnosis of aneuploidy during the first trimester using Nuchal Translucency. The study was done in the fetal medicine unit in Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in South Africa. It included a total of 428 patients who were screened between July 2003 and July 2005. Those patients were chosen using a set of criteria that the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) has established. The patients had a mean age of 30 years. Of all the patients, 59 were screened positive and the remaining 356 were screened negative. 24 of those that screened positive had Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) performed. CVS is an invasive prenatal test that takes a sample of the chorionic villi to asses for chromosomal defects4. Therefore,...
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...Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science Issn: 2278-4721, Vol. 2, Issue 4 (February 2013), Pp 19-24 Www.Researchinventy.Com Review Paper On “Poka Yoke: The Revolutionary Idea In Total Productive Management” 1, 1, Mr. Parikshit S. Patil, 2,Mr. Sangappa P. Parit, 3,Mr. Y.N. Burali Final Year U.G. Students, Mechanical Engg. Department,Rajarambapu Institute of Technology Islampur (Sangli),Shivaji University, Kolhapur (India) 2, P.G. Student, Electronics Engg. Department, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology Islampur (Sangli), Shivaji University, Kolhapur (India) Abstract: Poka-yoke is a concept in total quality management which is related to restricting errors at source itself. It deals with "fail-safing" or "mistake-proofing". A poka-yoke is any idea generation or mechanism development in a total productive management process that helps operator to avoid (yokeru) mistakes (poka). The concept was generated, and developed by Shigeo Shingo for the Toyota Production System. Keywords— Mistake-proofing, Total quality management, Total productive management. I INTRODUCTION In today’s competitive world any organisation has to manufacture high quality, defect free products at optimum cost. The new culture of total quality management, total productive management in the manufacturing as well as service sector gave birth to new ways to improve quality of products. By using various tools of TQM like KAIZEN, 6 sigma, JIT, JIDCO, POKA YOKE...
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...me glad I am a “God child”, (Gattaca, 1997). In the movie any child born that has not been confirmed by a geneticist of being perfect, or as close as possible to perfect, is known as a “God child, degenerate, faith birth, or in-valid”, (Gattaca, 1997) and any child that is confirmed by a geneticist, to be perfect, is known as a “valid”, (Gattaca, 1997) child or person. Gattaca (1997) is actually a company that runs a space program and only hires “valid” individuals to work for them, because they will be going into space and the directors of Gattaca (1997) do not want anyone that would have a genetic defect and that may possibly pass away while travelling to their destination or while they are in space. The movie Gattaca (1997) is a good film to watch to learn what geneticists need to stay away from. The following is my view on the philosophical problems with the movie Gattaca (1997) and to show that genetics should be left to God, or whoever, and not to humans. The whole premise of the movie, Gattaca (1997), is how the world only wants people to have perfect children and/or people. This is done when a geneticist makes the perfect pairing from a mother’s eggs and father’s sperm to make a child that will not have any health problem or any other genetic defects. The problem I have with the whole process is there is not any real chance for the child to live a life without having everything handed to them and...
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...ABORTION PRO CHOICE OR PRO LIFE April 11, 2013 PROFESSOR DANIEL HAYNES PHI 103 INFORMAL LOGIC Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy and expulsion of fetus from the uterus resulting in or cause by death of the embryo. The debate over the legal and ethical viability of abortion has been complicated by the lack of consensus in defining whether the developing embryo can be equated as human life. Many people are constantly debating whether or not abortion should be allowed or not. I believe in Pro Choice which believes that woman should have the right to decide if she wants to abort a baby or not. In this paper, I will look at abortions critically and express why abortion should be legal and be left us to a woman to decide. The goal is to point out reason why one might choose abortion. While one is Pro-Choice in the case of abortion, and feels that is should be legal and the choice of a woman. Upon reading the statement on what is pro-choice and how and when abortion is legalized. I will go over why I feel that abortions should be legal. Unwanted pregnancies can be very stressful for woman. Whether or not the woman has the right to have an abortion or not is a controversial subject. Prolife members believe that abortions are seriously wrong and killing a fetus is killing a person. However, woman should have the right to have an abortion for several reasons. Woman should have the right to make decision for their own bodies. Woman should be able to have an...
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...ALCOHOL DESTROYS FAMILYS ALCOHOL DESTROY’S FAMILY’S CURTIS J COFFIN GEN 200 09/07/2010 LESLIE PIRTLE This paper will examine the disease of alcohol and physical and psychological effects alcohol has on the family members. The Center for disease control states that in order for something to be classified as a disease it has to contain three characteristics. It has to be progressive, it has to be treatable, and it has to be progressive. All of these characteristics are prevalent with alcohol therefore it is considered a disease. The disease of alcohol has plagued and destroyed family life since before the beginning of Christ. In fact today, alcohol impacts one in every four families. (Silverstein, 1990). Seventy six million American families have been exposed to alcoholism. Alcoholism is known as a family disease according to Silverstein. It effect’s husbands, wives, sons, and daughters. It sometimes starts in the womb where alcohol directly effect’s the developing fetus. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) could be totally avoided with more education about the end results for expecting mothers who continue to drink. The dependence of alcohol on alcoholics is so powerful that even educating the expecting mothers of the historical end results attributed to alcohol, is sometimes not enough to deter them from drinking. Alcohol travels through the bloodstream and is absorbed through the placenta, a direct route...
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...chart, scissors are used to cut out each chromosome from an enlarged photo of the karyotype. Chromosome pairs are identified, and then arranged in chart form (figure 1). Numbers or letters have been assigned to specific chromosome pairs. Analysis of karyotype charts is helpful in the study of chromosome abnormalities. Figure 1: A Human Karyotype (left) and Karyotype Chart (right) Special staining techniques can reveal light and dark regions (bands) on the chromosomes. By matching the bands, it is now quite easy to identify specific chromosomes and prepare a karyotype chart (figure 2). Figure 2: A Human Karyotype Chart Using Chromosomes With Simulated Banding Materials * Sample karyotypes | * Scissors | * Unlined paper | * Transparent tape/glue | Procedure Part 1: The structure of a human karyotype chart 1. Carefully examine the human karyotype illustrated in figure 2 (previous page) a) How many rows of chromosomes are in a karyotype chart 4 rows b) Record the total number of chromosomes in the individual. 46 Chromosomes c) How many chromosome pairs are shown? There are 23 pairs shown; 22 somatic and 1 sex chromosome pair. d) What characteristic is used to give a chromosome pair a number? A special staining technique used to show the dark bands on the chromosome to pair them. Then, the size is analyzed and they are numbered from biggest to smallest. e) Which pair is not given a number? Why? The X and Y pair...
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