...BLOOD • Blood is a tissue which is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (pieces of cells) and plasma. Table showing Structure and Function of the Components of Blood |Component |Structure |Functions | |Red blood cells |Biconcave discs with no nucleus. |Transports oxygen | | |Contains haemoglobin. |Transports small amounts of carbon dioxide | |White blood cells |Variable shape (larger than red blood cells) with a |Fight, engulf and destroy bacteria. | | |nucleus. |Make antibodies | | |There are 2 types: | | | |Lymphocytes – produce antibodies which kill germs or | | | |pathogens | | | |Phagocytes – surrounds pathogen and destroys it by | ...
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...The Rh factor (ie, Rhesus factor) is a red blood cell surface antigen that was named after the monkeys in which it was first discovered. Rh incompatibility, also known as Rh disease, is a condition that occurs when a woman with Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh-positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. Rh incompatibility can occur by 2 main mechanisms. The most common type occurs when an Rh-negative pregnant mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells secondary to fetomaternal hemorrhage during the course of pregnancy from spontaneous or induced abortion, trauma,[1] invasive obstetric procedures, or normal delivery. Rh incompatibility can also occur when an Rh-negative female receives an Rh-positive blood transfusion. In part, this is the reason that blood banks prefer using blood type "O negative" or "type O, Rh negative," as the universal donor type in emergency situations when there is no time to type and crossmatch blood. The most common cause of Rh incompatibility is exposure from an Rh-negative mother by Rh-positive fetal blood during pregnancy or delivery. As a consequence, blood from the fetal circulation may leak into the maternal circulation, and, after a significant exposure, sensitization occurs leading to maternal antibody production against the foreign Rh antigen. Once produced, maternal Rh immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies may cross freely from the placenta to the fetal circulation, where they form antigen-antibody complexes...
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...Forensics of Blood Blood evidence is the most common, most recognized and possibly most important evidence in the world of criminal justice. Throughout the history of violent and fatal crimes, bloodstain evidence has recently begun to emerge as a recognized forensic skill. “Blood is one of the most significant and frequently encountered types of physical evidence associated with forensic investigation of death and violent crime” (Eckert & James, 11). When a violent crime has been committed, blood is commonly left behind at the scene of the crime. This blood evidence allows police investigators to piece together the events of the crime. The texture, size, shape, and distribution of the blood can be used to determine when the crime occurred, what weapon was used, how the victim was standing, how many times the victim was hit, and more. Even if the perpetrator attempted to cover up the crime by cleaning the blood, evidence of blood still remains. Forensic investigators have different tests that can see where blood has been, whether it is blood, saliva, or semen, and also can test whether the blood is even human or not. Going even further, more tests can be done to compare the blood of different individuals to determine whether or not they were the perpetrator. Within the blood, there is a liquid portion called plasma making up about 55% of the total volume of blood. The plasma contains mostly water with some nutrients, minerals, and oxygen. In the plasma, there are red and...
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...much experience with many different situations to learn to do an accurate reading. The bloodstain pattern analysis plays a very important role in the reconstruction of many crime scenes. The various types of bloodstains account for how the blood was projected from the body. Blood may be dripped out of the body, sprayed from an artery, oozed out through a large wound or flung off a weapon that has struck another person. Through bloodstain pattern analysis, analysts can determine, among other things, the type of injuries received, the order in which the injuries were received, whose blood is present at the scene, and more. As I read throughout the chapter I notice that bloodstain pattern analysis can form a very interesting story that keeps the media itself entertained. The reason I said this is that, it turns out that the location where the blood lands, and the shape of the blood on the landing surface, reveal both the direction in which the blood was moving and how much force was used to wound the victim. Bloodstain pattern analysts use principles from biology, chemistry, physics and math to figure out the location of the victim when the blood was shed and even the type of weapon or impact that caused the victim’s injury. Sometimes, blood from a weapon can even...
