In blood transfusion practice, the ABO is the most important blood group system for blood group compatibility (Schwarz & Dorner, 2003). This is because A, B antigens are strongly immunogenic and upon stimulation elicit a strong antibody response and their alloantibody can cause destruction of transfused red cells (Enosolease & Bazuaye, 2008). The ABO blood group system is considered to be safe and cost effective in most transfusion except in case of multiple transfusions where extensive cross matching is required even for minor antigen to prevent alloimmunization (Hassan et al., 2004). ABO antigen is the integral part of cell membrane and has different biochemical composition despite similar basic antigen (Dean, 2005). B phenotype is most common …show more content…
Both of these tests had the advantage that their results could be detected with the naked eye. Quick and routinely used in emergency medicine. The first test involved mixing the blood sample to be typed with antiserum on a blood grouping glass tile and checking for any signs of agglutination. The second test required mixing the blood sample with antiserum in a test tube with a saline solution and letting the test stand for 2 hours before checking for the presence of any sedimentation which was a sign of agglutination. Of the 2 tests, the second was the most common one performed in hospitals (Sandler & Abedalthagafi; Lennox & Sacks 1988). Before, antiserum made from human blood donated by volunteers. In 1975 Milstein together with Köhler pioneered a technique for the production of monoclonal antibody (Milstein & Köhler, …show more content…
Iyer et al. obtained a clone 2C4D5F10 was generated anti-B antiserum with a good potency, avidity and specificity (Iyer et al., 2006). Voak et al. (1982) had identified one anti-A and one anti-B monoclonal antibody that were good for routine use in ABO blood typing (Voak et al., 1982). There are two ways to produce a given monoclonal antibody by a hybridoma. One required the use of animals (mice, rabbits, and so on) in the ascites method. The in vitro cultivation techniques generating monoclonal antibody in the hybridoma technology has reduced the number of animals (Arathoon & Birch 1986; Birch et al., 1985; Voak, 1980). The production of monoclonal antibodies in the culture bottles is rather low (5-10 (µg/ml) but the ascitic fluid contains about 5-20 mg of monoclonal antibodies per ml (Lennox et al, 1981). But collection of monoclonal antibody from ascitic fluid is associated with the heavy risk of contamination by pathogenic organisms of the animal. In addition, several animals have to be sacrificed to produce monoclonal antibody. Hence, many workers prefer in vitro techniques rather than the use of