...Blood for Sale: A Discussion from Multiple Ethical Dimensions To make money by selling blood is an issue and discussion for ages. The most vital factor is its ethical implications. When an egoist is asked about this topic, he presents his own valuable ideas. According to the ethical egoist, selling blood is not at all unethical. He presents a strong notion that if an action produces positive consequences for the doer, then it must be considered as ethical because it meets his own self-interest (Blackburn, 2003). If a person offers his blood to some patient in return of some money, then it should be important to analyze the type of consequences. The money or other benefits that he gains or achieves, exclusively meet his needs and produces good results for him. Therefore, from the egoist’s point of view, putting someone’s blood for sale is absolutely ethical and it does not violate any moral implication. The basic concept of Utilitarianism is that every action should be guided by a sense of emotion, focusing on the well-being of others. Utilitarian theory tries to ensure that we should act in such a way that would produce the utmost happiness for all from an overall perspective. Every action must be guided by forecasting the consequence of it. Utilitarianism also argues that human beings are primarily rational. Therefore, it is quite obvious that we will act from a rational perspective rather than from an emotional one. This theory is certainly ambiguous to some extent. The...
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...Case Study: Blood for Sale (2.1) Question 1 Based on the case study, Sol Levin and his colleagues are the founder of Plasma International. He legalised the lucrative market referring on secure and uncontaminated blood. Regarding this question, Sol Levin’s company is running a business “just like any other business” in the country. Why did I accept this phrase? This is because one wouldn’t be able to acquire blood just like any other department stores, supermarkets, chain stores or hypermarkets as was mentioned by a woman working as a machine operator. However, I deliberate the sort of business he coordinate is open to moral criticism as well. Why is it open to moral criticism? It fosters an awareness and inequity towards the publics. The company has to realize what is right and wrong as a way to fabricate appropriate resolutions. As an illustration, it utters that the wealthy is capable to pay the monetary for the bloods without any hesitancy and live longer, where else the poverty-stricken can’t furnish to purchase the blood and they tend to live shorter. An example of a country is Africa. This manifest that there is no equality in selling the bloods between the poor’s and rich. Question 2 In my viewpoint, the Plasma International didn’t strike an unprejudiced haggle with the West Africans who donated their blood to the company. The Plasma International purchases blood at an amount of 15 cents a pint from the rural West Africans tribes. Later, they sell it to the United...
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...would create injustices or would violate the rights of individuals due to this business is allowing blood to be bought and sold in unfair manner. Every person has an equal right to life. To protect this right, society has an obligation to ensure that every person whether rich or poor has equal access to medical benefits. But if a market in blood were to develop, ability to pay would determine who could buy blood, while economic need would determine who would be motivated to sell their blood. The very wealthy would end up buyers of the blood being sold by the very poor. A market in blood would thus benefit the wealthy while putting pressures on the poor to endanger their own health. Such an unequal distribution of health benefits and burdens would be unjust. (Brock and Wikler, 2006) Moreover, individuals have a right to live their lives with freedom and dignity. A market in blood would inevitably lead to abuses that would violate the freedom and dignity of individuals. Allowing blood to be bought and sold would lead to what one critic called the "plundering of peasants' parts for profits", the exploitation of the poor and ignorant, especially in impoverished third-world countries. People living in extreme poverty are often desperate and ill-informed. Profit seekers would take advantage of this, obtaining "consent" from those who feel compelled by necessity to sell their blood, and who may not have a clear idea of the consequences of what they were doing. Such a scheme would...
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...Blood for Sale 1. Is Sol Levin running a business “just like any other business,” or is his company open to moral criticism? Defend your answer by appeal to moral principle. Sol Levin is running a business like any other business person in the world. However, I think the type of business he is in open to moral criticism. I found it hard to make the same decisions. I do not have it in me to buy blood at a quarter and sell it for a dollar. In the world I live in, blood is life and you give the life for free. If I were firefighter, I would pledge to lay my life for another. Thus this idea is foreign to me. 2. Did plasma international strike a fair bargain with the West Africans who supplied their blood to the company? Or is plasma guilty of exploiting them in some way? Plasma international purchased blood from poor South African people for fifteen cents to the pint. They then sold it here in the United States for up to twenty five dollars per pint. I believe it absolutely is the exploitation of poor people to further the success of a few. A fair market value could have been paid at the rate it would have been paid in the United States. 3. What are the contrasting ideals of the British and U.S. blood systems? Which system, in your opinion, better promotes human freedom and respect for people? Which system better promotes the supply of blood? In the United States blood can be bought and sold in The United Kingdom it is not. I think that the United Kingdom model it promotes the actual...