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...Blood is very important to our bodies for many reasons; it carries oxygen to our vital organs, as well as important vitamins and minerals to other parts of the body. It also helps to regulate the PH balance as well as our bodies’ temperature. But most importantly, it carries white blood cells which are very important for our immune system. If we have problems with our blood supply, we can develop anemia or leukemia, and this may affect how our bodies function. Worse yet, if not getting it properly taken care of, it may result in a host of complications or even death. Plasma is a yellow liquid form portion of our blood that replaces easily thru out our bodies, consisting of water and proteins, and that helps control infections as well as bleeding. They are responsible for carrying oxygen thru out our body. Platelets are responsible for making our blood clot, which enables us from bleeding to death. Clotting when it dries out produces scabbing which aids in the healing process. Leukocytes or white blood cells are germ fighting cells, and there are two types: phagocytes (they help get rid of germs) and lymphocytes (which act as memory cells that can recall their last attackers). White blood cells can be found in places like the spleen, the bone marrow, and it has a sponge gel like consistency. Lily: Her poor eating habits are creating some serious health issue. She has developed iron deficiency anemia. This a very common condition and can be easily treated. This mainly...
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...May 5, 2015 Anatomy and Physiology Tell Me About Blood 1. A lower than normal hermatocrit means that a person is anemic. You may have heard your parents say, ‘I think my blood is low”. 2. Lymphopoiesis is the development of lymphocytes, which are which blood cells. Erythropoiesis is the development of erythrocytes, which are red blood cells. Myelopoiesis is the development of myelocytes, which are young blood cells. Granulopoiesis is the haematopoiesis of grandulocytes, which is also a white blood cell, but it is in the cytoplasm. Megakaryocytopoiesis is haematopoiesis of megakaryocytes, which are responsible for the production of blood platelets. 3. Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells. The factor that speed up and slow down erythropoiesis is when the kidneys release a factor that changes a blood protein to erythropoietin. This hormone targets the bone marrow where immature precursor cells are induced to synthesize large amounts of hemoglobin, the oxygen protein of red blood cells. Erythroblasts become reticyclocytes, immature red blood cells released into the blood stream where they mature into erythrocytes, full-fledged red blood cells, in one or two days. 4. Nothing negative will happen if a person who is blood type B is given a transfusion of the blood type O because blood type O is the universal donor and can be given to any blood type. 5. White blood cells contain small, pale, lilac granules and a four-lobed...
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...Title: Blood lactate Introduction: Measuring blood lactate concentration provides information not only about changes in glycolysis (1) but also about anaerobic work capacity (2). The point where heart rate or running pace at which lactic acid begins to accumulate is called the Lactate Threshold. This measurement is also sometimes called the anaerobic threshold or onset of blood lactic acid. The lactate threshold measurement is very valuable as it is one of the more sensitive indicators of fitness level. For example, if training is ineffective the lactate threshold will be reached at a relatively low running speed; with more effective training the threshold will be achieved at a higher speed. Elite athletes reach the lactate threshold at a much higher running speed than sub-elites. The threshold is, once again, a function of effective training and also genetics. Many scientific studies indicate that the lactate threshold is one of the best predictors of distance running performance. Objectives: To investigate the changes in blood lactate during incremental endurance activity of sport science male student aged 24 years old. To investigate the changes in blood lactate during pre and post endurance exercise of sport science male student aged 24 years old. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in blood lactate during pre and post and during incremental of endurance exercise on sport science male student aged 25 years old. Methodology: Equipment/Apparatus: ...
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...Case Study: Blood for Sale (2.1) Question 1 Based on the case study, Sol Levin and his colleagues are the founder of Plasma International. He legalised the lucrative market referring on secure and uncontaminated blood. Regarding this question, Sol Levin’s company is running a business “just like any other business” in the country. Why did I accept this phrase? This is because one wouldn’t be able to acquire blood just like any other department stores, supermarkets, chain stores or hypermarkets as was mentioned by a woman working as a machine operator. However, I deliberate the sort of business he coordinate is open to moral criticism as well. Why is it open to moral criticism? It fosters an awareness and inequity towards the publics. The company has to realize what is right and wrong as a way to fabricate appropriate resolutions. As an illustration, it utters that the wealthy is capable to pay the monetary for the bloods without any hesitancy and live longer, where else the poverty-stricken can’t furnish to purchase the blood and they tend to live shorter. An example of a country is Africa. This manifest that there is no equality in selling the bloods between the poor’s and rich. Question 2 In my viewpoint, the Plasma International didn’t strike an unprejudiced haggle with the West Africans who donated their blood to the company. The Plasma International purchases blood at an amount of 15 cents a pint from the rural West Africans tribes. Later, they sell it to the United...
