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Simon E. Hansen 1.Q HF 6-4-2013
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Min familie og min krop

Givet at min familie alle er landmænd og har været det så længe vi kan så tilbage på vores stamtræ har jeg valgt ikke at bruge resurser på at lave et stamtræ. Hvilket vil sige at vi ikke helt passer ind i den Demografiske Trasitionsmodellen.

Den demografiske transition er et demografisk begreb til beskrivelse af overgangen fra høje fødselstal og høje dødstal pr. 1000 indbyggere til lave fødsels- og dødstal, hvilken udvikling ofte er sket, når et land industrialiseres.
Modellen baseres på en tolkning som fremsattes i 1929 af den amerikanske demograf Warren Thompson efter, at han havde observeret forandringerne (transitionerne) i fødsels- og dødsniveauer i industrialiserede samfund under de seneste to hundrede år. De fleste i-lande befinder sig allerede på fjerde trin i modellen, og flertallet af u-landene befinder sig på andet eller tredje trin – intet land befinder sig for nærværende på første trin. Modellen har vist sig at kunne belyse befolkningernes udvikling i Europa og andre industrialiserede lande forholdsvist godt.
De fleste u-lande befinder sig i dag på tredje trin, herfra dog undtaget fattige lande, fortrinsvis lande syd for Sahara samt et antal fattige lande i Mellemøsten, som har været påvirket af for eksempel borgerkrig, således Pakistan, Palæstina og Afghanistan.
Transitionen indeholder fire stadier, eller muligvis fem: Første trin optræder sædvanligvis i det førindustrielle samfund, hvor døds- og fødselsrater er høje og i relativ ligevægt. Andet trin optræder i et u-land, hvor dødsraten falder hastigt takket være forbedringer i tilgangen til mad og en forbedret hygiejne, hvilket øger livslængden og mindsker risikoen for sygdom. Disse forandringer indtræffer ofte, når jordbrugsteknikkerne forbedres, befolkningen får tilgang til elektronik, samt basal uddannelse og sundhedsvæsen. Hvis ikke fødselsraten samtidigt begynder at falde, vil det berørte område opleve en voldsom befolkningsvækst. I tredje trin falder fødselsraten takket være tilgang til præventionsmidler, lønstigninger, urbanisering, mindskning af jordbrugernes befolkningsandel, højere uddannelsesniveau for kvinder, mindre børnearbejde samt øget tilgang til uddannelse. Befolkningstilgangen begynder da at svækkes. I fjerde trin er både fødsels- og dødsraten lave. Fødselsraten kan synke et godt stykke under det niveau, som er nødvendigt for en almindelig befolkningtilvækst i området (dette er blandt andet sket i Italien, Spanien og Japan), hvilket leder til en befolkningsmindskning, hvilket kan anses som en trussel mod mange industrier, som hviler på en befolkningstilvækst. Den store gruppe af mennesker, som blev født i andet trin, når alderdommen og skaber en økonomisk byrde på den stadigt mindskende arbejdsføre del af befolkningen. Dødsraten er lav eller begrænset stigende på grund af livsstilssygdomme som fedme.
Som med alle modeller er dette en idealiseret og generaliseret fremstilling af befolkningstransitionen, som ikke nødvendigvis stemmer i alle områder. Mange lande som Kina, Brasilien og Thailand har passeret igennem den demografiske transition ekstremt hurtigt takket være en hastig økonomisk og social forandring. Visse lande, specielt afrikanske, synes at "sidde fast" på trin to på grund af en stagnerende udvikling og spredning af AIDS.
Den oprindelige model har kun fire trin, men det bliver mere og mere tydeligt, at der må findes et femte trin for at repræsentere lande, som har gennemgået den økonomiske transition fra industrisamfund til servicesamfund, en såkaldt afindustrialisering. Lande så som Tyskland, Italien, Spanien, Portugal,Grækenland og frem for alt Japan har en fødselsrate, som ligger under dødsraten, og har derfor en faldende befolkningsudvikling. Disse lande bygger sin befolkningsvækst på indvandring. Andre lande, som er blevet ramt af befolkningsmindskning, er blevet ramt hårdt, først og fremmest Rusland, Ukraine og andre baltiske stater, som er blevet ramt af den hastige økonomiske forandring efter socialismens fald.

Faurastiés!

