PHRASES
PHRASES are group of words, without subject and verb, that function in a sentence as one part of speech.
Examples:
1. the heavy rain
2. for an interview

1. ADJECTIVE PHRASE - an adjective phrase modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one. Different Kinds of Phrases Examples: 1. A dress of great beauty 2. He's an extraordinary looking man.

2. ADVERBIAL PHRASE- an adverb phrase modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb by pointing out where, when, in manner, or to what extent. Different Kinds of Phrases Examples: 1. I'll do it in a minute. 2. I used to work in a fire-hydrant factory. You couldn't park anywhere near the place. (Steven Wright) 3. He sings in a low register. 3. APPOSITIVE PHRASE - an appositive phrase with modifiers is placed next to a noun or pronoun to identify for additional information and details. Different Kinds of Phrases Examples: 1. Pearl, a sparkling stone, is the gem for the Filipina. 2. My radio, an old portable, is in the repair shop. 3. Chemistry, Sue's favourite subject, is easy for her. 4. Mrs. Norbert, the president of the company, will speak at the dinner. 4. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE- is a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. A preposition sits in front of (is “pre-positioned” before) its object. The following words are the most commonly used prepositions: About | below | excepting | off | toward | above | beneath | for | on | under | across | beside(s) | from | onto | underneath | after | between | in | out | until | against | beyond | in front of | outside | up |

PARALLELISM -is the placement of equal sides words, phrases or clauses of similar type * also known as parallel structure or parallel construction in clauses that have the same grammatical structure * can be words, phrases, clauses and sentences EXAMPLES: Parallel Words: 1.She likes jogging, jumping, and reading. 2. The committee prioritized three projects: education, sports, and health. Parallel Phrases: 1. My goals are joining the soccer team, earning good grades, and getting a job. 2. I love to sing on stage and to write a book. 3. She likes listening to music and reading the latest novels. Parallel Clauses: 1. That we were disorganized, and that we were rushed quickly became apparent. 2. I follow these steps: think of a topic, research on it, and write about it. Parallel Sentences: I came. I saw. I conquered. Correct Faulty Parallelism: 1. Jewel is interested in filing papers and to record finances. 2. Leaving the class and to greet them are only appropriate. 3. The musician reads notes, plays the piano and is composing songs. 4. Buy spices from the market, preparing the recipe, then cook the food. 5. The children agreed to obtain the seeds, then planting right away. 6. 6. Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle. 7. 7. We have things to do, people to see, and places that should be visited. 8. 8. I enjoy my job because of the opportunities it offers, the fringe benefits I receive, and I earn a good salary. 9. 9. The comedian was clever, original, and kept us laughing. 10. My dog not only likes to play fetch, but also chase cars. 11. I voted for the sale of state bonds, for more state parks, and to have the state cut property taxes. 12. I had steak, Tanya ate flounder, but a hamburger is all that Steve ordered.

What is Parallel Structure? * Parallelism is used to balance nouns with nouns, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, participles with participles, infinitives with infinitives, clauses with clauses.
Examples of Parallelism * Winston Churchill did not say * I have nothing to offer but bleeding, toil, tears, and sweating. * He said * I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. * Churchill understood parallelism!

* Parallelism is used with elements joined by coordinating conjunctions
My mother likes cooking and to read. wrong answer
My mother likes cooking and reading. correct " * Parallelism is used with elements in lists or in a series.
This task can be done individually, in pairs, or can be done in groups of four. wrong answer
This task can be done individually, in pairs, or in groups of four. correct " * Parallelism is used with elements being compared.
She is mad about watching TV more than to read a book . wrong answer
She is mad about watching TV more than to reading a book . correct " * Parallelism is used with elements joined by a linking verb or a form of be.
To learn is understanding the world. * Parallelism is used with elements joined by linking words. The teacher not only wants his students to keep quiet but also to do the task . Parallelism in Sentences Poor: Betty has intelligence, honesty, and she is funny. * Improved: Betty has intelligence, honesty, and she is funny humour. Poor: Good writing requires you to plan outlines, write several drafts, and revision. * Improved: Good writing requires you to plan outlines, write several drafts, and revise your work. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. I wondered whether to make an outline first or I should write the rough draft. B. I wondered whether to make an outline first or to write the rough draft. C. I wondered whether to make an outline first or writing rough draft. D. I wondered whether to make an outline first or that I should write a rough draft. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. B. I wondered whether to make an outline first or to write the rough draft. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and began the lesson. B. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and he began the lesson. C. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and decided to begin the lesson. D. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and beginning the lesson Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. B. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and he began the lesson. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. Her choices were one, to begin college, or two, to find a job. B. Her choices were one, begin college, or two, be an employee. C. Her choices were one, begin college, or two, that she find a job. D. Her choices were one, beginning college, or two, find a job. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. Her choices were one, to begin college, or two, to find a job. Quiz Time! Choose the sentence that has parallel structure! A. He came, he saw, and he received. B. He came, he wanted to see, but he didn’t. C. He came; he started to ask; he didn’t want to. D. He saw, didn’t come or receive A. The children laughed, jumped, and danced. B. The children were laughing and jumping; some even danced. C. The children were laughing, jumped, and some were dancing. D. The children laughed, dancing, and jumping. A. You are not only a student but also very athletic. B. You are not only a student but also being very athletic. C. You are not only a student but also an athlete. D. You are not only a student but also have athletic ability. Choose the correct word to make the sentence parallel. Ron was an expert tennis player and _____. A. went fishing B. fished C. liked to go fishing D. an avid fisherman Don would always open the mail, throw away the junk mail, and _____. A. to organize the bills. B. organizing the bills C. organize the bills D. organization of the bills Rebecca was not only my boss but also ______. A. is my friend B. says she is my friend C. friendly D. my friend For each sentence, you will rewrite it with parallel structure. If it’s already parallel, write “no change Remember… Correct only the sentences that are not parallel. 1. The factory workers were ready, able, and were quite determined to do a great job. 2. The computer network is safer, stronger, and more secure. 3. We cannot be worried or terrified of difficulties in life. 4. The actor taught his student how to read, how to stand, how to cry, and to talk with fans. 5. When I was in high school, I learned piano and how to play the guitar. 6. Either you can join the army or the navy