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...ventured into the medical equipment industry with a sole intention of providing durable, affordable medical equipment for growing needs of medical attention of the United States and the world. The company has, since grown tremendously and has started producing different kinds of medical equipment ranging from everyday usage equipment, diagnostic equipment, and therapeutic usage equipment to life saving equipment. MTG currently employs around 5000 employees all over the world that includes technical personnel, researchers, factory workers and executives. The company has grown to be the third largest medical equipment manufacturer and provider in the United States with annual sales of $2.5 billion dollars. Currently the company acquires 15% (8% from China and 7% from China) of its revenue from international sales and looks forward to doubling that to 30% and increasing overall growth by 20%. Management Bios Perdita Das: Nationality: Bangladeshi Work Experience: University of Bridgeport, Bank of America and Orion Pediatrics Qualifications: B.S International Business and M.B.A International Business Involvement: University of Bridgeport Prashant Giri Nationality: Nepali Work Experience: worked in the Nepal bank limited for 3 years as a marketing manager, 2 year experience in Nepal stock exchange...
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...of substitute blood in the medical market. The first blood substitute, called Oxyglobin, is ready to launch to the veterinary market. Another blood substitute, called Hemopure, is for human market. It is still in phase 3 of clinical trial, which needs two more years to be officially approved by FDA. The CEO of the Biopure, Carl Rausch, is pondering whether the early release of Oxyglobin would be beneficial for the company. Or she should postpone the launch of Oxyglobin until after Hemopure had established itself in the marketplace. The immediate launch of Oxyglobin can bring Biopure many benefits. For instance, it can generate revenue and establish brand awareness in the marketplace. Additionally, if the rough break-even analysis is estimated, the price of $150 of Oxyglobin could help break even less in a year (see appendix 1). According to the article, 84% of the vet doctors expressed dissatisfaction with the currently available blood transfusion alternatives. There is also the lack of time and resource to tie the donor and recipient. As a result, Oxyglobin can help solving many existing problems in the veterinary blood market, as well as has a good chance to become a leader in blood substitutes industry. While two years waiting of FDA’s approval of Hemopure, the early launch of Oxyglobin has well established the brand reputation and brought some profits through sales to the firm. Meanwhile, Biopure has also received feedback on public acceptance of blood substitutes....
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...SITUATION ANALYSIS Blood Supply - 14 Million units were donated, 12.9 were not analogous and 1.1 mill were - in 1995 3.2M units of blood into 1.5M patients - chronic illness (ex: anaemia) - 8.1M units were put into 2.5M patients - acute blood loss demand of human blood is often in shortage (in certain times) Blood substitutes - used for an alternative to human blood 1997 - no approved blood substitute Biopure has spent $200 M in the development of bovine-sourced substitute Oxyglobin - animals, Hemopure - Humans No revenue, enough capital to operate 2 more years 1998, Biopure was one of three legitimate contenders in the emerging field of “blood substitutes.” Oxyglobin ready to launch OPPORTUNITY/PROBLEM/ISSUE 1. How do you assess Biopure’s potential in the human market? (Hemopure) *Pros and Cons Table *Hemopure against competitors Table Competitors have larger production capacity, established distribution network Hemopure Product Characteristics - “Universal,” no blood typing needed, less potential for rejection - Cannot cause infections or be contaminated - Increased shelf life, can be stored for 2 years - 100% efficient at carrying oxygen to vital organs - Purity, efficacy, convience - Need in critical-care situations Finances - Received $50 million for funding Competitive Advantage - Baxter and NL compete for limited available (1.2 million) expired or rejected units - Biopure has unlimited supply from cows (10,000 cattle...
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...EMBA, 2014- Marketing EMBA, 2014- Marketing Licensing Recommendation, Amicon Blood Filtration Technology Licensing Recommendation, Amicon Blood Filtration Technology 08 Fall 08 Fall To: Mr. Jacobs From: RE: Licensing Recommendation, Amicon blood filtration technology Date: May 10, 2014 Introduction: As a leader in the field of blood filtration technology Amicon has created a competitive advantage by being first to market in the disposable membranes technology, which enable the separation of blood, the filtration of extraordinary large molecules, cleansing of impurities and proteins in order to obtain a more concentrated form quickly. This superior device is capable of separating blood & plasma quickly, efficiently and safely. The key challenge is formulating the right Product Form Strategy (PFS) to turn these new inventions into profit yielding endeavors. Recommendation: To maximize profitability, and ensure that Amicon remains at the forefront of innovation and development we recommend an Exclusive but for Amicon licensing venture with Jackson. This will allow for Amicon to capitalize on the market share that Jackson holds in the industry, while allowing for Amicon to remain viable in R &D of new products. Further we would recommend a 15% payment of royalties on sales made by Jackson. Structuring the payment based on sales rather than revenue would enable us to avoid problematic determination of licensee profit...
