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REKABENTUK BANCUHAN KONKRIT KAEDAH BRITISH
(JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR - DoE)

1.1 PENGENALAN

Berbagai kaedah diterimapakai dalam merekabentuk bancuhan konkrit termasuk yang diberi didalam `Rekabentuk Bancuhan Konkrit Normal’ oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) United Kingdom (UK) 1975 (disemak 1988). Kaedah ini mematuhi prinsip yang sama yang digunakan dalam `Rekabentuk Bancuhan Konkrit’ Road Note No. 4, Penyelidikan Jalanraya UK, tetapi telah ditukarkan kepada sistem metrik dan menyatakan pecahan bancuhan dalam bentuk kuantiti bahan per unit isipadu, bukannya dalam bentuk berat. Kaedah ini adalah setara dengan praktik Amerika dan Eropah.

1.2 GRED KONKRIT

Bancuhan konkrit biasanya direkabentuk untuk menghasilkan kekuatan mampatan purata pada 28 hari yang akan menyediakan keperluan kekuatan minimum yang diperlukan. Kekuatan purata 28 hari inilah yang mencirikan konkrit tersebut. Nilai kekuatan ciri ini yang akan menentukan gred konkrit tersebut. Sesuai dengan kegunaan dan keperluannya, konkrit dibahagikan kepada 9 gred tertentu seperti yang dicadangkan oleh Piawai British Praktik Kod (BS CP) 110:1972 dan disenaraikan dalam Jadual 1.1.

Jadual 1.1 Kekuatan ciri (gred) konkrit untuk pelbagai kegunaan (BS CP 110:1972)

|Gred |Kekuatan ciri |Gred terendah yang sesuai untuk |
| | |kegunaan tertentu |
| |N/mm2 (MPa) |lb/in2 (psi) | |
|7 |7 |1000 |Konkrit biasa |
|10 |10 |1450 | |
|15 |15 |2200 |Konkrit bertetulang agregat |
| | | |ringan |
|20 |20 |2900 |Konkrit bertetulang agregat |
|25 |25 |3350 |biasa |
|30 |30 |4350 |Konkrit dengan tendon |
| | | |pascategangan |
|40 |40 |5800 |Konkrit dengan tendon prategasan|
|50 |50 |7250 | |
|60 |60 |8700 | |

1.3 KEKUATAN PURATA DAN KEKUATAN CIRI

Kekuatan mampatan purata pada usia tertentu konkrit (biasanya 28 hari) yang akan menentukan nisbah air/simen namaan bancuhan tersebut. Rekabentuk struktur adalah berdasarkan kepada kekuatan minimum konkrit. Kekuatan minimum ini tidak dapat dijadikan asas dalam rekabentuk bancuhan, kerana kekuatan konkrit yang terhasil, samada di lapangan atau dimakmal, adalah berbeza-beza walaupun dalam satu bancuhan yang sama. Dalam memilih campuran konkrit, kita mestilah mensasarkan kekuatan purata yang lebih tinggi dari kekuatan minimum. Oleh yang demikian, supaya konkrit yang hendak dihasilkan itu boleh mencapai kekuatan tertentu, maka dari awal lagi perlu dibuat anggaran suatu purata kekuatan (kekuatan sasaran), yang lebih tinggi dari kekuatan yang diharapkan (kekuatan ciri). Taburan kekuatan konkrit konkrit boleh dianggap sebagai normal (Gaussian) dan taburan kekuatan normal ini boleh dinyatakan menggunakan purata dan sisihan piawai. Pendekatan British ialah menggunakan kekuatan ciri (kekuatan terendah yang dijangkakan 5% dari kesemua keputusan uji kaji akan berada). Perbezaan 5% diantara kekuatan ciri dan kekuatan purata ini dinamakan jidar (M-margin). Nilai jidar, M dikira sebagai hasil darab pemalar, k, dengan sisihan piawai, s.

Jadual 1.2 menunjukkan peratus spesimen yang berkekuatan lebih rendah dari (purata – k ( sisihan piawai).

