...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...
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...Case Study AP2530 March 23, 2015 Case Study Hypertension Hi my name is and I will be your nurse today. I see that you have been diagnosed with hypertension and I would like to help you understand your diagnosis. Your body is a delicate piece of machinery that works on what is called a negative feedback system. Your body has many checks and balances that keep everything within certain levels. To put this in terms that I think you might understand, when your body needs energy it sends signals that tell you to eat. That is why your stomach starts growling. If your body is low on fluids it sends signals to your brain telling you to drink something. Well the same process happens with blood pressure signals. They are sent from receptor’s that monitor in your body to your control center, which is your brain that make changes needed to keep things at normal levels or homeostatic. Your brain sends instruction to set in motion changes in your blood pressure by your receptors to take action to raise or lower your blood pressure. This is done by the messages telling the blood vessels to widen or narrow and your heart to speed up or slow down. To lower your blood pressure, the vessels get wide and the heart slows. The trouble is if your blood vessels are always going to be widened and your heart is always slowed stress is placed on them. It is like a garden hose that is always left on with the sprayer closed, eventual the hose becomes weak. The same thing happens to your blood...
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...rupture of membranes, placental abnormalities, and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome. It is pertinent to mention that smoking causes vascular diseases that in turns affect flow of blood through the placenta. Smokers, in fact, look older than they actually are because the blood vessels are partially obstructed and calcified. The complications resulting from placental abruption are more common in smokers. As mentioned above, smoking cigarette includes carbon monoxide. Since carbon monoxide is the replacement for oxygen in the blood during smoking, there are some fetuses that could attempt to compensate for this particular deprivation by creating extra red blood cells for the purpose of carrying extra oxygen. In some extraordinary cases, the blood gets thicker from the proliferation of such cells and ultimately cuts off the supply of blood to critical organs with fatal results. Smoking causes a person's heart to run in overdrive and ultimately there is a shortage of oxygen in heart. Heart then has to work more for maintaining supply to the entire human body. The blood vessels are narrowed causing high blood pressure. Moreover, smoking impacts the cardiovascular system of human beings which also becomes a cause of high blood pressure or hypertension. The effect of high blood pressure is heart related diseases....
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...Capstone Project: Case Study #3 Hypertension Kaplan University 14 October, 2014 Hypertension Hypertension is commonly known to many people as high blood pressure. Hypertension is a condition in which the arteries in the body have elevated blood pressure. When heart beats, it will pump blood throughout the body your body from your arteries. The blood pressure stems from the force of blood that pushes against the blood vessel walls. When an individual has elevated blood pressure, the harder the heart has to work to pump blood. The normal range for blood pressure is below 120/80. “The 120 in the blood pressure represents the systolic measurement, or the peak pressure in the...
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...Case Studies on Cardiac Function This is the first case study that is required for the class. Please submit a paper (doesn’t have to be long; you could even give me bullet-point answers to the questions listed below) that answers all of the questions posed after Case Study 1. I have included an easy second case study which, if you complete it, will be worth extra credit. Answers to the first Case Study are worth 25 points and responding to Case Study 1 is required work for the course. The extra credit, which is not required, will be worth a total of 10 points. Case 1 A.O. is an 89-year-old woman with a long history of systolic heart failure secondary to a large left ventricular infarct when she was in her 70s. She had poor activity tolerance and required assistance with activities of daily living. Even minimal activity was associated with moderately severe dyspnea and exertional chest pain, which was relieved by rest. A.O. also exhibited marked pedal edema bilaterally. She is being treated with digitalis, furosemide (Lasix), KCl, and sublingual nitroglycerin. Discussion Questions 1. Which type of heart failure (left or right sided) is usually associated with dyspnea? Left-sided heart failure is usually associated with dyspnea. What other clinical findings are likely to be present with left-sided heart failure? Other clinical findings that are likely to be present with left-sided heart failure include radiographic cardiomegaly, abnormal apical pulse and...
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...1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the literature survey related to the influence of acceleration on the pulsatile blood flow and the characteristics of blood and the main handling is the effected of external body acceleration to the flow of blood in the human artery, showing the results that gained and considering the conclusions revealed from those studies. In the normal situation, blood flow in the human blood vessels based on the normal functioning of heart. The heart pump produce the pressure gradient throughout the blood vessel. This consist of two components, one is constant or non-fluctuating and the other is fluctuating or pulsatile. (V.K.SUD AND G.S.SEKHON) The pulsatile flow...
