...Chromatography Aim: To test the purity of aspirin using chromatography. Vocational context The results which we have collected while doing this chromatography will be helpful to many different types of people. One group of people who will be interested in the results is doctors when a patient comes to visit the doctor with a virus or something the doctor can look at these results and they will be able to make a decision on how powerful the aspirin to give the patient. Another group of people who might take an interest to these results are drug testers Background science Aspirin also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. Aspirin separates and decomposes very quickly in hydroxide and alkali metals. Aspirin is stable in dry air but gradually hydrolyses when it comes into contact with moisture Chromatography can be used to separate mixtures of coloured compounds. Mixtures that are suitable for separation by chromatography include inks, dyes and colouring agents in food. There is two phases the mobile phase which flows through column, carries analyte and the stationary phase which stays in a place, does not move. The separation of the molecules is based on the partitioning between the mobile and stationary phase. Chromatography is used in labs often to separate different compounds A TLC plate is a sheet of glass...
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...Chlorophyll Chromatography Subject Area: Chemistry Grade Level: Middle School Chemistry Lesson Title: Chlorophyll Chromatography National Science Education Standards: Science as Inquiry: 5–8 • Properties and Changes of Properties: 5–8 Suggested Prior Knowledge: concepts of solutions, mixtures, separation of mixtures, solubility Purpose: To give students an understanding of paper chromatography and to allow students to separate a mixture of pigments extracted from leaves. Key Vocabulary: absorbent—material used in chromatography that will attract and absorb the compounds being separated chlorophyll—one of many pigments used by plants to absorb energy from sunlight in the process of photosynthesis chromatography—method used to separate a mixture of compounds based on differing solubilities of the compounds in the solvent being used eluent (solvent)—material used in chromatography which carries the compounds to be separated through the absorbent photosynthesis—process by which plants convert energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide gas into sugar solute—substance dissolved in a solution solution—homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solvent—substance dissolving the solute in a solution Objectives: 1. Students will be able to design and carry out an investigation to separate the pigments from a leaf by paper chromatography. 2. Students will identify a mixture by separating it...
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...Types of Chromatography Adsorption Chromatography Adsorption chromatography is probably one of the oldest types of chromatography around. It utilizes a mobile liquid or gaseous phase that is adsorbed onto the surface of a stationary solid phase. The equilibriation between the mobile and stationary phase accounts for the separation of different solutes. Partition Chromatography This form of chromatography is based on a thin film formed on the surface of a solid support by a liquid stationary phase. Solute equilibriates between the mobile phase and the stationary liquid. Ion Exchange Chromatography In this type of chromatography, the use of a resin (the stationary solid phase) is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it. Solute ions of the opposite charge in the mobile liquid phase are attracted to the resin by electrostatic forces. Molecular Exclusion Chromatography Also known as gel permeation or gel filtration, this type of chromatography lacks an attractive interaction between the stationary phase and solute. The liquid or gaseous phase passes through a porous gel which separates the molecules according to its size. The pores are normally small and exclude the larger solute molecules, but allows smaller molecules to enter the gel, causing them to flow through a larger volume. This causes the larger molecules to pass through the column at a faster rate than the smaller ones. Affinity Chromatography This is the most selective type of chromatography employed...
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...Chromatography which literally means “color writing” was invented by Mikhail Tsvet, a Russian botanist in 1903 while studying the coloring materials in plant life. It is defined as a laboratory technique utilized by scientists for the separation of organic and inorganic mixtures into their respective components in order to analyze, identify, purify and/or quantify the mixture or components. There are different types of chromatography which are use including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. In consonance with these, while each type of chromatography uses different methods to separate compounds, all forms work on the same principle. They all have a stationary...
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...org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Tawa-tawa is usually abundant throughout the Philippines in waste places and open grasslands. The plant is an annual hairy herb, usually much-branched from the base. These branches are simple or forked, ascending or spreading up to 40 centimeters long and often reddish or purplish. The leaves are opposite, distichous, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2.5 centimeters long, toothed at the margin, and usually botched with purple in the middle. The plant deserves special attention because of its medicinal properties. Local tradition credits that this plant can help patients stricken with dengue fever. While it does not fight with the virus, it promotes the development of blood platelets and softens the effect of the viruses which attack the blood. However the department of health advises the public not to be much dependent on the said herbal medicine, despite its proven efficacy. This study was conducted to elucidate the structure, antimicrobial and...