Jadual 1.2 Peratus spesimen yang berkekuatan lebih rendah dari (purata- k ( s)

|k |Peratus spesimen berkekuatan lebih rendah|
| |dari (purata - k ( s) |
|1.00 |15.9 |
|1.50 |6.7 |
|1.65 |5.0 |
|1.96 |2.5 |
|2.33 |1.0 |
|2.50 |0.6 |
|3.09 |0.1 |

Sisihan piawai, s, pula hanyalah satu jangkaan statistik dari sejumlah data yang difikirkan mewakili keseluruhan data. Dengan itu ralat statistik akan berkurang apabila jumlah sampel (n) bertambah besar. Hubungan diantara sisihan piawai dengan kekuatan ini dianggarkan adalah sebesar 4 MPa jika terdapat rekod bilangan data melebihi 40, dan menjadi lebih besar sehingga 8 MPa jika tiada rekod atau bilangan data kurang dari 40.

Kekuatan sasaran untuk tujuan rekabentuk bancuhan konkrit dikira sebagai,

fm = fc + M (1.1)

dimana: fm = kekuatan sasaran (minimum) fc = kekuatan ciri M = jidar

1.4 Rekabentuk bancuhan

Kaedah British ini terpakai untuk konkrit biasa menggunakan simen Portland sahaja atau konkrit yang mengandungi sanga relau bagas berbutir terkisar atau abu terbang, tetapi tidak merangkumi konkrit mengalir atau terpam. Saiz agregat yang dikenalpasti ialah 40, 20 dan 10 mm. Kaedah British ini merangkumi 5 langkah.

Langkah 1 :Menentukan nisbah air/simen

1. Dalam langkah ini, kekuatan sasaran ditentukan dari persamaan (1.1).

2. Kekuatan tertentu dianggarkan pada nisbah air/simen 0.5 untuk berbagai jenis simen dan jenis agregat (Jadual 1.3). Data di jadual ini dianggarkan dari konkrit hipotesis yang berkekayaan sederhana, diawet rendam pada 20(C.

Jadual 1.3 Kekuatan mampatan anggaran untuk konkrit bernisbah air/simen 0.5 mengikut Kaedah British 1988

|Jenis simen |Jenis agregat kasar |Kekuatan mampatan (MPa (psi) pada usia (hari): |
| | |3 |7 |28 |91 |
|Portland biasa (Jenis|Tidak hancur |22 (3200) |30 (4400) |42 (6100) |49 (7100) |
|1) | | | | | |
|Portland |Hancur | | | | |
|rintang-sulfat (Jenis| |27 (3900) |36 (5200) |49 (7100) |56 (8100) |
|V) | | | | | |
|Portland cepat-keras |Tidak Hancur |29 (4200) |37 (5400) |48 (7000) |54 (7800) |
|(Jenis III) |Hancur | | | | |
| | |34 (4900) |43 (6200) |55 (8000) |61 (8900) |

Dari Jadual 1.3, nilai kekuatan (pada nisbah air/simen 0.5) menggunakan berbagai jenis simen, agregat dan pada usia tertentu dapat ditentukan. Menggunakan Rajah 1.1, tandakan titik yang sepadan dengan nilai kekuatan ini pada nisbah air/simen 0.5. Melalui titik ini, lukiskan lengkung yang selari dengan lengkung-lengkung bersebelahannya. Menggunakan lengkung yang baru dilukis tadi, nisbah air/simen (pada absisa) yang bersepadanan dengan kekuatan yang disasarkan (pada ordinat) dapat ditentukan. Jika terdapat keperluan ketahanlasakan, nisbah air/simen keperluan itu hendaklah diambilkira dan nilai terendah hendaklah digunapakai.

Rajah 1.1 Hubungan diantara kekuatan mampatan dan nisbah air bebas/simen dalam Kaedah Merekabentuk Bancuhan British

Langkah 2 :Menentukan kandungan air

Langkah 2 menentukan kandungan air yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kebolehkerjaan yang diperlukan, dinyatakan dalam bentuk turunan atau masa Vebe. Kesan saiz dan jenis agregat nyata mempengaruhi kebolehkerjaan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.4.

