...of the cell | Cell-Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. They provide structure for the body, and also take in nutrients from food and convert those nutrients into energy and carry out specialized functions. | In the human cell, firstly we have the red blood cells; these carry oxygen around the body from our lungs, to the rest of our body. The nerve cells carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body which carry electrical signals around the body. The female reproductive system function (in the cell) is to join with the male cell and providing food for the new cell’s that has been formed. | Organelle-Organelles are tiny structures that perform very specific functions within the calls. The term is a reference to organs, and the way these structures operate in cells, to the way organs function in the body. Each has its own task, such as producing energy. | Organisms are composed of cells, and these cells have specific structures within in them and this allows them to carry out their functions. The fine detail of the cell (which could be revealed by an electron microscope) this is called the cell’s ultrastructure. Organelles perform different functions within a cell, and this is called the division of labour. | Nucleus- The nucleus is the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group forming the basis for its activity and growth. It help’s controls eating, movement and reproduction. The nucleus is a dark spot in the middle of...
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...Chapter 33: Animal Nutrition * Nutrition: food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up * Herbivores (plants or algae) vs. Carnivores (other animals) vs. Omnivores (All) * Most animals are opportunistic feeders – eat outside their standard diet when their usual foods aren’t available * Animals must eat * But, to survive and reproduce balance their consumption, storage, and use of food 33.1: AN ANIMAL’S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENIAL NUTRIENTS * Diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs: * Chemical energy for cellular processes * Organic building blocks for macromolecules * Essential nutrients * Activities of animals depends on sources of chemical energy that is used to produce ATP * To meet the continuous requirement for ATP, animals ingest and digest nutrients * Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids for cellular respiration and energy storage Essential Nutrients * Essential nutrients are preassembled organic molecules and minerals * Obtained from an animal’s diet * Include essential fatty acids and amino acids, vitamins, minerals * Key function: serve as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions * Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids * Animals convert fatty acids to a variety of cellular components * Membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, storage fats * Essential fatty acids – animals can’t...
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...Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care Assignment 3 Body Systems and their role in Energy Metabolism and The Inter-relationship between Body Systems Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care Assignment 3 Body Systems and their role in Energy Metabolism and The Inter-relationship between Body Systems “Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in your body” Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system has many different functions. The four major functions are to transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body, to protect the body from infection and blood loss, to help the body maintain a constant body temperature and to help the body maintain fluid balance. It has many different structures within the cardiovascular system too. The main structures include the heart, the blood vessels and the blood. The heart is the key organ in the circulatory system. Its main function is to propel blood throughout the body. It usually beats from 60 to 100 times per minute but it can go much faster during exercise. There are three types of blood vessels which are the arteries, veins, and capillaries. Energy metabolism is generally defined as the entirety of an organism's chemical processes. These chemical processes are categorized as being either catabolic or anabolic. Energy is needed in order for our body to be able to function. Energy helps break down molecules and to build new molecules...
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...Anatomy and Physiology Cell Organelles There are 50 trillion (50 million million) cells in the human body; they carry out chemical reactions essential to life, for example Blood cells. Nucleus The nucleus is the largest structure in any human cell, it contains gasps or pores, which allow protein and nucleic acid, pass through. It is the central part of the cell and it’s usually a lot darker than the rest of the cell because it absorbs stain quickly and stores the entire DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) in the human body. Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid material made up of salt and water, likened to a gel, which carries chemical reactions that take place in the body. It contains enzymes responsible for breaking down waste and aid in metabolic activity. And means cell material refers to anything inside the cell boundary and outside the nucleus. Mitochondria Concerned with energy release - each have a double-layered membrane and each inner layer is folded at intervals producing shelves or ridges known as cristate. They help cells to maintain proper concentration on calcium ions. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Studded with tiny black bodies used to fill the cell interior, has a similar structure to the cell membrane. They have no attached ribosomes and are involved in the metabolism of lipids or fats. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) With ribosomes attached to it’s membrane which makes it rough, it is also attached to the nuclear envelope that surrounds...