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...BG: blood substitute (low revenue with little debt and financing) Human market: hemopure Human blood market: rising demand but Low rate of donation, short shelf life, need of exact blood type matching, risk of AIDS. Human blood substitutes Industry analysis(competitors): Biopure: “Hemopure” Source of hemoglobin: Bovine blood Cost of production: $15 million Raw material cost: $1.5 per unit Storage: room temperature Clinic trial phase: Phase III Expected launch time: late 1999 or early 2000 Pricing: $600-$800 Baxter International: Over $5.4 billion sales, $670 million net income in 1996. It's an acknowledged leader in development, manufacture and sale of blood related to medical products. Product: “HemAssist” Source of hemoglobin: Outdated RBC of human blood Cost of production: $50 million Raw material cost: $8 per unit Storage: need to be frozen Clinic trial phase: Phase III Expected launch time: late 1999 or early 2000 Pricing: $600-$800 Product capacity is 1000000 units per year NorthField Laboratories: Northfield was a small 45- person firm founded in 1985. Their main focus is human blood substitute. Product: “Polyheme” (similar to HemAssist in production and functions) Source of hemoglobin: Outdated RBC of human blood Cost of production: $70 million Raw material cost: $26 per unit Storage: need to be frozen Clinic trial phase: Phase III Expected launch time: late 1999 or early 2000 Pricing: $600-$800 Product capacity is 10000 units...
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...Annual Report 2013 In 1921, Terumo began meeting the challenges in medical care © Courtesy of the Kitasato Institute archives In 1921, Terumo Corporation was founded by several medical scientists and doctors, including Dr. Shibasaburo Kitasato to produce clinical thermometers in Japan. Until then, these vital medical devices were imported, and had been since the close of WWI. In the late 19th century, Kitasato studied in Germany under Dr. Robert Koch, a founding father of microbiology and proponent of the germ theory. In fact, Kitasato was the first person ever to succeed in culturing tetanus microbes, after which he propounded serotherapy. Later, serotherapy was used to treat diphtheria patients, saving many lives. After returning to Japan, Kitasato founded the Institute of Infectious Diseases, the School of Medicine at Keio University, and the Japan Medical Association. Today, Kitasato is known as the father of modern medicine in Japan. Terumo’ s mission remains unchanged: to persist in the quest of contributing to human health and life, to maintain an indomitable spirit and meet each new challenge with the same determination that our founder, Dr. Shibasaburo Kitasato maintained throughout his life. Corporate Mission Contributing to Society through Healthcare We contribute to society by providing valued products and services in the healthcare market and by responding to the needs of healthcare providers and the people they serve. Corporate Vision Terumo's unique technology...
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...Hemophure, which are blood substitutes designed to perform the function of carrying oxygen to different parts of the body as usually done by the blood. Oxyglobin, intended for animal use was FDA approved and was ready for commercial use whereas Hemopure, intended for human blood transfusion was two years away from FDA approval. Problem Statement The CEO of Biopure Corporation, Carl Rausch must make a decision on whether to launch the FDA approved Oxyglobin prior to Hemophure or wait until Hemophure gets a FDA approval which is estimated to take two years. Solution It is suggested that Biopure Corporation do not wait for Hemophure to get FDA approval and go with launching Oxyglobin as the company will have many benefits by launching Oxyglobin upfront. Framework SWOT Analysis: Strength • Improve Biopure’s financial status • Gain market experience Weakness • Acceptance for human blood substitute • Market launch of Hemophure depends on FDA approval Opportunity • Market share generation and positive brand equity • Set market dominance • Good distribution network Threats • Both the products have same production process • Competitors with better production facility may establish distribution channel The Company can implement the following to achieve huge benefits out of the launch of Oxyglobin. Business Strategy: The Company can start selling Oxyglobin at an initial price of $150 per unit to the intensive care practice at the veterinary blood market and have its...