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... Increasing the concentration of caffeine in Daphnia increases heart rate. Independent vs. Dependent Variable Independent Variable: One or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment. Dependent Variable: A feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changed in response to the independent variable. What solutions were used to test for the 4 types of organic molecules? Iodine- Polysaccharide Benedict’s Reagent- Sugar Biuret Test- Protein Brown Paper Test- Lipids Vegetable Oil- Solubility of Lipids What does a positive test look like? -Iodine test for polysaccharide: dark purple/black/blue -Vegetable Oil test for solubility of lipids: 1 layer -Biuret test for protein: violet color -Benedict’s Reagent for sugar: very high concentration/orange-red How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit and vise versa? Degrees Fahrenheit= 9/5 degreesC + 32 degrees Degrees Celsius= 5/9(degreesF - 32 degrees) ...
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...------------------------------------------------- Gas chromatography Gas chromatography (GC), is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.[1][2] In gas chromatography, the mobile phase (or "moving phase") is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or an unreactive gas such as nitrogen. The stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on an inert solidsupport, inside a piece of glass or metal tubing called a column (a homage to the fractionating column used in distillation). The instrument used to perform gas chromatography is called a gas chromatograph (or "aerograph", "gas separator"). The gaseous compounds being analyzed interact with the walls of the column, which is coated with a stationary phase. This causes each compound to elute at a different time, known as the retention time of the compound. The comparison of retention times is what gives GC its analytical usefulness. Gas chromatography is in principle similar to column chromatography (as well as other forms of chromatography, such as HPLC, TLC), but has several notable...
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...Felicia Lee; Walter Dinivan; Madam Jetkor Miang Singh; Roberto Calvi; Buck Ruxton & the Jigsaw Murders; Acid Bath Haigh; 2005 London Bombings; "Brides in the Bath"; Gareth Williams; The Woodchipper Murder WEEK 2- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE Quote "Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea" The act is not culpable unless the mind is also guilty. Learning Objective(s) At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 2A. Atomic Structure & Spectroscopy 1. Explain the structure of the atom and Bohr's model; 2. Differentiate between emission and absorption spectroscopy; 3. Explain the chemistry behind EDX and SEM-EDX; 4. Explain the chemistry in NAA; 2B. Molecular Spectroscopy & Chromatography 1. Apply the principles of chromatography; 2. Describe the methods used in the analysis of compounds; 3. Explain the chemistry behind the methods for the analysis of compounds; 4. Identify which method is more effective for the analysis of compounds. Synopsis An introduction to spectroscopy and the structure of atoms. The comparisons...
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...Patrick Sullivan HSCI 331 Journal Critique The Potential for Glycemic Control Monitoring and Screening for diabetes at Dental Visits Using Oral Blood: By: Shiela M. Strauss, Mary T. Rosedale, Michael A. Pesce, David M. Rindskopf, Navjot Kaur, Caroline M. Juterbock, Mark S. Wolff, Dolores Malaspina, and Ann Danoff Vol. 105, No. 4, pp. 796-801. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302357 Diabetes has become a major problem in the United States. More and more Americans are affected each day because simple healthy lifestyle routines are not met. There are many undiagnosed Americans who do not know that they have or are susceptible to diabetes due to family history of the disease or their very own dietary disorientation. Glycemic control, a way to monitor blood sugar through diet and blood source, has proven to help people with diabetes and those who are pre-diabetic. The major public health issue which this research concerns is how to get early diagnosis and treatment through a more primary intervention for those who already have or are susceptible to diabetes. The study is important because Type 2 diabetes and other forms of the disease are preventable. Patients can only be helped if they are diagnosed, understand susceptibility, and are aware of the health problem. There is a known fact that most patients visit their dental provider more often than a primary care provider (PCP), some reasons being that dental visits are inexpensive and less invasive. The objective...
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...10/26/2010 STANDARDIZATION OF HERBAL PRODUCTS ZHARI ISMAIL & JAMSHED SIDDIQUI HEAD (R & D) CENTRE FOR HERBAL STANDARDISATION (CHEST) PUSAT PENGAJIAN SAINS FARMASI UNIV. SAINS MALAYSIA International Conference & Talkshow on Medicinal Plant 39th. Meeting of National Working Group on Indonesian Medicinal Plant. Jakarta, 19-20th October 2010 CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. Introduction: Overview of Standardization of plant extracts Meaning of Standardized Extracts Problems related to standardization of herbal products Common techniques used for standardization of herbal products Validation techniques for herbal products Standardization techniques for mixed herbal products Method for the determination of soluble sugars in plant extracts Conclusion Multiple subsectors for Herbs There are huge global opportunities for herbs based business Phytopharmaceuticals Modern drugs Drug leads Drug intermediates Low to High-End Products available for Herbs • Fast growing industry and require investment to become leader with short time to enter market High MAPs MAPs MAPs Herbal drugs Herbal drug preparation Herbal Med production Traditional medicines Complementary Alternate Medicines House hold remedies 26.6b 5.9b Herbs/Botanicals 5% Growth Rate Functional Foods Nutraceuticals 4.7b 25b Cosmeceuticals/ Cosmetics Insect repellants Insecticides Pesticides Fungicides Pharmaceutical Aids Gums Mucilages Edible dyes Sweeteners Essential Oils Flavours...