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...P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. M1- Discuss the role of energy in the body. The Conservation of energy The first law of thermodynamics, is sometimes known as the conservation of energy, this states that: ‘Energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed’. (Moonie, 2010) The second form may not be of use or be capable of being measured. Forms of energy within the body Through the body there are five different forms of energy which exists. These are chemical, kinetic, electrical, elastic and thermal .Energy can be found in several forms and chemical energy is the most common. The energy that is in the chemical bond unites atoms or molecules with each other. When a new bond is made between two atoms, energy is needed for its formation and this is usually in the form of heat, light an electrical energy could be used. If the bond is broken and the atoms are released, the energy in the bond is released. Elastic energy is found with the arteries. The middle layer of the tissue (tunica media) which is within the artery wall lining has elastic tissues in. The elastic tissue lets the artery walls to be able to stretch and recoil which helps prevents damage from the high pressure blood flowing through them. By allowing the stretch of the artery this is causing the elastic energy. This kind of energy is known as the ‘potential energy’. Thermal energy is one...
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...issues. Neuroscience- Field in biology that deals with brains; and Evolutionary science- the study of the evolution of organisms are being used to reshape psychology and sociology. Characteristics of Life: Living things are organized – The organs or vital components that make up a living organism each perform a specific function in an organized way such that it allows the organism to live. Regulation – All living organisms have the ability to regulate and accommodate to changes in their environment in order to stay alive. Growth and Development – Living organisms have the ability to grow and develop. Energy Utilization – Living organisms use energy or convert energy from a food source in order to carry or be able to perform different functions. For example, the human body utilizes carbohydrates found in food as a source of energy. With this energy, humans are able to perform simple tasks such as walking, talking, breathing, etc. Response to environment – Similar to regulation, living organisms have the ability to interact with the environment. For example during winter seasons, humans wear heat-retaining garments to protect them from the cold. Similarly, bears hibernate during the winter season, birds migrate, etc. Reproduction – The ability to reproduce or multiply. Living organisms have the ability to reproduce whether it be sexual, or asexual...
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...system of the body use energy Introduction In this task I will be examining how the different body systems use energy and why the body needs energy. I will also be analysing cellular respiration which is the process in which energy is made, along with the by-products and anabolism and catabolism. Later on in this task I will be analysing how ATP is used in muscle action, protein production and how we as mammals use the energy released as heat. * Fight infections * Movement * Organ function * Cell function * Muscle contractions * Brain to function and * Circulating blood * Fight infections * Movement * Organ function * Cell function * Muscle contractions * Brain to function and * Circulating blood The body needs energy for a number of things such as; * Digesting * Eating * Warmth * Respiration * Chemical reactions * Growth and repair * Digesting * Eating * Warmth * Respiration * Chemical reactions * Growth and repair Most of the total energy the body uses each day goes to basal metabolism, this is the minimum amount of energy needed to maintain bodily functions while at rest. This includes how much energy the body burns to keep breathing, keep blood circulating and maintain the many vital cellular activities that keep us alive. These factors mentioned above are quite simple and not very complex, however; all the cells in our body require energy to carry out their required...
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...print test, it is destroyed. This helps to prevent auto-immune attack and attack of cancerous cell. Phospholipids are lipid molecules that contain a polar (containing a phosphate head). This head is hydrophilic meaning they will adhere to water and a hydrophobic tail which will not adhere to water. The hydrophilic heads face the outer and internal water surrounding and the tails face each other. Lipid soluble molecules can cross the cell surface by dissolving in the phospholipid and the embedded proteins will form a channel to which water molecules and ions can pass through. A. The nucleus serves as the control centre for metabolism in the cell that regulates all the metabolic activities of the cell. It achieves this role by facilitating the synthesis and functioning of the proteins (enzymes) by secretion of ribosomes. B. This is the endoplasmic reticulum is an arrangement of membranes that are sometimes seen as a continuation of the nuclear membrane. These arrangements are in form of tubules and are termed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes secreted by the nucleus attach to the endoplasmic reticulum to form the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where proteins are synthesised and transported with other molecules through the endoplasmic reticulum. C. Golgi apparatus This is a huge arrangement of stacks called cisternae and they are divided into 4 structural and functional components. They are responsible for modifying the...