Denne figur viser et Fourastié-diagram, en model fra ca. 1950 for erhvervsudviklingen i et område. Det oprindelige diagram byggede på erhvervsudviklingen i Frankrig fra 1800 til 1950 og var fremskrevet til år 2100; Fourastié mente, at modellen ville kunne bruges på alle landes udvikling.
Figuren viser, at de primære erhverv (de råstofproducerende erhverv som fx landbrug) i begyndelsen beskæftigede ca. 80% af arbejdsstyrken; i en senere periode dominerede de sekundære erhverv (de bearbejdende erhverv som fx industri), men dette industrisamfund transformeres til et servicesamfund med 80% af arbejdsstyrken i de tertiære erhverv (transport, administration, handel og service).
I mange i-lande har udviklingen fulgt Fourastiés model, mens den ikke synes at passe på ulandenes erhvervssammensætning. Det hænger bl.a. sammen med, at moderne industri er mindre arbejdskraftintensiv.
Min familie følger som sagt tidligere ikke den Demografiske Transitionsmodel. Da min familie fortsat bor på landet og ingen er flyttet ind til byen, som vi burde gøre i forhold til modellen. Og med hensyn Faurastiés model passer vi heller ikke rigtigt ind da vi fortsat beskæftiger os med primært erhverv.

Fordøjelsen
Fordøjelsen er en metabolsk proces, hvor en biologisk enhed (div. madartikler) nedbryder en substans for mekanisk eller kemisk brug i kroppen. Dette inkluderer optagelse af næringsstoffer og udskillelse affaldsstoffer.
Fordøjelsessystemet sørger for at de livsvigtige bestanddele fra kosten optages så godt som muligt i kroppen. Makromolekyler nedbrydes til simplere molekyler og kan derefter transporteres fra tarmens hulrum over i blodkredsløbet eller lymfesystemet, hvorfra det fordeles i resten af kroppen.
I fordøjelsessystemet foregår fordøjelsen. Systemet sørger for optagelsen af livsnødvendige stoffer som f.eks. næringsstoffer, vand, vitaminer, mineraler og flere. Fordøjelsessystemet nedbryder næringsstofferne i maden til mere simple molekyler, der nemmere kan optages i kroppen.
Maden går gennem munden, spiserøret, maven, tolvfingertarmen, tyndtarmen, tyktarmen og endetarmen. Leveren og bugspytkirtlen er vigtige organer i fordøjelsessystemet.
Undervejs bliver de nødvendige næringsstoffer optaget, og føden bliver omdannet til afføring, der udskilles jævnligt via anus under toiletbesøg eller hvis man bliver rigtig rigtig bange!
Mund
Føden indtages igennem munden hvor nedbrydningen begynder. Føden hakkes i stykker med tænderne og æltes af tunge og tyggebevægelser. Nedbrydningen af de let fordøjelige kulhydrater påbegyndes af de basiske enzymer amylase og ptyalin fra spytkirtlerne. Derfor er det rigtigt godt at tygge maden til den glider ned af sig selv. Samtidig blandes maden med masser af spyt, der gør det lettere at synke maden.
Svælg og spiserør
Svælget deler sig, i struben, i hhv. spiserør og luftrør. Da også luftrøret starter i svælget sørger strubelåget, sammen med hosterefleksen for, at maden bliver ledt ned gennem spiserøret til maven og ikke gennem luftrøret til lungerne.
Føden skal passere det 20-30 cm lange spiserør. Kraftige muskelsammentrækninger skubber maden, madklumpen, gennem spiserøret. Efter turen gennem spiserøret havner madklumpen i maven; miljøet i maven gør det næsten af med den lille madklump.
Mave
I maven er der syre og gasser som medvirker til at dræbe bakterier og nedbryde føden. Maveindholdet har en pH værdi på 2 – mavesyre består primært af saltsyre. Enzymet pepsin findes i mavesaften, pepsin starter nedbrydningen af proteiner i maven. Proteinmolekyler er større og sværere at fordøje end kulhydrater. Hvor nedbrydningen af kulhydrater starter allerede i munden, starter nedbrydningen af proteiner først i maven. Det stof der er sværest for kroppen at nedbryde er endnu ikke begyndt nedbrydning.
Fedt er det sværest nedbrydelige, det tager længst tid at fordøje, og nedbrydningen starter sent i fordøjelsesprocessen. Fedt kan kun nedbrydes med galde, maveindholdet skal passere leveren for at få galde fra galdeblæren. Nedbrydningen af fedt påbegyndes først i tolvfingertarmen, hvor galden blander fedt og vand, så fedtet herefter kan nedbrydes.
Lever og bugspytkirtel
Maveindholdet kommer ikke igennem leveren, men leveren afgiver galde til tarmindholdet. Leveren spiller en stor rolle i forbrænding og stofskifte. Leveren oplagrer, genbruger eller smider ud. Afgiftning af kroppen sker i leveren; alle skadelige stoffer der indtages omdannes til affaldsstoffer.

