...What is the purpose of life? To earn inexhaustible money and a high social status in a business cocktail gathering or to have an unrestrained life which one can do anything according to one’s will? BOBOS’ in Paradise is written by David Brooks, who is a political and cultural commentator and working for New York Times. He is also the editor and commentator of different news and magazines. The key term of the title of this book – BOBO is Brook’s famous coinage, which uses to describe the new class that arouse after the 1990s. What is BOBO? It is the combination of bourgeois, those defend the tradition morality of the middle class and advocate capitalism, and bohemian, those flout conventions according to their wills and promote counterculture. These two cultures are usually regarded as two entirely opposite view against each other. This book first introduces the behavior of the bourgeois and Bohemian in their history, then analysis the characteristic and behavior of the new class - BOBO’s. The content of the book is mainly divided into six parts, the consumption, business life, intellectual life, pleasure, spiritual life and politics. The first part of the book mentions about the consumption behavior of BOBOs. It changed from the culture of consumerism of bourgeois in the 1950s, to 1960s which promoted the concept of haphazard and natural, one of the extreme cases was that “going up among the peers’ estimation by going down in lifestyle” in order to suit the image of...
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...BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo. Bobo bobo bobo bobo. BOBO bobo bobo bobo bobo bobo...
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...Activity-Based costing method When designing the ABC method it is necessary to determine which activities we need to include in the cost of the production. The number of the activities that we are going to include needs to be optimal so the ABC method won’t be that much complicated and it would be easier to undestand. When identifing the activities it is important to chose all relative activities that are the main generators of the cost. Table x: The structure of costs Costs | Amount of costs | Percentage | Direct Costs | 2.200.000 | 27.5% | Indirect costs | 5.500.000 | 72.5% | Total production Costs | 8.000.000 | 100% | Table x : Direct costs and amount of production Product | Heater S | Heater M | Heater + | TOTAL | Amount of production | 230 | 235 | 220 | | Cost of Direct Material | 600.000 | 500.000 | 600.000 | 1.700.000 | Direct Labor cost | 200.000 | 200.000 | 100.000 | 500.000 | Table 1. Identifying Activities Activities | 1.Administration | 2.Sales * Distribution of the product * Contacting customers * Cost acconting | 3.Purchase * Contacts with suppliers * Supply of inputs * Quality controll of the inputs | 4.Finance * Processing of suppliers invoices * Payments * Billings | 5.Accounting * Material Accounting * Accounts receivable * Accounting suppliers * Wage accounting * Taxation | 6.Production * Transport * Monitoring of production * Execution of the production process | Once we identify...
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...Brief Itinerary for Colorado 2014 This is a very rough outline of what to expect the week of our trip. Of course, there will also be time to explore Colorado and for social activities. Some of the workdays (Thursday, for example) might be half days. Also, be prepared that quiet hour times may change based on other groups at the residential site. Our work sites will be in both the Denver and Boulder area of Colorado. There will be a bus available to take us to all work site locations. Saturday, March 15th 4:45 am: All students that are on campus must be at the SAC parking lot at this time with luggage on the bus, ready to head out. Any student that wishes to leave their car (including commuters) at South P must be at the South P parking lot where there will be another bus heading out. Every participant must leave with the group from Stony Brook Campus. 5:00 am: Both buses leave for LaGuardia Airport 10:20 am: Flight #4430 from LGA to DEN takes off 12:40 pm: Flight #4430 lands in Denver. Shortly after, head out by bus to the residential site (volunteer shelter provided by CCI organization—address will be provided soon). Set up beds, explore the site, etc. 6:00 pm: Dinner, group activities, plan for next few days. 10:00 pm: Quiet Hours 11:00 pm: Lights out Sunday, March 16th – Thursday, March 20th 6:00 am-7:45 am: Breakfast and preparation for workday (making lunch bags, etc) 8:00 am: Be on bus heading out to work site 11:00 am-12:00 pm:...
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...About SG 3100SNw/SG 3110SFNw Firmware Updates (Windows) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. About Firmware Updates ......................................................................... 2 2. Update Procedure ...................................................................................... 2 3. Operating Environment and Other Requirements ................................ 2 Operating Environment ..........................................................................................2 Supported Operating Systems ...............................................................................2 About Drivers .........................................................................................................3 4. Update Cautions ....................................................................................... 3 Caution 1. ...............................................................................................................3 Caution 2. ...............................................................................................................3 Caution 3. ...............................................................................................................3 Caution 4. ...............................................................................................................3 5. Disclaimer .................................................................................................. 4 6. Firmware Update Operating Instructions.........