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... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Using Drugs to Reduce Detection Times . . . 3 Test Methods 3.1 Substances that are Detectable . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 DrugAlert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Gas Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry . . . . . 3.5 Hair testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 High Performance Liquid Chromatography . . . . . 3.7 ImmunoAssay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1 Radio ImmunoAssay (aka AbuScreen) . . . 3.7.2 Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique 3.7.3 Fluorescence Polarization ImmunoAssay . . 3.8 PharmChek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 TestCup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11 13 13 13 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 21 21 21 22 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 CONTENTS 3.10 Thin Layer Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 Test...
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...INTRODUCTION The rapid expansion and increasing sophistication of the chemical industries in the past century and particularly over the last thirty years has meant that there has been an increasing amount and complexity of toxic waste effluents. Even though policies and environmental efforts should continue to be directed towards applying pressure to industry to reduce toxic waste production, biotechnology presents opportunities to detoxify industrial effluents. Bacteria can be altered to produce certain enzymes that metabolize industrial waste components that are toxic to other life, and also new pathways can be designed for the biodegradation of various wastes. Since waste management itself is a well-established industry, genetics and enzymology can be simply "bolted-on" to existing engineering expertise. Examination of effluents from the chemical and petrochemical industries shows that such effluents typically contain either one or a limited range of major toxic components. In some cases other considerations (such as aesthetic ones) can be important for removal of certain components (such as dyes). This means that in general one industry may apply one or a few genetically modified bacterial strains to get rid of its major toxic waste. However, it may be important to contain the "waste-eating" bacteria within the manufacturing plant, and not release these with the waste water. In such cases, filter installations will have to be built to separate the bacteria from the...
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...ABSTRACT A computer based security went through part of varieties. A biometric system is very common identification system that perceives a person by deciding the Identification by utilizing his/her diverse organic features. This biometric innovation can overcome of the issues found in token-based Identification frameworks. Unpredictable natural mixes exhibit in the human body that have some uniqueness prompts recognize individual. E-Nose utilize sensor cluster and gas chromatography to remove highlight of stench and recognize specific individual by sniffing body odour. In this paper, I provide overview of the fundamentals of biometric identification utilizing Human Body Odour. INTRODUCTION In past time we use token based identification. Use of card or key has several disadvantages such as can be lost,...
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...Chemistry David Harvey DePauw University Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto McGraw-Hill Higher Education A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies MODERN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 KGP/KGP 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 0–07–237547–7 Vice president and editorial director: Kevin T. Kane Publisher: James M. Smith Sponsoring editor: Kent A. Peterson Editorial assistant: Jennifer L. Bensink Developmental editor: Shirley R. Oberbroeckling Senior marketing manager: Martin J. Lange Senior project manager: Jayne Klein Production supervisor: Laura Fuller Coordinator of freelance design: Michelle D. Whitaker Senior photo research coordinator: Lori Hancock Senior supplement coordinator: Audrey A. Reiter Compositor: Shepherd, Inc. Typeface: 10/12 Minion Printer: Quebecor Printing Book Group/Kingsport Freelance cover/interior designer: Elise Lansdon Cover image: © George Diebold/The Stock Market Photo research:...
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...Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2014, Article ID 369204, 32 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/369204 Review Article Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae): A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of This Medicinal Plant Juliana Félix-Silva,1 Raquel Brandt Giordani,2 Arnóbio Antonio da Silva-Jr,1 Silvana Maria Zucolotto,2 and Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa1 1 Laborat´rio de Tecnologia & Biotecnologia Farmacˆutica (TecBioFar), Programa de P´ s-graduacao em Ciˆncias o e o ¸˜ e Farmacˆuticas (PPgCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, e Petr´ polis, 59012-570 Natal, RN, Brazil o 2 Laborat´rio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farm´ cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), o a Rua General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, Petr´ polis, 59012-570 Natal, RN, Brazil o Correspondence should be addressed to Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa; mpedrosa31@uol.com.br Received 24 February 2014; Revised 1 May 2014; Accepted 1 May 2014; Published 5 June 2014 Academic Editor: Shi-Biao Wu Copyright © 2014 Juliana F´lix-Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution e License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), widely known as “bellyache bush,”...
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