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...FROM: NAVEEN KUMAR RAPAKA SUBJECT: LAUNCH OF OXYGLOBIN IN THE VETERINARY MARKET. DATE: SEPTEMBER 2, 2015 Biopure Corporation, has two game changing blood substitute products, Hemopure and Oxyglobin. Oxyglobin is the first ever blood substitute for the small animal veterinary market and already has the FDA clearance for commercial use. Hemopure, which is mostly similar to Oxyglobin is intended for human use and currently undergoing phase-3 trials and it would take at least 2 years for the approval of FDA for public use. The Vice-President of veterinary products, Andy Wright, avers that starting the sales of Oxyglobin will start revenue generation for the organization and also set the platform for the launch of Hemopure by helping to rectify the mistakes committed in the process of sales of Oxyglobin. The Vice-President of human clinical trials, Ted Jacobs, strongly condemns the commercial sales of Oxyglobin until Hemopure is launched into the market as he thinks it would create a nonviable expectation about the price of Hemopure. It has to be decided whether the company would be benefitted with the launch of Oxyglobin especially considering the fact that the investors are desirous of taking Biopure for a public listing. I recommend that Biopure Corporation should go ahead with the commercial sales of Oxyglobin. Of the many advantages that the firm is going to have with this decision, the most vital is the revenue generation. Although the veterinary market...
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...Biopure Corporation: A Case Study Biopure Corporation specializes in blood substitutes for transfusion patients, both in the veterinary market and the human market. However, in 1998, Biopure faced the monumental decision of whether to begin selling Oxyglobin, a blood substitute, to the veterinary market or to wait until Hemoglobin, a blood substitute for the human market, became available for sale. Biopure’s problem was simple: should the company launch Oxyglobin before Hemoglobin is FDA-approved or wait until after Hemoglobin is approved and released into the human market. Ted Jacobs, vice president for Human Clinical Trials at Biopure Corporation, argued that Oxyglobin should be released later because Hemoglobin would not be able to be priced at such a high rate if the same product (for a different market) was charging much less. However, Andy Wright, vice president for Veterinary Products at Biopure Corporation, countered that Oxyglobin would increase the market and make people familiar with the Biopure name, thereby giving the company competitive edge in the human market. Our recommendation is to release Oxyglobin immediately rather than wait for Hemoglobin’s FDA-approval. The reasoning behind this decision follows from an analysis of both the veterinary blood substitute market and the human blood substitute market. Reasons to release Oxyglobin immediately are summarized in Exhibit A. This conclusion requires the Oxyglobin marketing team to make several subsequent decisions...
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...Convention Proceedings, November 17, 2011 The Practicability of Blood Alcohol Concentration Test & Drunken Driving in Tanzania Authors: Address: Emails: Key Words: Gilliard W. Ngewe & Batholomew Marcel National Institute of Transport ngeweg@yahoo.co.uk : batholomewm@yahoo.com Alcohol intoxication, blood alcohol concentration, breathe alcohol content, central nervous system, correlation coefficient, drug, drunken driving, enforcement mechanisms and impaired driving Abstract Beverage alcohol is widely enjoyed the world over in countless different settings and by a great many people. It is well recognized that irresponsible drinking patterns coupled with certain behaviors, such as driving, may bring about a range of harmful outcomes. Accordingly, many countries agree on the need to establish regulations that prohibit impaired driving, particularly as it applies to the operation of automobiles on public roads. The setting of maximum allowable Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) level is a tool for enforcement and for prevention. The offense of driving with a BAC above the legal limit is variously known as “Driving under the Influence” (DUI), “Driving While Intoxicated” (DWI), “drink – driving” or “drunken driving” among other similar names. The most common method of determining BAC is by measuring the alcohol in an exhaled sample of breath. However, there are claims that breath alcohol levels do not reliably mirror blood alcohol levels, in response certain countries have specifically...
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...jeopardize the sales of Hemopure. The concern here is that the estimated price of Oxyglobin ($150 per unit) might not allow Hemopure to be released at a higher estimated price as $600 per unit. As per my analysis this should not be a major concern as the advantages of releasing outweighs this concern. Here are the reasons why Oxyglobin should be released soon in the market: * As FDA approval takes time, being the first player in the market will give us an edge over the others and we will get an opportunity to establish Biopure. The possibility of success of Oxyglobin will become a platform for Hemopure to use the brand image already built. * The competitors Baxter Internationals and Northfield Laboratories are expected to release their products for human blood substitute at a price $600 to $800 per unit. The price of Hemopure should be compared against other human blood substitute as opposed to animal blood substitute. * As we do not have prior experience of going into market, this will be a good opportunity to experiment and learn before releasing Hemopure. It will also help us to form contacts with distribution networks, as our competitors have established distribution network. * This will be a good opportunity to generate our first profit. The estimated profit is around 20 to 34 million (Refer appendix). Pricing Strategy: I would recommend releasing Oxyglobin at a price $200 per unit because: * The average cost of a visit to vet is $60 but blood transfusion...
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