...Case 3 1.0 Problem Marcus Ang is a member from the field sales section. His sale performance in the recent months has been below target in contrast to his outstanding sales in the past year. Marcus blames it on the poor economic situation, however the other sales staff seem to able meet their target. How should Madam May May attribute Marcus’s performance? 2.0 Theory Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual’s behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Determination depends on 3 factors which are distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Distinctiveness is whether the observed person acts the same way in different types of situations. If the person being observed exhibits the same behavior in a variety of contexts, then distinctiveness is low; if they have different behavior depending on the context, then distinctiveness is high. Consensus is the degree to which other people, if in the same situation, would behave similarly to the person being observed. If the observer sees others acting the same way that the person being perceived acts, then consensus is high. However, if others behave differently in the type of situation, then consensus is low. Consistency describes whether the person being observed behaves the same way when faced with the same set of circumstances. If the person being observed acts the same way in the same type of situation, consistency is high; if they act differently each time, then...
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...Synopsis Positive accounting theory is perceived as a hypothetical study in accounting which helps in clarifying and foreseeing tangible accounting procedures. These theories have a tendency to rationalize why a number of accounting practices are accepted than others. Positive accounting theory was introduced to better apprehend exactly how practices in accounting must be effectively managed. Introduction Modern positive accounting research began flourishing in the 1960’s and other introduce empirical finance method to financial accounting. The subsequent literature adopted the assumption that accounting number supply information for security market investment decision and used the information perspective to investigate the relation between accounting number and stack prices. The information perspective has taught us much about the market’s use of accounting numbers. It was structured as an educational thought of discipline by the efforts of Ross Watts and Jerold Zimmerman which when made known were received with extensive criticism. Summary of the Article Positive accounting can be related with the predetermined opinion of a firm. A firm is regarded as a conception initiative put forth by a number of economists and legal commentators which stresses that corporations are nothing more than a compilation of agreements concerning different parties – mostly shareholders, directors, employees, suppliers, customers and accounting – one tool to expedite the materialization...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...Program & Batch: | PGDM 2012-14 | Term: | VI | Course Name: | Predictive Modeling | Name of the faculty: | Dr. A K Chauhan | Topic/ Title : | The Significance of Rating in Primary Stock Market (The IPO Grading System): The Indian Experience | Original or Revised Write-up: | Original | Section, Group Number: | Section A, Group 8 | Contact No. and email of Group Coordinator: | 8750399936, sgr6714@gmail.com | Group Members: | Sl. | Roll No. | Name | | 1 | 12FN-109 | Saikat Ghosh Roy | | 2 | 12FN-114 | Sankhadeep Biswas | | 3 | 12FN-131 | Soumya Roy | | 4 | 12FN-138 | SubhenduMitra | | 5 | 12FN-026 | Aritra Raymukherjee | | 6 | 12FN-048 | Gaurav Garg | | 7 | 12IT-001 | AbhisekKarmakar | | 8 | | | Contents Table of figures: 3 Introduction: 4 Hypotheses: 4 Hypotheses testing: 4 Descriptive Statistics: 4 Ho1: There is no difference in terms of investor’s response to all IPO Graded Issues. 5 Ho2: There is no difference in the IPO possessing different Grades in terms of Underpricing 6 Ho3: There is no relation between the IPO Grades and the Liquidity of the Issue on the listing Day 6 Ho4: There is no relation between IPO Grades and the IPOs Valuation 7 Impact of IPO grading on different Output Variables:Regression Analysis 9 Table of figures: Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of Age and frequency distribution for different IPO gradings 4 Table 2: Descriptive statistics for different subscriptions (times) against various...