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...Introduction Enzymes are protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions in all living organisms. Enzymes allow living organisms to carry out complex chemical activities at low temperatures, but can’t cause a reaction that hasn’t occurred in their absence. Also, enzymes are thought to speed up reactions by bringing reacting molecules together to increase the chances that a reaction will occur (Worthington Biomedical Corporation, 2015). Each enzyme has a specific active site where the substrates attach. Many factors can affect enzyme activity such as temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors (John W. Kimball, 2014). The purpose of this lab was to examine factors affecting the enzyme function of peroxidase. In the 19th century French chemist Louis Jacques discovered catalysts. Catalysts are substances that enable a chemical reaction without participating in it, which led to specifically peroxidases. The structure of peroxidase is a very large enzymatic protein, and has complex molecules with complicated shapes involving multiple folding’s. The activity of peroxidase is dependent on pH. It exhibits maximum activity at a pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The activity of the enzyme is reduced when pH levels are increased. Peroxidase promotes the oxidation of various compounds naturally of peroxides, where hydrogen peroxide is reduced to form water (Wikimedia Foundation, 2015). Also peroxidases break compounds down into harmless substances by adding donor molecules. During this lab...
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...P4- Explain the Physiology of Two Named Body Systems in Relation to Energy Metabolism in the Body M1-Discuss the Roles of Energy in the Body In this assignment I will be explaining the physiology of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Whilst explaining the two body systems I will be explaining energy production, process of cellular respiration, the role of enzymes within these body systems, the way that these systems absorb food and the products of digestion. The Cardiovascular System The heart pumps the blood around the body through the blood vessels which is made of mostly veins and capillaries. The blood carries the dissolved oxygen around the bodily cells, whilst carrying the dissolved oxygen the blood removes the waste and the other products from respiration. The body’s blood pressure has to be maintained. The blood distributes heat around the body along with hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea. The cardiovascular system transports simple molecules and materials to the liver and the body cells via the blood stream. This happens through the hearts pumping actions. The Respiratory System The respiratory system always refreshes oxygen within the lungs, it gets rid of the waste products like carbon dioxide and water, and this is done throughout actions like breathing. The dissolved oxygen passes through the alveolar walls into the bloodstream; this is then transported into the cells. Body cells are persistently being made into raw...
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...come into play depends on cell type, on prevailing chemical conditions, and on signals from other cell types that can change a target cell’s activities. Cells of complex organisms inherit the same genes, yet most become specialized in composition, structure, and function. This process of cell differentiation arises when different populations of cells activate and suppress their genes in highly selective, unique ways. 2. By negative control, regulatory proteins slow down or curtail gene activity. By positive control, regulatory proteins promote or enhance gene activities. Control is exerted through chemical modifications that inactivate or activate specific gene regions or the histone proteins that organize the DNA. For instance, regions of newly replicated DNA can be shut down by methylation, the attachment of methyl group to nucleotide bases. 3. A. Repressor protein: protein that binds with an operator on bacterial DNA to block transcription. A special regulating protein formed in bacterial cells that halt transcription, which is the synthesis of messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA) from a specific operon (a group of genes that carry out the synthesis of functionally related enzymes). The number of different repressors corresponds to the number of operons. Activator protein: regulatory protein that enhances a cell activity (e.g., a radiolarian or heliozoan). For instance: CAP – this activator exerts positive control over the lactose operon by making a promoter...