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...interested in the connection between children and aggressive behavior through modelling. Bandura knows that learning can be learnt through cognitive determinism, but what he wants to know is the extent that children learn through observation of adult behaviour. Instead of inheriting violent actions children can observe and imitate aggressive behaviours. Bandura believes that aggressive behaviour in children is influenced by models and media. As a result colleagues of Bandura and Bandura himself created the experiment: “The Bobo Doll Experiment”. Bandura’s hypothesis is the connection between aggressive modeling and aggressive behaviour in children, fitting with his views on social learning. Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a further way of stating a question (Galenza, 2013). Moreover, a hypothesis is the relationship between variables and predictions on what the answer to the question is going to result in. Bandura has more than one prediction in the “Bobo Doll Experiment”. He had four predictions: he predicted that children who were exposed to model aggressive behaviour would imitate that same aggression when the model was no longer present, he predicted that children who were exposed to a non-aggressive environment would imitate aggressive behaviour when the model was no longer present, he predicted that children would most likely imitate models of same sex instead of opposite sex, and his final prediction was boys would behave more aggressive than girls would (Cherry, 2013)...
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...Describe and evaluate social explanations for aggression (16 + 8 marks) There are a number of different theories which offer explanations for aggression. These include social psychological explanations and biological explanations. Some of the social explanations are social learning theory and deindividuation. Social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura and is based on the behaviourist approach that our aggressive behaviour is learnt. He proposed that it is similar to operant conditioning where learning takes place due to observation and imitation. H explains that modelling has an influential role on the manner of the aggression, as if role models are seen t be aggressive this encourages those who observe them to exert similar behaviour. He also explains that vicarious learning takes place which is indirect rewarding of behaviour. AN example of this would include a child observing another child hitting someone in order to get the toy they desired. A number of factors influence the aggression levels learnt and shown in individuals, one of which is self-efficacy. This refers to the ability to perform the aggressive act, thus we are only likely to be aggressive if it is likely that we will succeed! Other characteristics of models influence whether someone will imitate behaviour, as if they have high power and status or are similar to he individual then this is likely to increase imitation. Therefore violence in the media is an increasing problem in the world today. ...
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...explains human behaviour in cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences. Everyone and everything around us has an impact on how we all behave. Bandura particularly focused on how aggression progresses in children. Bandura says that childrens behaviour is influenced and learned by observing whats going on around them in the environment that they are in. Children also observe the way people behave around others and are influenced by them in good ways and bad ways, this is shown by the bobo doll experiment. Children are especially influenced by the role models in this society, at first they will observe everything they do such as their behaviour and further down the line they will start to copy what they do and reinact it themselves. Sometimes this could be a good thing sometime this could be a bad thing. He also looks at how we are affected by the rewards and punishments that we experience every day. Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. Bobo Doll study - Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) In 1961, psychologist, Albert Bandura set up an experiment to see if social behaviours such as aggression could be picked up by observation and imitation; he tested 36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery...
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...study led by both the University of Illinois and the University of California, Los Angeles, showed that a child’s “peer environment can shape how race is processed in the brain” (Telzer et al. 240). It is a well-known fact that people like to fit in with their peers; however, in the case of examining the root causes of prejudice, it also leaves them vulnerable to acquiring that same bias. Although acquiring prejudice is on one end of the issue, it does not fully show whether or not it would lead one to act on that prejudice; the action of doing so labeled discrimination; however, thanks to the Bobo Doll Experiment led by Albert Bandura, a psychologist who works at Stanford University, it becomes evident that it is just as easy to cause aggression as “children learn social behavior such as aggression through observational learning - through watching the behavior of another person” (McLeod, “Bobo Doll Experiment”). In other words, it is vital to understand that the environment has a strong impact on another’s beliefs and how they act on them. Unsurprisingly, the strongest catalyst of prejudice rooted is through first-hand experiences. One of the most conspicuous results of experiencing something negative is how one’s mentality in general can be impacted. This spreads beyond the realm of prejudice and leaks into more sensitive topics such as domestic abuse or child neglect: for example, it is understandable to hear that “[a] girl whose father abandoned her and her mother may form a...
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...Should professional sports people (such as AFL footballers, national cricketers) be role models? In this context, consider the role of observational and social learning, and what role they are modeling. Make sure that you primarily address psychological rather than sociological aspects of being a role model. Sport has always been a fundamental principle of Australian Society. The social and cultural roles of sport have provided Australians with unity as well as a sense of patriotism. Our interest in sport has not only contributed to expanding our “national consciousness” but was also a factor towards federation in 1901 (Cashman, 2003). Currently, almost 70 per cent of Australians engage in some form of sporting activity every week (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2012) and through this our passion towards sport has even extended to an elite level. Within Australia there is a considerably large football culture, where “thousands of Australians descend on football stadiums” to support their respective teams (Australian Government, 2008). Of these codes the most “loyal and dedicated fans” are those devoted to Australian Rules Football (AFL) (Australian Government, 2008) and their devotion also spreads to those who play it. Due to the physical and social benefits that sport has on young Australians, the negative consequences which may arise due to them idolizing sports men and women, are quite often overlooked. In most cases, young boys view sportsmen such as AFL players...