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...MATERIALS AND METHODS SOURCE OF DATA Blood Samples at K.L.E’s Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum. STUDY DESIGN- Cross-sectional study SAMPLE CALCULATION- Considering the mean and standard deviation values from previous studies done, At 95% confidence limit and 5% Tolerance level, the sample size will be 83. Considering contamination and loosing results, 100 samples were analysed. INCLUSION CRITERION - Blood samples for lipid profile EXCLUSION CRITERIA • Hemolysed samples • Samples of Jaundice patients with high bilirubin APPROVAL FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Permission to conduct the study was obtained from all the concerned authorities viz. 1. Institutional ethics committee on human subjects research of Jawaharlal Nehru medical college, Belgaum. 2. Permission from Principal and Medical superintendent of KLE’S Dr.Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum. METHODOLOGY Blood Samples available at the laboratory were taken and serum was separated. Hemolysed samples were excluded. Analysis was done according to the details mentioned by Lakshmy Ramkrishnan et al. 48 An aliquot of fresh serum sample was analyzed immediately for Cholesterol and Triglyceride levels with the commercially available kits in a semiautoanalyser . From the remaining serum, exact...
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...Monitoring blood pressure from sphygmomanometer gives an accurate result if it is used by trained practitioner and doctors.In many cases doctors prefer to use sphygmomanometer rather than digital monitors because it gives an accurate results.But if you are not trained and want to use these monitors then don’t worry we made it easy you just have to follow some easy steps to measure your blood pressure. Manual sphygmomanometer composed with inflatable cuff through which air is inflate and deflate into the cuff.You have to inflate and deflate the cuff your focus should be on heartbeat by using stethoscope. Best manual sphygmomanometer to buy in india It is a good idea to check your blood pressure at home.However many people suffer from hypertension...
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...1) I believe that Sol Levin is running the business just like other company in the work in the country as you can’t get blood for just like any super-market but his type of business is open to moral criticism because on the other hand, it create a perception and inequity of that the rich who can afford to purchase the blood can live long and poor whom can’t afford live shorter. 2) Plasma international did not even strike an fair bargain transaction as they purchase from the poor west African tribes for 15 cents per but then was increase to $25 per pint when it was sold to America. Yes, Plasma international should have paid them at a Fair Market Value as it did in America. 3) In British, blood bank relies entirely of a voluntary system thus blood is neither brought nor sold and it available to anyone who need it without any charges and obligation to it. But compare to America, Blood must be procure due to the bureaucratization, paperwork and administrative require. To my perception, I believe the each have it advantages in system as such example are for British blood is free for everyone but the donors gain no preference over non-donor and there higher risk to distribute contaminated blood since it free but in America they have employ administrative and qualified medical consultant to ensure the quality of the blood. 4) For Sol, he fit to the Egoism model as the type of business he have only promote his own long term interest where he buy low and sell high for...