Jadual 1.4 Anggaran kandungan air bebas yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan berbagai aras kebolehkerjaan (Kaedah British 1988)

|Agregat |Kandungan air, kg/m3 (lb/ela3) untuk: |
|Saiz mak mm |Jenis |Turunan, mm (in) |0-10 (0-1/2) |10-30 (1/2-1) |30-60 (1-21/2) |60-180 (21/2-7) |
|(in) | | | | | | |
| | |Masa Vebe, s |>12 |6-12 |3-6 |0-3 |
|10 (3/8) |Tidak hancur | |150 (255) |180 (305) |205 (345) |225 (380) |
| |Hancur Tidak | | | | | |
| |hancur | |180 (305) |205 (345) |230 (390) |250 (420) |
|20 (3/4) |Hancur | |135 (230) |160 (270) |180 (305) |195 (330) |
| |Tidak hancur | | | | | |
| |Hancur | |170 (285) |190 (320) |210 (355) |225 (380) |
|40 (11/2) | | |115 (195) |140 (235) |160 (270) |175 (295) |
| | | | | | | |
| | | |155(260) |175 (295) |190 (320) |205 (345) |

Hancur – agregat kasar seperti granit dan batu kapur

Langkah 3 : Menentukan kandungan simen

Langkah ini menentukan kandungan simen, iaitu kandungan air dari Langkah 2 dibahagikan dengan nisbah air/simen dari Langkah 1.

Langkah 4: Menentukan kandungan jumlah agregat

Langkah ini menentukan kandungan jumlah agregat. Mula-mula, ketumpatan muda konkrit termampat sepenuhnya dianggarkan dari Rajah 1.2. Bagi kandungan air yang ditentukan dalam Langkah 2, dan spesifik gravity agregat yang diketahui, ketumpatan muda konkrit dapat dibaca dari Rajah 1.2. Jika spesifik graviti agregat tidak diketahui, nilai 2.6 untuk agregat tidak hancur dan 2.7 untuk agregat hancur boleh digunakan. Kandungan agregat diperolehi dengan menolakkan nilai kandungan simen dan air dari nilai ketumpatan muda konkrit.

Rajah 1.2 Ketumpatan basah anggaran bagi konkrit terpadat sepenuhnya

Rajah 1.2 Ketumpatan basah anggaran bagi konkrit terpadat sepenuhnya

Langkah 5: Menentukan kadar agregat halus dan agregat kasar

Uji kaji: Analisa Ayakan Agregat Halus (Piawai British BS 822: Fasal 11)

Langkah ini menentukan kadar agregat halus dan agregat kasar dari jumlah agregat yang diperolehi dalam Langkah 4. Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan data bagi agregat kasar bersaiz maksimum 20 dan 40 mm. Faktor-faktor yang terlibat ialah saiz maksimum agregat, aras kebolehkerjaan, nisbah air/simen dan peratus agregat halus yang melepasi ayakan 600 mikron ((m). Penggredan agregat halus dan kasar telah diabaikan. Apabila pecahan agregat halus telah diperolehi, nilai ini didarabkan dengan jumlah kandungan agregat untuk mendapatkan kandungan agregat halus.

Kandungan agregat kasar ialah beza diantara jumlah kandungan agregat dengan kandungan agregat halus. Agregat kasar pula hendaklah dibahagikan kepada pecahan saiz yang bergantung kepada bentuk agregat. Jadual 1.5 menunjukkan kadar pecahan agregat (Kaedah British 1988).

Rajah 1.3 Perkadaran agregat halus yang disyorkan (dinyatakan dalam peratus dari jumlah agregat) sebagai fungsi nisbah air bebas/simen untuk berbagai kebolehkerjaan dan saiz agregat maksimum (Nombor yang dinyatakan adalah peratus agregat halus yang bolos ayakan 600 (m (mikron)

Jadual 1.5 Kadar pecahan agregat kasar (ANALISA AYAKAN AGREGAT KASAR)

|Jumlah agregat kasar |5 – 10 mm |10 – 20 mm |20 – 40 mm |
|100 |33 |67 |- |
|100 |18 |27 |55 |

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