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...person’s daily activities. The researcher can choose to change the atmosphere, or change the study to intervene and observe the changes, while indirect observations main goal is to be unseen and non-influential on the behavior that is being observed as to take down all natural information. My friend attempted to use direct observation in this study. He went out and observed people’s behavior while intervening with his own behavior in hopes to prove his hypothesis. There is so much wrong with his way of thinking in this study. The first problem is his observational bias as he is not only observing others and the conversation but also himself. There is no scientific way to observe yourself without having some bias in opinion. Beyond that, he uses behavioral sampling, and cannot come to a precise conclusion based soley on his words and the reactions of the people he is in conversation with. There are many factors to consider. Where are the people coming from, where are they going? Are they having a good day or a bad day? His hypothesis and research is so vague that it suggests legitimate findings when in reality he would need much more research done in a more controlled environment to come to a precise conclusion. If he were able to have a third person observe the behavior while he interacts with numerous people, possibly all with the same background: Students at a specific university. He...
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... P C1 26 56.42 10.04 1.97 59.79 -1.82 0.041 We cannot reject the null hypothesis at the .01 significant level. Example 2: Test of mu = 43 vs not = 43 Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95% CI T P measurement 12 41.500 1.784 0.515 (40.367; 42.633) -2.91 0.014 -2.494 lies to the right of -2.998, Ho is not rejected. Example 3: Two-Sample T-Test and CI: schadek; Bowyer Two-sample T for schadek vs Bowyer N Mean StDev SE Mean schadek 10 126.8 14.5 4.6 Bowyer 10 122.2 14.3 4.5 Difference = mu (schadek) - mu (vowye) Estimate for difference: 4.60 95% CI for difference: (-8.90; 18.10) T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =): T-Value = 0.72 P-Value = 0.483 DF = 18 Both use Pooled StDev = 14.3705 t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances | | | | | | | Variable 1 | Variable 2 | | | Mean | 126.8 | 122.2 | | | Variance | 208.8444 | 204.1778 | | | Observations | 10 | 10 | | | Hypothesized Mean Difference | 0 | | | | df | 18 | | | | t Stat | 0.715766 | | | | P(T<=t) one-tail | 0.241659 | | | | t Critical one-tail | 1.734064 | | | | P(T<=t) two-tail | 0.483319 | | | | t Critical two-tail | 2.100922 | | | | -0.662 falls in the region between - 1.833 and 1.833, we do not reject the null hypothesis. Example 4: Two-Sample T-Test and CI: welles; atkilis Two-sample T for welles vs atkilis ...
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...Testing Phillips Curve in long run in the US Economy Introduction: Phillips curve is one of the most startling observations made in economics and gained much popularity in 1960s. The inverse relationship between unemployment rate and inflation rate was first observed by William Phillips in 1958 in his study on British economy during the period 1861-1957. For many years this relationship has been used by policy makers to target unemployment and inflation levels. However, in recent times there are various doubts emerging to this concept as there are cases studied where the trade off between unemployment rate and inflation rate can be observed in the long run thus rendering this concept entirely short run in nature? (Phillips, A.W. cited in Ogbokor, 2005).It would be crucial yet interesting to test the validity of traditional long run Phillips curve as it used as a policy guideline and has had many controversies revolving around it for the same. Objective: Phillips Curve in the Long run: Examining the Long run relationship between unemployment rate and inflation rate in United States using univariate analysis (analysis based on descriptive statistics). Methodology: The data used for analysis has 58 observations collected over the period 1952-2008 consisting unemployment rate and inflation rate of US. It has been collected from Bureau of Labour Statistics and Measuringworth.com. We will make use of statistical tools to test the existence of relationship, if any...
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...drinks, but I do have some vague memories. I know for a fact that the female that I went to the club with let me leave the bar with these two guys, and that they took me to another bar. I was too drunk to drive, and I didn’t know where I was at. They continued to give me more drinks until I blacked out. From there I only remember waking up in a strange place, and when I stood up I was in so much pain that I knew something was wrong. Then I laid back down and passed out again. I don’t remember how I got home, but I did. Observation: There are many times when women do not realize that someone is putting drugs in their drinks. I have heard of numerous situations on the news about women who have been involved in date rape situations. Hypothesis: There is not enough publicity concerning date rape for women and teenage (college and high school) girls to know about the problem. There should be more information circulating about rape. Experimentation: Now when going out I am very cautious who I am with and observe my surroundings. I do not drink out of a drink that is left behind any longer and do not leave with anyone I truly do not know. Verification: I have recovered from this situation through...