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...is better understood as a complex system which includes capillaries, vessels, cells, organs, ducts, lymph nodes and valves which all contribute to linking different structures together in order to transport excess fluid from the body tissues to the bloodstream and permeate pathogens from the blood (2, 3). Figure 2. Figure 1. The lymphatic vessels form a major element of the lymphatic system and are extensively distributed in most areas of the body excluding the central nervous system, bone marrow, bones, teeth, eyeball and avascular tissues such as cartilage (1,3) as illustrated in Figure 1. The lymphatic vessels themselves initiate as lymphatic...
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...nearly every part of the body and has been linked to conditions like hypertension, and diabetic neuropathy. Recently there has been a significant increase in the number of cases of Diabetes mellitus within the United States alone the number of cases has dramatically increased over the last decade. This increase does not only affect the U.S. but a majority of the world. The increase has been seen in both type one and type two. Many of the areas have correlating health issues associated with Diabetes mellitus. It is most prevalent in the North...
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...Journal Entry 1 for Case 426: Blind Infant Case Study, November 30th, 2014. A patient has signed up for a case study for their family and their new born child who has born blind. It has been established that the child is blind as a result from Retinopathy of Prematurity. For those unaware, it is a result from the abnormal growth of blood vessels in the retina. According to the reports from the Maternity ward, the tests came up as clear, but after closer inspection they saw the retina had completely detached, Diagnosing the Child with Stage Five ROP. The Child has since been released and is otherwise healthy. The family is just the Mother and Father, so we won't be analyzing any siblings at this point, but the parents did indicate they may try for another child within a year or two. The Mother is a stay-at-home mom after leaving her job for the pregnancy, and with this diagnosis does not plan on returning to work for an extensive amount of time. The father works in IT for Ford, and is able to work from home often. They have...
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...There are many blood disorders that affect the lives of many people. Some are genetic while others are the consequences of disease and poor diet. There are three different blood disorders that stem from theses causes: sickle cell anemia, thrombocytopenia, and iron deficiency anemia. Each of these blood disorders are diagnosed, treated, and have different prevention methods. Sickle cell anemia causes normal round red blood cells to become crescent shaped. Normal red blood cells can easily move throughout the body’s blood vessels and supply the body with the adequate amount of oxygen enriched blood. But crescent or sickle shaped red blood cells often get stuck in the blood vessels blocking the vessels and causing the stop of oxygen from getting to the bodies organs, tissue, muscle, and bones. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an inherited genetic trait by both of the parents of the affected child. If the child only inherits the sickle cell gene from one parent then the child is said to have the trait but not the disease. However, the child that has only the trait is considered a carrier of the disease and can pass the gene to his or her children. Most people are diagnosed with sickle cell anemia when they are born by having a simple blood test that most hospitals require at birth. Antibiotics are the first course of treatment and it is given to children between the ages of two months to five years of age. Parents are also encouraged to have their children’s routine childhood immunizations...
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...Blood Viscosity Earlier, More Accurate Prediction of Cardiovascular Event Risk Pushpa Larsen, ND [pic]Ralph Holsworth, DO, recently shared a story with me about a patient he had in Colorado many years ago. He was an intern in a Denver hospital when he admitted a patient diagnosed as having a blood clot in his leg. Dr Holsworth started him on low-molecular-weight heparin subcutaneous injections concurrently with warfarin sodium. He worked the patient up for congenital thrombophilias, cancer, hypothyroidism, and other conditions, and consulted with hematology-oncology on the case. When the patient’s prothrombin time–international normalized ratio exceeded 2.0, Dr Holsworth was instructed by hematology-oncology to discharge the patient. A few minutes later, Dr Holsworth’s pager buzzed. His patient had just collapsed in the parking lot. He rushed down to the emergency department, where cardiopulmonary resuscitation was in progress and assisted in the code. The patient was pronounced dead after several attempts at resuscitation. A mandatory autopsy revealed that the patient had a major pulmonary embolism, resulting in his sudden death. It was not until several years later that Dr Holsworth learned of the role of whole blood viscosity (WBV) in the formation of thrombi. Dr Holsworth recalled that his aforementioned patient had been discharged with normal vital signs and laboratory test results that provided no indication of the evolving danger. Dr Holsworth later became one...