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...IncorrectQuestion 1 0 / 1 pts Which of these is an example of homeostasis? Hummingbirds prefer to feed on nectar from red flowers. Homeostasis is the maintenance of the body's internal state within a relatively narrow range. When the dog's body temperature becomes too high, the animal feels hot. He opens his mouth, lets his tongue loll out, and pants until he feels comfortable again. A shark can detect even minute quantities of blood in the water. Venomous coral snakes and harmless scarlet kingsnakes both have bands of red, yellow, and black. Birds, bats, and butterflies all have wings. When a dog feels hot, it hangs it tongue out and pants. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Without this part of an experiment, a scientist would have no way of knowing if the treatment worked or not: Control group The control group is not subjected to the experimental treatment, thus, if there is a significant change in the test group but not the control group, then the treatment worked. Hypothesis Conclusion Observation Testing Question 3 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is not considered a basic theory of biology? Gene Ecosystem Cell Homeostasis The notch is an adaptation for feeding on shrubs. an experimental variable. a species. Question 7 1 / 1 pts Which of the following levels of taxonomy is the least inclusive? Class Order Family ...
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...The four basic human body structure units are cells, tissues, organs and systems which, all working together make the human body function. The cells are the core structure that make up the human body, although there are many different shapes, sizes and types they consist of three main parts, the cell membrane which maintains the shape of the cell and separates and controls the movement of material into and out of the cell, the nucleus which contains the cells DNA and determines its structure and function and the cytoplasm which is the fluid in the cell that contains the organelles which perform its specific functions. There are many cell functions dependant on the cell type but the generalised functions are molecule transport, reproduction and protein synthesis. Molecule transport is the transfer of material through the cell membrane, there are two ways this happens, diffusion and active transport. Diffusion is when molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and water move from areas where there are many of the particles (high concentration) to areas with less (low concentration). Active transport is when substances are at lower concentration and require energy to be transferred. There are two means of active transport, endocytosis which is the movement of molecules from outside to inside the cell and exocytosis which is movement of molecules from inside to outside the cell, both performed via the formation of vesicles which package the molecules then fuse...
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...OF ENZYMES Enzymes are extremely important and without them, the reactions in living organisms would be so slow they would hardly proceed at all. They enable metabolic reactions to proceed rapidly at low temperatures, and as well as speeding up reactions they also control them. There are two main groups of enzymes: intracellular and extracellular. INTRACELLULAR: Occur inside cells where they speed up and control metabolism. EXTRACELLULAR: Produced by cells but achieve their effects outside the cell – includes digestive enzymes that break down food in the gut. Each enzyme is usually specific to particular reactions, and are pH sensitive, with every enzyme having its own range of pH in which it functions best. They are not destroyed by the reactions which they catalyse, meaning they can repeat a reaction over and over. (McMonagle,2015) In an enzyme controlled reaction, the substrate molecules bind with the enzyme to form an enzyme-substrate complex. The reaction then takes place and the product leaves the enzyme. As mentioned above, the enzyme (unchanged by reaction) can then be used again. Below is the equation, with the double arrow meaning that the reaction can go either way, depending on the amount of substrates and products – this ensures a equilibrium, meaning the enzyme will switch if there is an abundance of product and not enough substrates, and vice versa. (Advanced Biology, pg124, 2000) ENZYME + SUBSTRATE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE...
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...must contain the same number of protons but may have a distinct number of neutrons which differs from atom to atom, without changing the designation of the atom as a particular element. The number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus, known as the mass number, is not the same for two isotopes of any element. Components of nucleic acid 1). DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid - genetic material that stores information to synthesize proteins and to replicate new DNA. The genetic code is based on four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C). A bind with T and G binds with C.2). RNA = ribonucleic acid - helps in synthesizing proteins. There are three main types of RNA.a. mRNA - messenger RNA, copy of the DNA, sent out into the cytoplasm. Contains the genetic code for making proteins.b. rRNA - ribosomal RNA, building site for proteins. Reads the mRNA and allows the right tRNA to bring in the right amino acid.c. tRNA - transfer RNA, brings the right amino acid to the rRNA.3). ATP = adenosine triphophate, Adenosine is made from adenine and a 5 carbon sugar. It is the energy source for all living organisms cells.What is the function of carbohydrates? Carbohydrates provide the body with a source of fuel and energy that is required to carry out daily activities and exercise. Any extra energy is stored in the body until its needed. Our bodies need a constant supply of energy to function properly and a lack of carbohydrates in the diet can cause tiredness...
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