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...Assignment #4: Behaviorism Chasity K. Horton March 3, 2011 Development of Lifespan EDPR 2111-008 ABSTRACT The article I have chosen to review is titled Children Learn by Monkey See, Monkey Do. Chimps Don’t. (Zimmer, 2005). The topic of the article is Derek Lyons, a graduate student at Yale University, was doing an observation over how children learn compared to chimpanzees. He observed a little girl by named Charlotte to help him with his studies. I plan to show the similarities between the observation of Charlotte, the Bobo doll study and the social learning theory. From the article, I can conclude that the social learning theory when dealing with children is very true because everything that Charlotte imitated everything that the model or adult did even if it could have been avoided. The article I chose was written after Derek Lyons, observed a preschooler by the name of Charlotte. Lyons used an experiment from two psychologists at the University of St. Andrews which showed how young chimps retrieved food from a box. Lyons did the exact same thing that the psychologists did with the chimps with many other kids including Charlotte. Even though, Lyons did the same thing with the kids as the psychologist did with the chimps, the results were different. From Lyons observation, he saw that children will copy or imitate everything they see, while chimps will not. After observing Charlotte, Lyons found that humans are hard-wired to learn by imitation, even when it is clearly...
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...Assignment Final Project Complete the Final Project Science Meets Real Life Whether you think of yourself as an up and coming scientist or not, you use science every day. You will explore how you apply different aspects of science in your daily life in a two part project. In 1,500-words (minimum), discuss the following: PART I: SCIENTIFIC METHOD Each and every day, we are faced with having to make split-second decisions, and the need to solve random problems that we encounter. To reach those decisions and work those problems out you are subconsciously using the scientific method. Apply the five steps of the Scientific Method to two situations that could occur in your everyday life. Use the scientific method in the first scenario provided below to solve the problem at hand. Please come up with a second detailed scenario on your own and follow the same steps in the scientific method to find a resolution. Scenario 1: You arrive home late at night. You walk up to the front door, unlock it, and reach in to turn on the light switch located just inside the front door. The light does not come on! Now what? Scenario 2: Develop your own detailed problem/observation and apply the scientific method to solve. PART II: WHY I CANNOT LIVE WITH/WITHOUT SCIENCE As you have seen throughout this course, science is intricately interwoven with our lives: in the food we eat, in the clothes we wear, in the computers we use for this course, science has had a hand in them all. Answer...
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...RESEARCH HYPOTHESES AND QUESTIONS A research hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of a study. The prediction may be based on an educated guess or a formal theory. Example 1 is a hypothesis for a nonexperimental study. Example 1 It is hypothesized that first grade girls will show better reading comprehension than first grade boys. In Example 1, the author is predicting that he or she will find higher comprehension among girls than boys. To test it, a nonexperimental study would be appropriate because nothing in the hy-pothesis suggests that treatments will be given. A simple research hypothesis predicts a rela-tionship between two variables. From your study of variables, it should be clear that the two variables in Example 1 are (1) gender and (2) reading comprehension. The hy-pothesis states that reading comprehension is re-lated to gender. Example 2 is a hypothesis for an experimen-tal study. Example 2 It is hypothesized that children who arc shown a video with mild violence will be more aggressive on the playground than those who are shown a similar video without the violence. In Example 2, the independent variable is vio-lence (mild vs. none), and the dependent variable is aggressiveness on the playground. The hypotheses in Examples 1 and 2 are ex-amples of directional hypotheses. In a direc-tional hypothesis, we predict which group will be higher or have more of something. Sometimes we have a nondirectional hy-pothesis. Consider Example 3...