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...Perak Dear Mr Talhah, ____________________________________________________________________________ GROUP O BLOOD CLUB, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Email: groupobloodclub@gmail.com Tel: 05-328 1532/ Fax: 05-3281533 Novemeber 20, 2014 PERMISSION TO HOLD A BLOOD DONATION EVENT Dear Mr Talhah, We from Group O Blood Club will be organizing an event called Starve A Vampire, Donate Blood’ which is a blood donation campaign. The event is open to all staff and student of UTP. We will be collaborating with Hospital Batu Gajah for this blood donation campaign. We would like to hold the event on 8th December 2014 (Monday) from 10:00 am to 8:00 pm. We seek your permission to host the event at Pocket D, Chancellor Complex. We are targeting a maximum of one hundred donors (100). The blood which will be donated is intended for people who shall be needing blood in the future. Food, drinks and certificate will be given to those who participate in this event. We promise that the place will not be left in a mess and we will clear it of all litter before we leave. We understand that there would be a cost attached to this event and will be glad to pay as per your advice. We hope you will give us the permission requested. Your cooperation will be greatly appreciated. Thanking you in anticipation. Sincerely, Ramli. A. H. President of Group O Blood...
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...Crips and Bloods The Crips and the Bloods have many differences, but they also have some similarities. The first difference would be their gang color. Crip gang members associate with the color blue in their dresses while the Bloods associate with the color red. The Crips were founded in the 1970’s in L.A. after the breakup of the Black Panther party and were originally set to protect the African American party. The Bloods founded by several gangs joined together to try and stop the Crips from expanding. Crips out number Bloods 2 to 1 so Bloods have to be more ruthless because some of their neighborhoods are surrounded on several sides by Crip sets. Although they have a lot of differences they also have some similarities. The financing of both gangs are a complex web of intrigue and irony, given their willingness to commit violent acts. Due to their inability to lay aside differences in most instances, Bloods and Crips – while numerous – are among the poorest of criminal organizations in the US. While there are Blood and Crip dealers (both inside prison and without), most use the sets as coverage and security for the operations rather than for practical business cooperation. Both groups have a relatively low threshold for membership. To get into most sets you have to be sponsored for membership by someone already in the gang and then you get "jumped in". : Most Crip or Blood sets have no ideological leanings other than defending their territory, engaging in minor street-level...
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...8 9 18 19 19 20 Executive Summary This following document is a marketing strategy and media plan for Canadian Blood Services. The non-profit charitable organization has existed since 1998 and currently has over 40 permanent collection sites across Canada. Over 25,000 donor clinics are run annually across Canada with17,000 community volunteers and over 4,500 employees keeping the foundation going strong. OneMatch Stem Cell, Marrow Network, National Organs & Tissue registry, and blood donations are run by Canadian Blood Services. Adults 18-59 across Canada compose the majority of donations. Canadian Blood Services is a noble cause that has positive brand image. The diverse recognition program recognizes all those that support them. The biggest obstacle Canadian Blood Services is lack of awareness amongst potential donors and volunteers. It is not a top-of-mind charity and people do not know about recognition events held for participants at local and national levels. Canadian citizens take this service for granted. There is also plenty competition for people’s time and money. Tough economics times make it harder for people to focus on charitable causes because they need to help themselves. However, Canadian Blood Services have a loyal core base of donors and volunteers. The target audience of this campaign is aimed at everyone who contributes to Canadian Blood Services. For their contributions within the charity, they are deserving of recognition. This is a broad group that...
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...Blood Vessels Blood vessels are part of the circulatory system, which passes nutrients, blood, hormones, and other important substances to and from body cells in order to maintain homeostasis. The blood vessels are responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries An artery is any of the vessels that, with one exception, carry oxygenated blood and nourishment from the heart to the tissues of the body. The exception, the pulmonary artery, carries oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs for oxygenation and removal of excess carbon dioxide. Arteries are muscular and elastic tubes that must transport blood under a high pressure exerted by the pumping action of the heart. The pulse, which can be felt over an artery lying near the surface of the skin, results from the alternate expansion and contraction of the arterial wall as the beating heart forces blood into the arterial system via the aorta. Veins Veins are similar to arteries but, because they transport blood at a lower pressure, they are not as strong as arteries. Like arteries, veins have three layers: an outer layer of tissue, muscle in the middle, and a smooth inner layer of epithelial cells. However, the layers are thinner, containing less tissue. Veins receive blood from the capillaries after the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide has taken place. Therefore, the veins transport waste-rich blood back to the lungs and heart...
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