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...Albert Bandura had a theory of learning called the Social Learning Theory. The Social Learning Theory is a theory in which people learn through observing other people and their actions and reactions. (Woolfolk). Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives,. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.” (Bandura)"Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do.” (Cherry) Bandura performed an experiment with a doll. This famous Bobo doll experiment was observations by children of adults being aggressive with a doll. In turn, the children were observed being aggressive with the doll also. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory identifies three basic models of observational learning. The first model is a live model which is a person performing an observable behavior. A second model is a verbal model which is behaviors described and explained by a person. The third model is a symbolic model which shows humans or fake beings performing certain behaviors in T.V programs, movies, books or online. (Cherry). Observational learning is not always an effective observation due to the many people involved. This theory involves both the model and the learner (Cherry). The Social Learning Theory has four components: paying attention, retaining information or impressions, producing behaviors, and being motivated to...
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...and deinidividuation. Social Learning Theory (SLT) is defined as learning behaviour that is controlled by environmental influences rather than innate or internal forces. The behaviour shown by individuals during this theory of aggression is often referred to as modelling or observational learning; this is a form of vicarious experience. It is believed that humans are not born as aggressive individuals so the acts of aggression can only be acquired through direct experience and the observation of others. The behaviourists’ explanation emphasises on reinforcement. This is when certain behaviour is rewarded, encouraging it to be repeated and learned. Aggression that is associated with a reward is likely to be learned. Bandura et al (The Bobo doll) tested this theory of aggression and found that children who observed a model behaving aggressively towards a doll were likely to carry out the same behaviour when allowed to interact with the doll. His findings found that when left alone with the doll children would even improvise their own aggressive actions towards the doll. This behaviour was more commonly shown when the adult’s aggressive behaviour was rewarded; this supports the claim that rewards influence the likelihood of imitation. This study can be criticised based on two factorsthe lack of ecological validity and demand characteristics. The children participating in this study may have been aware of what the study required of them, also it is difficult to generalise the...
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...only knowing one way of living. The psychological theories prove that early stages of moral and cognitive developments in behaviors down the line. All behaviors we observe are not always learned or carried out, each determines on the rewards of the behaviors. The three core concepts of the Social Learning concept are, the idea that people learn through observation, secondly that the idea that internal mental state are essential part of the process. Finally, this concept recognizes that just because you learn the behaviors you do not necessarily have to change your behaviors. As we study the three concepts, we can break down the steps to figuring out how it all pertains to the human behaviors Observational Learning In Bandura Bobo doll experiment, he demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they...
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...PSYC 201 Week 8 Final Exam Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/psyc-201-week-8-final-exam/ Answer the test questions thoroughly, substantively and in narrative format (in paragraphs and complete sentences; lists, sentence fragments and bulleted items are not permitted). Base each answer on an assigned reading from the weekly course Lessons. Answers may range from 100 to 300 words with some requiring more detail and longer lengths and some requiring less. Quoting is not permitted. All answers must be paraphrased (which means restating what you read in your own words). Question 1 of 12 20.0 Points Describe what the field of social psychology focuses on and seeks to understand through research and the related questions that it endeavors to answer. Question 2 of 12 20.0 Points Compare and contrast the social psychology constructs of social perception and self-perception. Include in your answer the key concepts of at least two theories from our readings related to each construct. Question 3 of 12 20.0 Points Describe factors which contribute to a strong attitude-behavior relationship. Question 4 of 12 20.0 Points Explain the differences in thoughtful and spontaneous processing and the benefits of targeting messages toward each type. Question 5 of 12 20.0 Points Describe three methods of preventing persuasion. Question 6 of 12 20.0 Points Differentiate the forming, norming, storming and adjourning stages of group development. Question...
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...controlled. Weaknesses Low ecological validity. Many psychologists have criticized laboratory studies on imitation. Because the model involves the child and the adult model and this is a very limited in social situations. The child has no interaction with the model and this makes it impossible to influence the model. And also the child and the model are strangers. Another criticism of this study is that demonstrations are measured immediately. Long-term effects cannot be discovered with such single exposure. The experiment also sounds unethical we don’t know whether the children suffered long-term consequences or not as a result of this study 2. Children behavior were used to demonstrate this model by doing experiment (bobo doll experiment) which was to establish relationship between their behavior and environment and there consequences. Children observe all people around them and try to adopt the behavior in various ways. Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961), they tested 36 girls and 36 boys aged between 3-6 years old. The pre-test was done...
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