Tarme
Tolvfingertarm
Madklumpen har flydende form når den når frem til den 12 fingerbredder lange tarm. Galde, bugspyt og enzymer nedbryder tarmindholdet. Næringsstofferne opholder sig i tolvfingertarmen i ca. 4 timer; fedt der er vanskeligere at nedbryde har et længere ophold her. Kulhydrater (Kulhydrater består næsten udelukkende af tre grundstoffer: carbon, hydrogen og oxygen. Grundstof forholdene varierer, men ikke meget. Normalt er den molære andel af carbon den samme eller en anelse større end oxygen. og den molære andel af hydrogen er dobbelt så stor (eller lidt større) end andelen af oxygen.) nedbrydes af amylase til monosakkerider. Protein (Proteiner består af polypeptidkæder (poly betyder mange), der er opbygget af aminosyrer som er kovalent sammenbundet via peptidbindinger. En polypeptidkæde er altså en kæde, der består af mange peptidbindinger. Korte kæder benævnes ofte oligopeptid eller blot peptid. Der er ikke defineret nogen grænse for, hvor lang en kæde skal være, for at kunne kaldes et petidin.) nedbrydes af trypsin til aminosyrer. Fedt (De almindeligste fedtstoffer er triacylglycerider, der består af glycerol (en alkohol), hvorpå der sidder tre fedtsyrer (i en esterbinding).
Fedtsyrerne opdeles groft i tre grupper: Mættede fedtsyrer – fedtsyrer, hvis kulbrintekæde ikke indeholder dobbeltbindinger Monoumættede fedtsyrer – fedtsyrer, hvis kulbrintekæde indeholder en enkelt dobbeltbinding (også umættethed) Polyumættede fedtsyrer – fedtsyrer som indeholder to eller flere dobbeltbindinger
Der findes også en lang række andre lipider, f.eks. cholesterol og phospholipider, der er vigtige byggestene for hormonsyntese og indgår icellemembraner.) nedbrydes af lipase til fedtsyrer og glycerider.
Nedbrydningen er fremskreden og optagelsen af næringsstofferne til tarmvæggen begynder i tolvfingertarmen. Fra tarmvæggen går næringsstofferne over i blodet, hvor de enten genbruges eller sendes videre til nyrerne. Størst optagelse til tarmvæggen sker i tyndtarmen, der er næste passage.
Tyndtarm
Tarmindholdet er ca. 3-5 timer i tyndtarmen. Størstedelen af næringsstofferne går over i blodet fra tyndtarmens mikrovilli. I blodet dannes nye energigivendenæringsstoffer.
Tyktarm
Den sidste rest af næringsstoffer opholder sig i tyktarmen mindst 10 timer, medmindre man har diarre. Bakterierne i tyktarmen producerer K-vitamin af de sidste rester af næringssoffer. Alt det der ikke bliver optaget af tarmvæggene og ført til blodet, er affaldsstoffer der ender som afføring. Ufordøjelige kostfibre, giftstoffer og andet affald bliver tørlagt så det får en mere fast form.
Endetarm.... ;)
Madens vej gennem fordøjelsessystemet tager normalt 12-36 timer.

Hjerte-karsygdomme

Der er en tydelig sammenhæng mellem de fleste hjerte-karsygdomme og det, vi spiser og drikker.
I mange tilfælde er dele af årsagen til hjerte-karsygdommen ophobet fedt fra mad og drikke, som kroppen ikke kan nå at forbrænde. Det kan også være, at sammensætningen af kosten er forkert og ligger langt fra den kendte viden, som anbefalingerne bygger på.
Da vægttab ofte er en del af behandlingen af hjertekarsygdom, er det for de flestes vedkommende vigtigt også at holde igen med alkohol. Dels fordi alkohol indeholder meget energi, men også fordi for meget alkohol er medvirkende årsag til skrøbelige kar.

Dødsårsager før og nu

Gennemsnitslevealderen, også kaldet middellevetiden, er steget, men for 150 år siden levede man kun få år kortere end i dag, blot man havde nået at blive voksen.
De store dødsårsager for over 100 år siden var smitsomme sygdomme med stor børnedødelighed, og så døde rigtig mange kvinder i barselssengen. De sidste knapt 100 år er spædbørns-dødeligheden faldet rigtig meget, men først og fremmest på grund af bedre ernæring, hygiejne og sociale forhold.
I dag er det hjerte-kar-og kroniske sygdomme , som forkorter livet, først og fremmest på grund af en ændret og usund livsstil. Middellevetiden i Danmark er steget noget, men ikke så meget som i mange andre lande.

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 Output: A permutation y0, y1, y2, ..., yn−1 of the sequence such that yi ≤ yj whenever i < j. PAIRING:
 Input: Two sequences of integers X = (x0, x1, ..., xn−1) and Y = (y0, y1, ..., yn−1).
 Output: A pairing of the elements in the two sequences such that the least value in X is paired with the least value in Y, the next least value in X is paired with the next least value in Y, and so on. 5 An illustration of PAIRING. The two lists of numbers are paired up so that the least values from each list make a pair, the next smallest values from each list make a pair, and so on. 6 Solution PAIRING is to use an existing sorting program to sort each of the two sequences, and then pair off items based on their position in sorted order. PAIRING is reduced to SORTING, because SORTING is used to solve PAIRING. 7 3-step Process 1. convert an instance of PAIRING into two instances of SORTING . 2. sort the two arrays . 3. convert...

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