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...Examine the reasons why some sociologists choose not to use overt observation when conducting research There are several types of observation to distinguish between. Firstly, non-participation observation where the researcher simply observes the group or event without taking part in it, for example, using a two-way mirror to observe children playing with toys. There is also participant observation where the researcher actually takes part in the event or the everyday life of the group while observing it. Secondly there is overt observation, in which the researcher makes their true identity known to those being studied and the sociologists is open about what they are doing. On the other hand, there is covert observation in which the study is carried out under cover. The researcher’s real identity and purpose are kept concealed from the group being studied. The researcher takes on a false identity and role, usually posing as a genuine member of the group. Sociologists face two main issues when conducting a participant observation study; getting in, staying in and getting out of the group being studied and whether to use covert or overt observation. To do a study, the sociologists needs to first gain entry to a group and some groups are easier to enter than others, for example, joining a football crowd is likely to be easier than joining a criminal gang. Making the initial contact with the group may depend on personal skills, having the right connections or even by pure chance...
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...LastName_Lab1 (e.g., Smith_Lab1). * You should submit your document in a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) for best compatibility. Exercise 1: Data Interpretation Table 1: Water Quality vs. Fish Population Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | Number of Fish Observed | 0 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 10 | 12 | 13 | (hint: ppm stands for “parts per million”) 1. What patterns do you observe based on the information in Table 1? Ans. The quality of fish increase as (ppm) increase to a point while the quality of water continue to increase 2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water. Ans: If oxygen or ppm in the water increase more fish will be produce 3. What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis? Ans. My experimental approach will be gather data, by doing background research, and test experiment by having a independent, and dependent variable. I will analyze my result and make conclusion 4. What are the independent and independent variables? Explain why each was chosen. Ans. My dependable variable will be water with high level of (ppm) which will increase...
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...Every day, people all over the world travel to different places out side of his or her home. He or she will encounter many different types of people and different experiences. When this happens, the opportunity becomes available to observe his or her surroundings. I wanted to do the observation experiment at a place I find to be very interesting, it was a Tattoo Shop. This was a place that I felt was on the same standers as a mall and it was also a place that I visited and thought that it would be interesting to observe the people in my surroundings. At the tattoo shop, people of all walks of life come for different personal reasons. Some people came to get a tattoo because they lost a love one and wanted to honor his or her memory. Some came to get a tattoo because he or she loved the art, and some people were there just to support some one else. As I sat in my chair doing this observation, I listen to a young lady who came to the Shop with her friend. She stated that she was there to get a sleeve done on her arm. If you are unfamiliar with what a sleeve is, it is when a person gets a tattoo that goes from the shoulder area down to the wrist area of the arm. This young lady was there getting something that she felt meant something to her. She was getting a picture of a clock with the saying “Only Time Will Tell” drawn on her arm. As I listen to her talk with her friend I could see the sadness in her eyes as she tried to joke with her party. After she was serviced, the picture...
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...Problem Statement Jieliang came up with an alternative method for scanning barcode labels into the system, and then incorporated the change without permission. Marty is concerned about what other cost-saving ideas have not been brought to the attention of management. Analysis Hypothesis A A reason why this could have happened is because the company has a Theory X management style. Precision Electro-Tech’s production facility appears to follow a Theory X vision of their employee management, where they believe employees are lazy, ignorant, lack motivation and/or have no creativity. This company perceives their employees as workers without any spatial or creative thought processes. They adhere to a strict corporate-developed policy of TQM (Total Quality Management) from the beginning to the end of any product line. For each new product they produce, a new set of TQM is established that goes step by step in the most minute and meticulous matter. All of this is done without any input, review or feedback from the workers. The stages, priorities, assembly and product placement in the production line are micromanaged down to the exact place for the highest output of productivity possible. There are check off lists, visual directions and a constant push for the highest production possible at every given moment. Supervisors and managers focus on the outputs, productivity and carefully watch over the employees to make sure the rules are followed to the letter, and if they are...
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