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Black and White Box.

In: Computers and Technology

Submitted By kwas
Words 681
Pages 3
Студента 1 курса
Экономического факультета РАНХиГС
Тюменцева Вячеслава

Черный и белый ящик. Конечное состояние.
Понятие черного ящика традиционно приписывается английскому психиатру, специалисту по кибернетике, Уильяму Россу Эшби, использовавшему этот термин в книге «Введение в кибернетику»,
1959г. Вообще черным ящиком называется система, устройство которой неизвестно в силу каких-либо причин, очень сложно, а потому не может рассматриваться полностью или неважно при решении данной задачи. Данный термин был введен впервые в кибернетике, т.к. именно в кибернетике исследователи имеют делосбольшими системами, не поддающимися детальному описанию. И для их изучения лучше всего подходит метод черного ящика.
Метод черного ящика используется при решении задач, когда неизвестно внутреннее строение системы либо система очень сложна. Известны лишь данные идущие на вход(раздражители системы) и данные на выходе – реакция системы. Важно, что при решении таких задач, главная цель – понять поведение системы. На деле метод представляет собой ввод определенных данных, а затем сбор и анализ данных, полученных на выходе. По мере увеличения количества данных типа «вход-выход», становится возможным, делать предположения о поведении системы. Тем не менее, в независимости от объема данных, сделать однозначный вывод о внутреннем устройстве черного ящика нельзя, т.к. различные системы могут обладать одинаковым поведением. Хорошим примером применения метода черного ящика является изучение в биологии клетки, когда ученые, воздействуя на клетку различными средствами и получая ответные реакции, могут делать выводы о поведении клетки и возможном ее составе. Вообще любое явление, предмет, могут представляться как черный ящик. Сначала мы ничего не знаем о каком-то предмете, но накапливая опыт, мы рассеиваем «черноту» ящика, увеличиваем знания.
Человек также может выступать как черный ящик. Ведь от большего взаимодействия с людьми, мы можем лучше понимать, как они будут вести себя в какой-либо ситуации, т.е. их поведение.
При изучении сложных систем метод черного ящика является незаменимым инструментом. Дело в том, что при анализе системы может оказаться, что ее структура нам известна, но она настолько сложная и элементов в ней так много, что исследователю практически невозможно увязать все в целую картину.
Поэтому целесообразно упрощение: введение черного ящика вместо исходной системы. И построение модели уже упрощенной системы для решения конкретных задач. Наглядный пример, когда инженер при проектировании объекта отбрасывает тот факт, что все материалы и конструкции состоят из отдельных атомов, а представляют собой неделимые единицы, что позволяет упростить задачу инженера. Однако, упрощение очень рискованно, т.к. может исказить выводы об исследуемой системе, и требует строгих математических расчетов и аналитической работы.
Сам Уильям Эшби вот что говорит о методе черного ящика: «Нет лучшего способа, чем рассматривать тот исследовательский принцип, который получил название чёрного ящика. Родился этот принцип в электротехнике, но сфера его применения на самом деле значительно шире и охватывает, по-видимому, всю науку».
Для раскрытия черного ящика Норбертом Винером был предложена концепция белого ящика. Белый ящик – это система, внутреннее содержание и структура которой полностью известны. Идея заключается в том, что рядом с черным ящиком «ставится» белый, и подаются на вход одинаковые данные, а затем устройство белого ящика корректируется до тех пор, пока выходные данные совпадут.

Таким образом может быть получен ящик тождественный черному. Естественно это будет не копия, а модель системы. Но модель не будет тождественна системе, т.к. они могут обладать различным строением. Но главная мысль в том, что эта тождественность и не требуется. Более того она будет мешать, т.к. модель должна быть упрощением соответствующей системы, но при это проявлять те же свойства. Другими словами, белый ящик обладает каноническим представлением эквивалентным черному. Исходя из этого, белый ящик представляет собой конечный результат изучения ранее неизвестной системы. То есть в данном контексте конечное состояние – это белый ящик, с известной конструкцией, с такой же функциональной природой, как и у черного ящика.

Подводя итог, хочу сказать, что, ознакомившись с концепцией черного ящика, методом черного ящика как подходу к решению сложных задач, данный метод является настоящим открытием для науки и мощным инструментом, который может быть использован практически в любой сфере жизни. Я как будущий экономист-исследователь, уверен, что данный метод может применяться и при решении экономических задач, а ознакомление с ним уже сейчас, даст мне некоторое преимущество в дальнейшем обучении.

Список литературы:
Эшби У.Р. Введение в кибернетику. 1959г.
Винер Н. Кибернетика, или управление и связь в животном и машине.1948-1961гг.

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