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...cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing abnormal artery tone and function. Without an adequate blood supply, the heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients it needs to work properly. This can cause chest pain called angina. If blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is cut off entirely, or if the energy demands of the heart become much greater than its blood supply, a heart attack (injury to the heart muscle) may occur. Your coronary arteries are shaped like hollow tubes through which blood can flow freely. The muscular walls of the coronary arteries are normally smooth and elastic and are lined with a layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium provides a physical barrier between the blood stream and the coronary artery walls, while regulating the function of the artery by releasing chemical signals in response to various stimuli. Coronary artery disease starts when you are very young. Before your teen years, the blood vessel walls begin to show streaks of fat. As you get older, the fat builds up, causing slight injury to your blood vessel walls. Other substances traveling through your blood stream, such as inflammatory cells, cellular waste products, proteins and calcium begin to stick to the vessel walls. The fat and other substances combine to form a material calledplaque. Over time, the inside of the...
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...of the requirements for the degree of Chemistry Honors 2007 Approved by Chairperson of Supervisory Committee Program Authorized to Offer Degree Date Abstract Adrenaline A thesis presented on the hormone called adrenaline containing its origin, effects, location in the body, and why it is significant to the body and its systems. Table of Contents List of Figures ii Acknowledgements iii Glossary iv Introduction 1 Chapter I: Case Study 2 Statement of Problem 3 Purpose of Study 3 Description of Terms 5 Chapter II: Conceptual Framework 12 Physiology of Problem 13 Sociology of Problem 21 Chapter III: Methodology 40 Selection of Celestial Bodies 41 Selection of Subjects 43 Collection of Data 50 Analysis of Data 57 Chapter IV: Findings and Discussion 60 Description of Findings 63 Summary 71 Glossary 73 Bibliography 75 Appendix A: Questionnaire 77 Appendix B: Consent Form 78 Appendix C: Data Figures 79 Pocket Material: Map of Case Study Solar Systems List of figures Number Page 1. Discovery of Adrenaline 1 2. Meaning and Origin 2 3. Uses 3 4. Bibliography 4 5. Index 5 Chapter 1 adrenaline Adrenaline was the first hormone to be identified. It was first discovered by Takamine from Japan in 1902, and was successfully synthesized in 1904. Adrenaline belongs to a family called biogenic amines, which includes serotonin and histamine, along with others. The compound group it...
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...Blood pressure regulation and changes occurring after increase in blood pressure Each time the heart pumps, it sends blood all over the body to supply organs and tissues with oxygen and nutrients. The strength of the force created as the heart pumps blood into the vessels together with the vessels’ resistance to the blood flow is defined as the body’s blood pressure (Darovic, 2002). A normal range blood pressure (BP) must be between 100-130mmHg systolic (when the heart is beating) and 60-90mmHg diastolic pressure (between heart beats) (Sherwood, 1997). Many factors can change blood pressure, including exercise and diet. The regulation of BP within the body is tightly maintained by nerves, hormones and renal control in relation to three factors: cardiac output, peripheral resistance and blood volume. However, malfunction of the controlling mechanisms can cause abnormalities such as hypertension that could have dangerous outcomes such as stroke or heart failure. The body contains physiological mechanisms that work to precisely control the daily BP of an individual (Guyenet, 2006). Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute; it will be determined by the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles each heart beat (stroke volume) and the number of beats per minute (heart rate) (Sherwood, 1997). CO is one of the most important contributors to blood pressure. The capacity of the blood vessels to dilate and constrict will influence their resistance...
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...A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped. This happens when one of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle is blocked by an obstruction. This blockage can be due to a condition called atherosclerosis (a buildup of fatty like substance along the wall of the artery), a blood clot or a coronary vessel spasm along with a total obstruction. If the blood supply to a portion of the heart stops, that area of the heart will no longer receive the oxygen or nutrients needed to carry out its function and will die. If it is a very small part of the heart involved, it will be able to work without it. If a large portion is damaged, irreversible damage will happen which can lead to death. Damage to the heart muscle may be so severe that it may cause abnormal heart rhythm, called arrhythmias. Most people who are of a myocardial infraction or a heart attack do so within a few hours due to a type of arrhythmia. The heart attack victim will complain of pressure, discomfort or a squeezing sensation in the center of the chest. There may be pain radiating to the arms or the neck. There may also be shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting and or indigestion. The pain that occurs is the result of heart tissue ischemia (decreased blood supply). The area that is not receiving enough blood is literally crying out for help. When a person complains of any of the symptoms mentioned, they should be transported...
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